{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T11:27:13Z","timestamp":1761823633427},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The authors trace the etymology and historical significance of galea or epicranial aponeurosis. In ancient Greece, galea referred to a helmet worn by soldiers, typically made of animal hide or leather. Throughout antiquity, physicians referred to all soft tissue between the skin and the skull as panniculus, a standard established by Galen of Pergamon. A manual of surgery in the Middle Ages referred to the entire scalp as a \u201cgreat panicle that is called pericranium.\u201d During the early Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci famously and stylistically analogized the dissection of the cranium with the peeling of an onion. Not until 1724 would the tendinous sheath connecting the frontalis and occipitalis muscles be defined as \u201cGalea tendinosa cranii.\u201d By 1741, the convention of referring to the galea as an aponeurosis was well established.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Harvey Cushing's wartime experiences at Army Base Hospital No. 5 reinforced the surgical significance of the galea. Operative mortality was significantly diminished due to \u201cclosure of the wounds with buried sutures in the galea.\u201d This operative nuance was then passed from teacher to pupil and has now become one of the tenets of modern neurosurgical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.3.jns13148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,13]],"date-time":"2014-06-13T14:28:32Z","timestamp":1402669712000},"page":"333-337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["From Pergamon to Army Base Hospital No. 5: the history and significance of the galea aponeurotica in the evolution of neurosurgery"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"David E.","family":"Connor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prashant","family":"Chittiboina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Nanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns13148","series-title":"An Early History of Craniotomy: From Antiquity to the Napoleonic Era","author":"Bakay","year":"1985"},{"key":"b2-jns13148","series-title":"A Short Introduction to Anatomy (Isagogae Breves)","author":"Berengario da Carpi","year":"1959"},{"key":"b3-jns13148","series-title":"The Anthropological Treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, With Memoirs of Him by Marx and Flourens, and an Account of His Anthropological Museum by Professor R. Wagner, and the Inaugural Dissertation of John Hunter, M.D. on the Varieties of Man","author":"Blumenbach","year":"1865"},{"key":"b4-jns13148","series-title":"Books of the Body: Anatomical Ritual and Renaissance Learning","author":"Carlino","year":"1999"},{"key":"b5-jns13148","series-title":"The Anatomy of the Human Body","author":"Cheselden","year":"1741"},{"key":"b6-jns13148","series-title":"The Legacy of Harvey Cushing: Profiles of Patient Care","author":"Cohen-Gadol","year":"2007"},{"key":"b7-jns13148","series-title":"Br Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2982.221","article-title":"Notes on penetrating wounds of the brain","volume":"1","author":"Cushing","year":"1918"},{"key":"b8-jns13148","series-title":"Surgery: Its Principles and Practice","first-page":"17","article-title":"Surgery of the Head","volume":"3","author":"Cushing","year":"1908"},{"key":"b9-jns13148","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.89.5.0874","article-title":"Leonardo da Vinci: the search for the soul","volume":"89","author":"Del Maestro","year":"1998"},{"key":"b10-jns13148","series-title":"Pevsner Laboratory","article-title":"Description of panel C: the brain, cranial nerves, and ventricles (c.1940)"},{"key":"b11-jns13148","series-title":"Universal Leonardo","article-title":"Diagrammatic drawing illustrating how sight works: c1489\u201392"},{"key":"b12-jns13148","series-title":"Heirs of Hippocrates: The Development of Medicine in a Catalogue of Historic Books in the Hardin Library for the Health Sciences, the University of Iowa","year":"1990"},{"key":"b13-jns13148","series-title":"Observationes Anatomicae","author":"Falloppio","year":"1562"},{"key":"b14-jns13148","series-title":"Victoria and Albert Museum","article-title":"The Forster Codices: Leonardo da Vinci's Notebooks at the V&A"},{"key":"b15-jns13148","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1981.54.4.0436","article-title":"Some of Harvey Cushing's contributions to neurological surgery","volume":"54","author":"Horrax","year":"1981"},{"key":"b16-jns13148","series-title":"Med Hist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300029835","article-title":"Leonardo da Vinci's influence on renaissance anatomy","volume":"8","author":"Keele","year":"1964"},{"key":"b17-jns13148","series-title":"Text-Book of Operative Surgery","author":"Kocher","year":"1895"},{"key":"b18-jns13148","series-title":"An Elementary Treatise on Human Anatomy","author":"Leidy","year":"1861"},{"key":"b19-jns13148","series-title":"Royal Collection Trust","article-title":"Leonardo da Vinci, Anatomist: Inside His Mind, Inside the Body"},{"key":"b20-jns13148","series-title":"Word Origins And How We Know Them: Etymology for Everyone","author":"Liberman","year":"2009"},{"key":"b21-jns13148","series-title":"Trends Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)02121-4","article-title":"Leonardo da Vinci's contributions to neuroscience","volume":"25","author":"Pevsner","year":"2002"},{"key":"b22-jns13148","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.83.1.0174","article-title":"Crossroads at Salerno: Eldridge Campbell and the writings of Theodorico Borgognoni on wound healing. Historical vignette","volume":"83","author":"Popp","year":"1995"},{"key":"b23-jns13148","series-title":"A History of Medicine","author":"Prioreschi","year":"2007"},{"key":"b24-jns13148","series-title":"Leonardo on the Human Body","author":"Schuman","year":"1983"},{"key":"b25-jns13148","series-title":"Studies in the History and Method of Science","author":"Singer","year":"1921"},{"key":"b26-jns13148","series-title":"Medieval & Early Renaissance Medicine: An Introduction to Knowledge and Practice","author":"Siraisi","year":"1990"},{"key":"b27-jns13148","series-title":"The Origin of Medical Terms","author":"Skinner","year":"1961"},{"key":"b28-jns13148","series-title":"A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities","author":"Smith","year":"1857"},{"key":"b29-jns13148","series-title":"Medical Communications","first-page":"144","article-title":"Case of an injury of the internal table of the scull, successfully treated","volume":"2","author":"Trye","year":"1790"},{"key":"b30-jns13148","series-title":"Handbook of Human Anatomy, General, Species and Topographical","author":"Von Behr","year":"1847"},{"key":"b31-jns13148","series-title":"A History of Neurological Surgery","year":"1967"},{"key":"b32-jns13148","series-title":"University of Virginia","article-title":"William Cheselden (1688\u20131752) Vaulted Treasures"},{"key":"b33-jns13148","series-title":"Arch Facial Plast Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1001\/archfaci.3.3.220","article-title":"Beauty: Vesalius' Fabrica: the marriage of art and anatomy","volume":"3","author":"Zimbler","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/121\/2\/article-p333.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/121\/2\/article-p333.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/121\/2\/article-p333.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T02:39:48Z","timestamp":1658716788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/121\/2\/article-p333.xml"}},"subtitle":["Historical vignette"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2014.3.jns13148","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}}}