{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T19:00:45Z","timestamp":1788548445187,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"\n Object<\/jats:title>\n While several approaches have been described for optic nerve decompression, the endoscopic endonasal route is gaining favor because it provides excellent exposure of the optic canal and the orbital apex in a minimally invasive manner. Very few studies have detailed the experience with nontraumatic optic nerve decompressions, whereas traumatic cases have been widely documented. Herein, the authors describe their preliminary experience with endoscopic endonasal decompression for nontraumatic optic neuropathies (NONs) to determine the procedure\u2019s efficacy and delineate its potential indications and limits.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n The medical reports of patients who had undergone endoscopic endonasal optic nerve and orbital apex decompression for NONs at the Lyon University Neurosurgical Hospital in the period from January 2012 to March 2014 were reviewed. For all cases, clinical and imaging data on the underlying pathology and the patient, including demographics, preoperative and 6-month postoperative ophthalmological assessment results, symptom duration, operative details with video debriefing, as well as the immediate and delayed postoperative course, were collected from the medical records.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Eleven patients underwent endoscopic endonasal decompression for NON in the multidisciplinary skull base surgery unit of the Lyon University Neurosurgical Hospital during the 27-month study period. The mean patient age was 53.4 years, and there was a clear female predominance (8 females and 3 males). Among the underlying pathologies were 4 sphenoorbital meningiomas (36%), 3 optic nerve meningiomas (27%), and 1 each of trigeminal neuroma (9%), orbital apex meningioma (9%), ossifying fibroma (9%), and inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit (9%). Fifty-four percent of the patients had improved visual acuity at the 6-month follow-up. Only 1 patient whose sphenoorbital meningioma had been treated at the optic nerve atrophy stage continued to worsen despite surgical decompression. The 2 patients presenting with preoperative papilledema totally recovered. One case of postoperative epistaxis was successfully treated using balloon inflation, and 1 case of air swelling of the orbit spontaneously resolved.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Endoscopic endonasal optic nerve decompression is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive technique affording the restoration of visual function in patients with nontraumatic compressive processes of the orbital apex and optic nerve. The timing of decompression remains crucial, and patients should undergo such a procedure early in the disease course before optic atrophy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.focus14303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T04:43:47Z","timestamp":1412138627000},"page":"E19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Endoscopic endonasal optic nerve and orbital apex decompression for nontraumatic optic neuropathy: surgical nuances and review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Moncef","family":"Berhouma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"M.Sc.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skull Base Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosurgery B, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological and Neurosurgical Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothee","family":"Jacquesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"M.Sc.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skull Base Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosurgery B, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological and Neurosurgical Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon"},{"name":"Research and Education Unit of Medicine, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"Abouaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"M.Sc.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Education Unit of Medicine, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1"},{"name":"Department of Neuro-ophthalmology, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological and Neurosurgical Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Vighetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Ph.D.