{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T03:55:15Z","timestamp":1771905315460,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SPI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECT<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Artificial disc replacement (ADR) devices are unlike implants used in cervical fusion in that they are continuously exposed to stress not only within the implant site but also at their site of attachment to the adjacent vertebra. An imaging technique with higher accuracy than plain radiography and with the possibility of 3D visualization would provide more detailed information about the motion quality and stability of the implant in relation to the vertebrae. Such high-accuracy studies have previously been conducted with radiostereometric analysis (RSA), which requires implantation of tantalum markers in the adjacent vertebrae. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo motion and stability of implanted artificial discs. A noninvasive analysis was performed with CT, with an accuracy higher than that of plain radiographs and almost as high as RSA in cervical spine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Twenty-eight patients with ADR were included from a larger cohort of a randomized controlled trial comparing treatment of cervical radiculopathy with ADR or anterior cervical decompression and fusion. Surgical levels included C4\u20137; 18 patients had 1-level surgery and 10 patients had 2-level surgery. Follow-up time ranged from 19 to 50 months, with an average of 40 months. Two CT volumes of the cervical spine, 1 in flexion and 1 in extension, were obtained in each patient and then spatially registered using a customized imaging tool, previously used and validated for the cervical spine. Motion between the components in the artificial disc, as well as motion between the components and adjacent vertebrae, were calculated in 3 planes. Intraclass correlation (ICC) between independent observers and repeatability of the method were also calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Intrinsic motion, expressed as degrees in rotation and millimeters in translation, was detectable in a majority of the ADRs. In the sagittal plane, in which the flexion\/extension was performed, sagittal rotation ranged between 0.2\u00b0 and 15.8\u00b0 and translation between 0.0 and 5.5 mm. Eight percent of the ADRs were classified as unstable, as motion between at least 1 of the components and the adjacent vertebra was detected. Five percent were classified as ankylotic, with no detectable motion, and another 8% showed very limited motion due to heterotopic ossification. Repeatability for the motion in the sagittal plane was calculated to be 1.30\u00b0 for rotation and 1.29 mm for translation (95% confidence level), ICC 0.99 and 0.84, respectively. All 3 patients with unstable devices had undergone 1-level ADRs at C5\u20136. They all underwent revision surgery due to increased neck pain, and instability was established during the surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The majority of the artificial discs in this study showed intrinsic mobility several years after implantation and were also shown to be properly attached. Implant instability was detected in 8% of patients and, as all of these patients underwent revision surgery due to increasing neck pain, this might be a more serious problem than heterotopic bone formation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.12.spine14813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]],"date-time":"2015-06-05T14:05:40Z","timestamp":1433513140000},"page":"383-389","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Evaluation of mobility and stability in the Discover artificial disc: an in vivo motion study using high-accuracy 3D CT data"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Skeppholm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stockholm Spine Center, L\u00f6wenstr\u00f6mska Sjukhuset, Upplands V\u00e4sby;"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Svedmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stockholm Spine Center, L\u00f6wenstr\u00f6mska Sjukhuset, Upplands V\u00e4sby;"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marilyn E.","family":"Noz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald Q.","family":"Maguire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Technology, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Kista;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Olivecrona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claes","family":"Olerud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-spine14813","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000157477.91870.20","article-title":"Standardized provocation of lumbar spine mobility: three methods compared by radiostereometric analysis","volume":"30","author":"Axelsson","year":"2005"},{"key":"b2-spine14813","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.SPINE09513","article-title":"Long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of cervical disc replacement with the Prestige disc: results from a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Burkus","year":"2010"},{"key":"b3-spine14813","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-2094-x","article-title":"Prevalence of heterotopic ossification after cervical total disc arthroplasty: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2012"},{"key":"b4-spine14813","series-title":"Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2009.04.015","article-title":"Bioactive titanium calcium phosphate coating for disc arthroplasty: analysis of 58 vertebral end plates after 6- to 12-month implantation","volume":"9","author":"Cunningham","year":"2009"},{"key":"b5-spine14813","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.9.SPINE08952","article-title":"Comparative fixation methods of cervical disc arthroplasty versus conventional methods of anterior cervical arthrodesis: serration, teeth, keels, or screws?","volume":"12","author":"Cunningham","year":"2010"},{"key":"b6-spine14813","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199312000-00017","article-title":"The need for confidence intervals in the presentation of orthopaedic data","volume":"75","author":"Dorey","year":"1993"},{"key":"b7-spine14813","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"831","article-title":"Effect of diclofenac on fixation of hydroxyapatite-coated implants. 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