{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T01:35:49Z","timestamp":1791164149063,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cranial trepanation is the oldest neurosurgical operation and its roots date back to prehistory. For many centuries, religion and mysticism were strongly linked to the cause of diseases, and trepanation was associated with superstitions such as releasing evil spirits from inside the skull. The Hippocratic treatise \u201cOn injuries of the head\u201d was therefore a revolutionary work, as it presented a systematic approach to the management of cranial trauma, one that was devoid of spiritual elements. Unfortunately, there are only a limited number of skeletal findings that confirm that the practice of trepanation was performed as part of Hippocratic medicine. In this historical vignette, the authors present a trepanned skull that was found in Chios, Greece, as evidence of the procedure having been performed in accordance with the Hippocratic teaching. The skull bears a parietal bur hole in association with a linear fracture, and it is clear that the patient survived the procedure. In this analysis, the authors examine the application of the original Hippocratic teaching to the skull of Chios. The rationalization of trepanation was clearly a significant achievement in the evolution of neurosurgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.4.jns131886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]],"date-time":"2014-05-23T14:59:45Z","timestamp":1400857185000},"page":"328-332","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The skull of Chios: trepanation in Hippocratic medicine"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Georgios","family":"Tsermoulas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asterios","family":"Aidonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"16th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Flint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns131886","series-title":"Mediterranean Archaeol Archaeom","first-page":"5","article-title":"Early evidence of cranial surgical intervention in Abdera, Greece, A nexus to on head wounds of the Hippocratic corpus","volume":"6","author":"Agelarakis","year":"2006"},{"key":"b2-jns131886","series-title":"Medicus Hippocraticus","first-page":"21","article-title":"[The \u201cskull of Chios\u201d and the historical truth.]","volume":"6","author":"Amygdalos","year":"2003"},{"key":"b3-jns131886","series-title":"Hesperia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.2972\/hesp.77.4.539","article-title":"Excavations in the Hagios Charalampos cave: a preliminary report","volume":"77","author":"Betancourt","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"b4-jns131886","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E9","article-title":"Hippocrates' influence on the origins of neurosurgery","volume":"23","author":"Chang","year":"2007"},{"key":"b5-jns131886","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200112000-00021","article-title":"Discovering trepanation: the contribution of Paul Broca","volume":"49","author":"Clower","year":"2001"},{"key":"b6-jns131886","series-title":"Paleopathol Newsl","first-page":"9","article-title":"Trepanation or trephination? 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