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Education Unit of Medicine, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1"},{"name":"Department of Neuro-ophthalmology, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological and Neurosurgical Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Jouanneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skull Base Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosurgery B, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological and Neurosurgical Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon"},{"name":"Research and Education Unit of Medicine, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1"},{"name":"INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Neurosciences Research Center of Lyon, Neuro-oncology and Neuro-inflammation Team, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0370019","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1594","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal approach to the orbital apex and medial orbital wall: anatomic study and clinical applications","volume":"20","author":"Abuzayed","year":"2009"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b2-0370019","series-title":"J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg","first-page":"e133","article-title":"Bilateral orbital and optic nerve endoscopic endonasal decompression for nonspecific inflammatory orbital disease: case report","volume":"74","author":"Aldea","year":"2013"},{"key":"b3-0370019","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"891","article-title":"Fibrous dysplasia of the sphenoid and skull base","volume":"44","author":"Amit","year":"2011"},{"key":"b4-0370019","series-title":"Op Tech Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"157","article-title":"Optic nerve decompression via transethmoid and supraorbital approaches","volume":"2","author":"Anand","year":"1991"},{"issue":"1 Suppl Operative","key":"b5-0370019","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"58","article-title":"The importance and timing of optic canal exploration and decompression during endoscopic endonasal resection of tuberculum sella and planum sphenoidale meningiomas","volume":"71","author":"Attia","year":"2012"},{"key":"b6-0370019","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2257","article-title":"Occam\u2019s razor in minimally invasive pituitary surgery: tailoring the endoscopic endonasal uninostril trans-sphenoidal approach to sella turcica","volume":"154","author":"Berhouma","year":"2012"},{"key":"b7-0370019","series-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)","first-page":"121","article-title":"[Shifting paradigm in skull base surgery: roots, current state of the art and future trends of endonasal endoscopic approaches.]","volume":"168","author":"Berhouma","year":"2012"},{"key":"b8-0370019","series-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol","first-page":"587","article-title":"Compartmental endoscopic surgical anatomy of the medial intraconal orbital space","volume":"4","author":"Bleier","year":"2014"},{"key":"b9-0370019","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Pituitary surgery","volume":"34","author":"Carrau","year":"2001"},{"key":"b10-0370019","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","first-page":"230","article-title":"[Endoscopic approaches to the orbit.]","volume":"56","author":"Cebula","year":"2010"},{"key":"b11-0370019","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"155","article-title":"Endoscopic optic nerve decompression for traumatic optic neuropathy: an alternative","volume":"135","author":"Chen","year":"2006"},{"key":"b12-0370019","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"1236","article-title":"Selective endoscopic decompression of the orbital apex for dysthyroid optic neuropathy","volume":"119","author":"Chu","year":"2009"},{"key":"b13-0370019","series-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg","first-page":"175","article-title":"Intranasal endoscopic surgery in traumatic optic neuropathy\u2014the Belgian experience","volume":"54","author":"De Ganseman","year":"2000"},{"key":"b14-0370019","series-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi","first-page":"3123","article-title":"[Endoscopic decompression of optic canal.]","volume":"85","author":"Fu","year":"2005"},{"key":"b15-0370019","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"501","article-title":"Modified endoscopic optic nerve decompression in idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"117","author":"Gupta","year":"2003"},{"key":"b16-0370019","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"839","article-title":"Anatomy of the optic canal: a computed tomography study of endoscopic nerve decompression","volume":"118","author":"Hart","year":"2009"},{"key":"b17-0370019","series-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx","first-page":"227","article-title":"Transnasal endoscopic surgery for benign orbital tumors","volume":"40","author":"Haruna","year":"2013"},{"key":"b18-0370019","series-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"229","article-title":"Traumatic optic neuropathy\u2014our experience","volume":"62","author":"Hathiram","year":"2010"},{"key":"b19-0370019","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"518","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal optic nerve decompression for traumatic optic neuropathy\u2014technical note","volume":"50","author":"Horiguchi","year":"2010"},{"key":"b20-0370019","series-title":"Rhinology","first-page":"71","article-title":"Endoscopic optic nerve decompression for the treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"39","author":"Jiang","year":"2001"},{"key":"b21-0370019","series-title":"Am J Rhinol","first-page":"603","article-title":"Endoscopic orbital decompression for Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"19","author":"Kasperbauer","year":"2005"},{"key":"b22-0370019","series-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg","first-page":"72","article-title":"Endoscopic