{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T13:27:33Z","timestamp":1790515653074,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Making \u201choles in the skull\u201d is an ancient art and by some is considered the second oldest profession in the world\u2014the first being prostitution. Early surgeons, and later on neurosurgeons, devised a number of ingenious ways to make a hole in the skull or elevate a depressed skull fracture. Trephined skulls from antiquity have now been found in most parts of world, showing that the art of trephining is not only ancient but clearly widespread. Beginning with antiquity the author traces the development of this surgical skill by reviewing the various tools used and surgical designs to perform what is now called a craniotomy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.2.focus13543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,7]],"date-time":"2014-04-07T17:53:42Z","timestamp":1396893222000},"page":"E6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["How to get in and out of the skull: from tumi to \u201chammer and chisel\u201d to the Gigli saw and the osteoplastic flap"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"James Tait","family":"Goodrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Leo M. Davidoff Department of Neurological Surgery, Children's, Hospital at Montefiore, and Departments of Pediatrics and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Albert, Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0360006","series-title":"The Seven Books of Paulus \u00c6gineta. Translated from the Greek. With a Commentary Embracing a Complete View of the Knowledge Possessed by the Greeks, Romans, and Arabians on All Subjects Connected With Medicine and Surgery","author":"\u00c6gineta","year":"1847"},{"key":"b2-0360006","series-title":"Opus de Re Medica Nunc Primum Integrum","author":"\u00c6ginetes","year":"1534"},{"key":"b3-0360006","series-title":"Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments","author":"al-Qasim","year":"1973"},{"key":"b4-0360006","series-title":"Liber Theoricae Necnon Practicae Alsaharavii","author":"Albucasis","year":"1519"},{"key":"b5-0360006","series-title":"Liber canonis, de medicinis cordialibus, et cantica","author":"Avicenna","year":"1556"},{"key":"b6-0360006","series-title":"The Lister Memorial Lecture: Delivered in the Theatre of the Royal College of Surgeons in England on April 5, 1933","first-page":"67","author":"Ballance","year":"1933"},{"key":"b7-0360006","series-title":"Illustrations of the Great Operations of Surgery: Trepan, Hernia, Amputation, Aneurism, and Lithotomy","author":"Bell","year":"1821"},{"key":"b8-0360006","series-title":"A System of Operative Surgery Founded on the Basis of Anatomy","author":"Bell","year":"1814"},{"key":"b9-0360006","series-title":"Tractatus de Fractura Calvae Sive Cranei","author":"Berengario da Carpi","year":"1518"},{"key":"b10-0360006","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1086","article-title":"Celebrating the centennial (1894\u20131994): Leonardo Gigli and his wire saw","volume":"82","author":"Brunori","year":"1995"},{"key":"b11-0360006","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"428","article-title":"Wilhelm Wagner (1848\u20131900). Part 2: The osteoplastic flap","volume":"30","author":"Buchfelder","year":"1988"},{"key":"b12-0360006","series-title":"Wounds of the Skull and Brain: Their Clinical Forms and Surgical Treatment","author":"Chatelin","year":"1918"},{"key":"b13-0360006","series-title":"Chirurgie Op\u00e9ratoire du Syst\u00e8me Nerveux","author":"Chipault","year":"1895"},{"key":"b14-0360006","article-title":"Profitable and Necessarie Booke of Obseruations for all those that are burned with the flame of Gun powder . . . corrected and augmented in the yeere of our Lord 1596","author":"Clowes","year":"1596"},{"key":"b15-0360006","series-title":"Presse Med","first-page":"641","article-title":"Un point de technique op\u00e9ratoire dans la craniectomie","volume":"16","author":"de Martel","year":"1908"},{"key":"b16-0360006","series-title":"Chirurgiae Libri Septem","author":"della Croce","year":"1573"},{"key":"b17-0360006","series-title":"Cong Franc de Chir","first-page":"735","article-title":"La chirurgie du cerveau","volume":"9","author":"Doyen","year":"1895"},{"key":"b18-0360006","article-title":"Surgical Therapeutics and Operative Technique","author":"Doyen","year":"1917"},{"key":"b19-0360006","series-title":"Med Hist","first-page":"194","article-title":"The dilated pupil and head trauma 1517\u20131867","volume":"16","author":"Flamm","year":"1972"},{"key":"b20-0360006","series-title":"Trans Am Surg Assoc","first-page":"229","article-title":"The midline bloodless approach to the posterior fossa","volume":"44","author":"Frazier","year":"1926"},{"key":"b21-0360006","series-title":"Omnia quae extant opera in Latinum sermonem conversa (Quinta ed)","first-page":"1576","author":"Galen of Pergamon"},{"key":"b22-0360006","series-title":"Trait\u00e9 des Operations de Chirurgie, Fond\u00e9 sur la M\u00e9canique des organes de l'Homme, et sur la Th\u00e9orie & la Pratiques la plus autoris\u00e9e. Enrichi de cures tressingulieres, & Figures en taille douce, repr\u00e9sentant les attitudes des Op\u00e9rations, Seconde Edition, revis\u00e9e, corrig\u00e9e & augment\u00e9e par l'Auteur","author":"Garengeot","year":"1731"},{"key":"b23-0360006","series-title":"Zentrabl Chir","first-page":"425","article-title":"Zur Technik der tempor\u00e4ren Sch\u00e4delresecktion mit meiner Drahts\u00e4ge","volume":"25","author":"Gigli","year":"1898"},{"key":"b24-0360006","series-title":"A General System of Surgery, in Three Parts. Containing the Doctrine and Management. I. Of Wounds, Fractures, Luxations, Tumors, and Ulcers of all Kinds. II. Of the several Operations performed on all Parts of the Body. III. Of the several Bandages applied. Translated into English from the Latin of Dr. Laurence Heister","author":"Heister","year":"1748"},{"key":"b25-0360006","series-title":"Phila Med J","first-page":"32","article-title":"On the use of the Gigli wire saw to obtain access to the brain","volume":"1","author":"Keen","year":"1898"},{"key":"b26-0360006","series-title":"Surgery of the Brain and Spinal Cord Based on Personal Experiences","author":"Krause","year":"1909"},{"key":"b27-0360006","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"326","article-title":"On a new method of treating compound fractures, abscess, etc., with observations on the conditions of suppuration","volume":"1","author":"Lister","year":"1867"},{"key":"b28-0360006","series-title":"The Collected Papers of Joseph, Baron Lister","author":"Lister","year":"1909"},{"key":"b29-0360006","series-title":"A Discourse of the Whole Art of Chyrurgery. Wherein is Exactly Set Down the Definitions Causes, Accidents, Prognostications, and Cures of All Sorts of Diseases, both in Generall and Particular, Which at Any Time Hertofore Have Been Practiced . . . Whereunto is Added the Rule of Making Remedies Which Chyrurgions doe Commonly Use, With the Prefaces of Divine Hippocrates. The Fourth Edition, Corrected, and Much Amended","author":"Lowe","year":"1654"},{"key":"b30-0360006","series-title":"Tumors of the Cerebellum","first-page":"41","year":"1905"},{"key":"b31-0360006","series-title":"Zentralbl Chir","first-page":"852","article-title":"Zur Technik der Sch\u00e4deltrepanation","volume":"24","author":"Obalinski","year":"1897"},{"key":"b32-0360006","series-title":"A Treatise on Operative Surgery; Comprising a Description of the Various Processes of the Art, Including All the New Operations; Exhibiting the State of Surgical Science in Its Present Advanced Condition","author":"Pancoast","year":"1844"},{"key":"b33-0360006","series-title":"Observations on the Nature and Consequences of Wounds and Contusions of the Head, Fractures of the Skull, Concussions of the Brain","first-page":"x","author":"Pott","year":"1760"},{"key":"b34-0360006","series-title":"The Chirurgical Works of Percival Pott","author":"Pott","year":"1775"},{"key":"b35-0360006","series-title":"Guy de Chauliac Cyrurgia . . . et Cyrurgia Bruni, Teodorici, Rolandi, Lanfranci, Rogerii, Bertapalie","article-title":"Practica chirurgiae","author":"Roger of Salerno","year":"1519"},{"key":"b36-0360006","series-title":"Feldtbuch der Wundartzney","author":"von Gersdorff","year":"1517"},{"key":"b37-0360006","series-title":"Centralbl Chir","first-page":"833","article-title":"Die Tempor\u00e4re Resektion der Sch\u00e4deldaches an Stelle der Trepanation","volume":"16","author":"Wagner","year":"1889"},{"key":"b38-0360006","series-title":"The Surgeons Mate, or Military and Domestique Surgery Discouering Faithfully & Plainly Ye Method and Order of Ye Surgeons Chest, Ye