optic nerve decompression for idiopathic intracranial hypertension in two cases: case report","volume":"51","author":"Koc","year":"2008"},{"key":"b23-0370019","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"1541","article-title":"Endoscopic optic canal decompression for compressive optic neuropathy","volume":"18","author":"Kong","year":"2011"},{"key":"b24-0370019","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"652","article-title":"Endoscopic approach to traumatic visual loss","volume":"116","author":"Kountakis","year":"1997"},{"key":"b25-0370019","series-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"265","article-title":"Endoscopic orbital decompression for Graves\u2019 orbitopathy","volume":"17","author":"Lal","year":"2013"},{"key":"b26-0370019","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"776","article-title":"Minimally invasive approach for biopsy of an optic nerve sheath tumor","volume":"120","author":"Leonard","year":"1999"},{"key":"b27-0370019","series-title":"Isr Med Assoc J","first-page":"673","article-title":"Endoscopic orbital decompression for Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"6","author":"Levy","year":"2004"},{"key":"b28-0370019","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"1325","article-title":"Treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy: our experience of endoscopic optic nerve decompression","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2008"},{"key":"b29-0370019","series-title":"Clin Otolaryngol","first-page":"447","article-title":"Salvage optic nerve decompression for traumatic blindness under nasal endoscopy: risk and benefit analysis","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2007"},{"key":"b30-0370019","series-title":"Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi","first-page":"52","article-title":"[Endoscopic anatomy research related to transsphenoidal optic nerve decompression.]","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2009"},{"key":"b31-0370019","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1670","article-title":"Transsphenoidal optic nerve decompression: an endoscopic anatomic study","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2008"},{"key":"b32-0370019","series-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"341","article-title":"Study on the treatment of traumatic orbital apex syndrome by nasal endoscopic surgery","volume":"268","author":"Li","year":"2011"},{"issue":"5","key":"b33-0370019","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E2","article-title":"Surgical nuances for removal of tuberculum sellae meningiomas with optic canal involvement using the endoscopic endonasal extended transsphenoidal transplanum transtuberculum approach","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2011"},{"key":"b34-0370019","series-title":"Surg Radiol Anat","first-page":"257","article-title":"Endoscopic transsphenoidal optic nerve decompression: an anatomical study","volume":"33","author":"Locatelli","year":"2011"},{"key":"b35-0370019","series-title":"Eye (Lond)","first-page":"1213","article-title":"Endoscopic transnasal orbital decompression for visual failure due to sphenoid wing meningioma","volume":"20","author":"Lund","year":"2006"},{"key":"b36-0370019","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"873","article-title":"Endoscopic optic nerve decompression: the Graz experience","volume":"108","author":"Luxenberger","year":"1998"},{"key":"b37-0370019","series-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"341","article-title":"Optic nerve decompression in trauma and tumor patients","volume":"256","author":"Maurer","year":"1999"},{"key":"b38-0370019","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"463","article-title":"Endoscopic approach to the orbital apex and periorbital skull base","volume":"121","author":"Murchison","year":"2011"},{"key":"b39-0370019","series-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx","first-page":"199","article-title":"Endoscopic decompression of the optic nerve in pseudotumor cerebri","volume":"32","author":"Patroc\u00ednio","year":"2005"},{"key":"b40-0370019","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"992","article-title":"Endoscopic optic nerve decompression for traumatic optic neuropathy in children","volume":"75","author":"Peng","year":"2011"},{"key":"b41-0370019","series-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"780","article-title":"Endoscopic optic nerve decompression for nontraumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"133","author":"Pletcher","year":"2007"},{"key":"b42-0370019","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"943","article-title":"Endoscopic orbital and optic nerve decompression","volume":"39","author":"Pletcher","year":"2006"},{"key":"b43-0370019","series-title":"Ear Nose Throat J","first-page":"E12","article-title":"Technique selection for orbital decompression: combined endoscopic and transconjunctival versus combined endoscopic and transantral approach","volume":"88","author":"Pribitkin","year":"2009"},{"key":"b44-0370019","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","first-page":"90","article-title":"Application of ultrasonic bone curette in endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery: technical note","volume":"75","author":"Rastelli","year":"2014"},{"key":"b45-0370019","series-title":"World Neurosurg","article-title":"Unilateral endoscopic optic nerve decompression for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a series of ten patients","author":"Sencer","year":"2014"},{"key":"b46-0370019","series-title":"Orbit","first-page":"344","article-title":"Decompression of benign orbital apex lesion via medial endoscopic approach","volume":"31","author":"Sia","year":"2012"},{"key":"b47-0370019","series-title":"Klin Oczna","first-page":"155","article-title":"[Endoscopic decompression of the optic nerve in patients with post-traumatic vision impairment.]","volume":"110","author":"Sie\u015bkiewicz","year":"2008"},{"key":"b48-0370019","series-title":"Otolaryngol Pol","first-page":"295","article-title":"[Endoscopic transnasal approach for optic nerve decompression.]","volume":"62","author":"Sie\u015bkiewicz","year":"2008"},{"key":"b49-0370019","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"699","article-title":"Acquisition of surgical skills for endonasal skull base surgery: a training program","volume":"117","author":"Snyderman","year":"2007"},{"key":"b50-0370019","series-title":"Acta Otolaryngol","first-page":"1196","article-title":"Analysis of prognostic factors of endoscopic optic nerve decompression in traumatic blindness","volume":"133","author":"Song","year":"2013"},{"key":"b51-0370019","series-title":"Med J Malaysia","first-page":"337","article-title":"Endoscopic orbital decompression for optic neuropathy in thyroid ophthalmopathy","volume":"63","author":"Tang","year":"2008"},{"key":"b52-0370019","series-title":"Skull Base","first-page":"263","article-title":"Surgery for optic nerve injury: should nerve sheath incision supplement osseous decompression?","volume":"19","author":"Thaker","year":"2009"},{"key":"b53-0370019","series-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec","first-page":"130","article-title":"Endoscopic optic nerve decompression for the treatment of traumatic optic nerve neuropathy","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2008"},{"key":"b54-0370019","series-title":"Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi","first-page":"625","article-title":"[Transnasal endoscopic optic canal decompression for traumatic optic neuropathy without light reception.]","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2007"},{"key":"b55-0370019","series-title":"Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi","first-page":"197","article-title":"[Timing of operation and therapeutic effect of endoscopic optic nerve decompression for traumatic optic neuropathy.]","volume":"44","author":"Xie","year":"2009"},{"key":"b56-0370019","series-title":"Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi","first-page":"430","article-title":"[Surgical treatment for bilateral traumatic optic neuropathy through intranasal endoscopic approach.]","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"2006"},{"key":"b57-0370019","series-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec","first-page":"44","article-title":"Endoscopic optic nerve decompression for patients with traumatic optic neuropathy: is nerve sheath incision necessary?","volume":"76","author":"Xu","year":"2014"},{"key":"b58-0370019","series-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg","first-page":"1350","article-title":"The therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic optic nerve decompression and its effects on the prognoses of 96 cases of traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"72","author":"Yang","year":"2012"},{"key":"b59-0370019","series-title":"Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi","first-page":"165","article-title":"[Transnasal optic nerve decompression for optic nerve injury.]","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2005"},{"key":"b60-0370019","series-title":"Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi","first-page":"346","article-title":"[Applied anatomy study of optic canal by transnasal endoscopy.]","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2009"},{"key":"b61-0370019","series-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi","first-page":"389","article-title":"[Transnasal endoscopic optic nerve decompression for traumatic optic neuropathy: analysis of 155 cases.]","volume":"89","author":"Zuo","year":"2009"},{"key":"b1-0370019","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1594","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal approach to the orbital apex and medial orbital wall: anatomic study and clinical applications","volume":"20","author":"Abuzayed","year":"2009"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b2-0370019","series-title":"J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg","first-page":"e133","article-title":"Bilateral orbital and optic nerve endoscopic endonasal decompression for nonspecific inflammatory orbital disease: case report","volume":"74","author":"Aldea","year":"2013"},{"key":"b3-0370019","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"891","article-title":"Fibrous dysplasia of the sphenoid and skull base","volume":"44","author":"Amit","year":"2011"},{"key":"b4-0370019","series-title":"Op