Uses of the Instruments. . . With a Treatise of Ye Cure of Ye Plague","author":"Woodall","year":"1639"},{"key":"b39-0360006","series-title":"Wounds of the Brain Proved Curable, Not Only by the Opinions and Experience of Many (the Best) Authors, but the Remarkable History of a Child Four Years Old Cured of Two Very Large Depressions, With the Loss of a Great Part of the Skull, a Portion of the Brain Also Issuing Through a Penetrating Wound of the Dura and Pia Mater","author":"Yonge","year":"1682"},{"key":"b1-0360006","series-title":"The Seven Books of Paulus \u00c6gineta. Translated from the Greek. With a Commentary Embracing a Complete View of the Knowledge Possessed by the Greeks, Romans, and Arabians on All Subjects Connected With Medicine and Surgery","author":"\u00c6gineta","year":"1847"},{"key":"b2-0360006","series-title":"Opus de Re Medica Nunc Primum Integrum","author":"\u00c6ginetes","year":"1534"},{"key":"b3-0360006","series-title":"Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments","author":"al-Qasim","year":"1973"},{"key":"b4-0360006","series-title":"Liber Theoricae Necnon Practicae Alsaharavii","author":"Albucasis","year":"1519"},{"key":"b5-0360006","series-title":"Liber canonis, de medicinis cordialibus, et cantica","author":"Avicenna","year":"1556"},{"key":"b6-0360006","series-title":"The Lister Memorial Lecture: Delivered in the Theatre of the Royal College of Surgeons in England on April 5, 1933","first-page":"67","author":"Ballance","year":"1933"},{"key":"b7-0360006","series-title":"Illustrations of the Great Operations of Surgery: Trepan, Hernia, Amputation, Aneurism, and Lithotomy","author":"Bell","year":"1821"},{"key":"b8-0360006","series-title":"A System of Operative Surgery Founded on the Basis of Anatomy","author":"Bell","year":"1814"},{"key":"b9-0360006","series-title":"Tractatus de Fractura Calvae Sive Cranei","author":"Berengario da Carpi","year":"1518"},{"key":"b10-0360006","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1086","article-title":"Celebrating the centennial (1894\u20131994): Leonardo Gigli and his wire saw","volume":"82","author":"Brunori","year":"1995"},{"key":"b11-0360006","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"428","article-title":"Wilhelm Wagner (1848\u20131900). Part 2: The osteoplastic flap","volume":"30","author":"Buchfelder","year":"1988"},{"key":"b12-0360006","series-title":"Wounds of the Skull and Brain: Their Clinical Forms and Surgical Treatment","author":"Chatelin","year":"1918"},{"key":"b13-0360006","series-title":"Chirurgie Op\u00e9ratoire du Syst\u00e8me Nerveux","author":"Chipault","year":"1895"},{"key":"b14-0360006","article-title":"Profitable and Necessarie Booke of Obseruations for all those that are burned with the flame of Gun powder . . . corrected and augmented in the yeere of our Lord 1596","author":"Clowes","year":"1596"},{"key":"b15-0360006","series-title":"Presse Med","first-page":"641","article-title":"Un point de technique op\u00e9ratoire dans la craniectomie","volume":"16","author":"de Martel","year":"1908"},{"key":"b16-0360006","series-title":"Chirurgiae Libri Septem","author":"della Croce","year":"1573"},{"key":"b17-0360006","series-title":"Cong Franc de Chir","first-page":"735","article-title":"La chirurgie du cerveau","volume":"9","author":"Doyen","year":"1895"},{"key":"b18-0360006","article-title":"Surgical Therapeutics and Operative Technique","author":"Doyen","year":"1917"},{"key":"b19-0360006","series-title":"Med Hist","first-page":"194","article-title":"The dilated pupil and head trauma 1517\u20131867","volume":"16","author":"Flamm","year":"1972"},{"key":"b20-0360006","series-title":"Trans Am Surg Assoc","first-page":"229","article-title":"The midline bloodless approach to the posterior fossa","volume":"44","author":"Frazier","year":"1926"},{"key":"b21-0360006","series-title":"Omnia quae extant opera in Latinum sermonem conversa (Quinta ed)","first-page":"1576","author":"Galen of Pergamon"},{"key":"b22-0360006","series-title":"Trait\u00e9 des Operations de Chirurgie, Fond\u00e9 sur la M\u00e9canique des organes de l'Homme, et sur la Th\u00e9orie & la Pratiques la plus autoris\u00e9e. Enrichi de cures tressingulieres, & Figures en taille douce, repr\u00e9sentant les attitudes des Op\u00e9rations, Seconde Edition, revis\u00e9e, corrig\u00e9e & augment\u00e9e par l'Auteur","author":"Garengeot","year":"1731"},{"key":"b23-0360006","series-title":"Zentrabl Chir","first-page":"425","article-title":"Zur Technik der tempor\u00e4ren Sch\u00e4delresecktion mit meiner Drahts\u00e4ge","volume":"25","author":"Gigli","year":"1898"},{"key":"b24-0360006","series-title":"A General System of Surgery, in Three Parts. Containing the Doctrine and Management. I. Of Wounds, Fractures, Luxations, Tumors, and Ulcers of all Kinds. II. Of the several Operations performed on all Parts of the Body. III. Of the several Bandages applied. Translated into English from the Latin of Dr. Laurence Heister","author":"Heister","year":"1748"},{"key":"b25-0360006","series-title":"Phila Med J","first-page":"32","article-title":"On the use of the Gigli wire saw to obtain access to the brain","volume":"1","author":"Keen","year":"1898"},{"key":"b26-0360006","series-title":"Surgery of the Brain and Spinal Cord Based on Personal Experiences","author":"Krause","year":"1909"},{"key":"b27-0360006","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"326","article-title":"On a new method of treating compound fractures, abscess, etc., with observations on the conditions of suppuration","volume":"1","author":"Lister","year":"1867"},{"key":"b28-0360006","series-title":"The Collected Papers of Joseph, Baron Lister","author":"Lister","year":"1909"},{"key":"b29-0360006","series-title":"A Discourse of the Whole Art of Chyrurgery. Wherein is Exactly Set Down the Definitions Causes, Accidents, Prognostications, and Cures of All Sorts of Diseases, both in Generall and Particular, Which at Any Time Hertofore Have Been Practiced . . . Whereunto is Added the Rule of Making Remedies Which Chyrurgions doe Commonly Use, With the Prefaces of Divine Hippocrates. The Fourth Edition, Corrected, and Much Amended","author":"Lowe","year":"1654"},{"key":"b30-0360006","series-title":"Tumors of the Cerebellum","first-page":"41","year":"1905"},{"key":"b31-0360006","series-title":"Zentralbl Chir","first-page":"852","article-title":"Zur Technik der Sch\u00e4deltrepanation","volume":"24","author":"Obalinski","year":"1897"},{"key":"b32-0360006","series-title":"A Treatise on Operative Surgery; Comprising a Description of the Various Processes of the Art, Including All the New Operations; Exhibiting the State of Surgical Science in Its Present Advanced Condition","author":"Pancoast","year":"1844"},{"key":"b33-0360006","series-title":"Observations on the Nature and Consequences of Wounds and Contusions of the Head, Fractures of the Skull, Concussions of the Brain","first-page":"x","author":"Pott","year":"1760"},{"key":"b34-0360006","series-title":"The Chirurgical Works of Percival Pott","author":"Pott","year":"1775"},{"key":"b35-0360006","series-title":"Guy de Chauliac Cyrurgia . . . et Cyrurgia Bruni, Teodorici, Rolandi, Lanfranci, Rogerii, Bertapalie","article-title":"Practica chirurgiae","author":"Roger of Salerno","year":"1519"},{"key":"b36-0360006","series-title":"Feldtbuch der Wundartzney","author":"von Gersdorff","year":"1517"},{"key":"b37-0360006","series-title":"Centralbl Chir","first-page":"833","article-title":"Die Tempor\u00e4re Resektion der Sch\u00e4deldaches an Stelle der Trepanation","volume":"16","author":"Wagner","year":"1889"},{"key":"b38-0360006","series-title":"The Surgeons Mate, or Military and Domestique Surgery Discouering Faithfully & Plainly Ye Method and Order of Ye Surgeons Chest, Ye Uses of the Instruments. . . With a Treatise of Ye Cure of Ye Plague","author":"Woodall","year":"1639"},{"key":"b39-0360006","series-title":"Wounds of the Brain Proved Curable, Not Only by the Opinions and Experience of Many (the Best) Authors, but the Remarkable History of a Child Four Years Old Cured of Two Very Large Depressions, With the Loss of a Great Part of the Skull, a Portion of the Brain Also Issuing Through a Penetrating Wound of the Dura and Pia Mater","author":"Yonge","year":"1682"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/36\/4\/article-pE6.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/36\/4\/article-pE6.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/36\/4\/article-pE6.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T08:39:40Z","timestamp":1777711180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/36\/4\/article-pE6.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2014.2.focus13543","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}}}