Tech Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"157","article-title":"Optic nerve decompression via transethmoid and supraorbital approaches","volume":"2","author":"Anand","year":"1991"},{"issue":"1 Suppl Operative","key":"b5-0370019","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"58","article-title":"The importance and timing of optic canal exploration and decompression during endoscopic endonasal resection of tuberculum sella and planum sphenoidale meningiomas","volume":"71","author":"Attia","year":"2012"},{"key":"b6-0370019","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2257","article-title":"Occam\u2019s razor in minimally invasive pituitary surgery: tailoring the endoscopic endonasal uninostril trans-sphenoidal approach to sella turcica","volume":"154","author":"Berhouma","year":"2012"},{"key":"b7-0370019","series-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)","first-page":"121","article-title":"[Shifting paradigm in skull base surgery: roots, current state of the art and future trends of endonasal endoscopic approaches.]","volume":"168","author":"Berhouma","year":"2012"},{"key":"b8-0370019","series-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol","first-page":"587","article-title":"Compartmental endoscopic surgical anatomy of the medial intraconal orbital space","volume":"4","author":"Bleier","year":"2014"},{"key":"b9-0370019","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Pituitary surgery","volume":"34","author":"Carrau","year":"2001"},{"key":"b10-0370019","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","first-page":"230","article-title":"[Endoscopic approaches to the orbit.]","volume":"56","author":"Cebula","year":"2010"},{"key":"b11-0370019","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"155","article-title":"Endoscopic optic nerve decompression for traumatic optic neuropathy: an alternative","volume":"135","author":"Chen","year":"2006"},{"key":"b12-0370019","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"1236","article-title":"Selective endoscopic decompression of the orbital apex for dysthyroid optic neuropathy","volume":"119","author":"Chu","year":"2009"},{"key":"b13-0370019","series-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg","first-page":"175","article-title":"Intranasal endoscopic surgery in traumatic optic neuropathy\u2014the Belgian experience","volume":"54","author":"De Ganseman","year":"2000"},{"key":"b14-0370019","series-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi","first-page":"3123","article-title":"[Endoscopic decompression of optic canal.]","volume":"85","author":"Fu","year":"2005"},{"key":"b15-0370019","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"501","article-title":"Modified endoscopic optic nerve decompression in idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"117","author":"Gupta","year":"2003"},{"key":"b16-0370019","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"839","article-title":"Anatomy of the optic canal: a computed tomography study of endoscopic nerve decompression","volume":"118","author":"Hart","year":"2009"},{"key":"b17-0370019","series-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx","first-page":"227","article-title":"Transnasal endoscopic surgery for benign orbital tumors","volume":"40","author":"Haruna","year":"2013"},{"key":"b18-0370019","series-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"229","article-title":"Traumatic optic neuropathy\u2014our experience","volume":"62","author":"Hathiram","year":"2010"},{"key":"b19-0370019","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"518","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal optic nerve decompression for traumatic optic neuropathy\u2014technical note","volume":"50","author":"Horiguchi","year":"2010"},{"key":"b20-0370019","series-title":"Rhinology","first-page":"71","article-title":"Endoscopic optic nerve decompression for the treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"39","author":"Jiang","year":"2001"},{"key":"b21-0370019","series-title":"Am J Rhinol","first-page":"603","article-title":"Endoscopic orbital decompression for Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"19","author":"Kasperbauer","year":"2005"},{"key":"b22-0370019","series-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg","first-page":"72","article-title":"Endoscopic optic nerve decompression for idiopathic intracranial hypertension in two cases: case report","volume":"51","author":"Koc","year":"2008"},{"key":"b23-0370019","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"1541","article-title":"Endoscopic optic canal decompression for compressive optic neuropathy","volume":"18","author":"Kong","year":"2011"},{"key":"b24-0370019","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"652","article-title":"Endoscopic approach to traumatic visual loss","volume":"116","author":"Kountakis","year":"1997"},{"key":"b25-0370019","series-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"265","article-title":"Endoscopic orbital decompression for Graves\u2019 orbitopathy","volume":"17","author":"Lal","year":"2013"},{"key":"b26-0370019","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"776","article-title":"Minimally invasive approach for biopsy of an optic nerve sheath tumor","volume":"120","author":"Leonard","year":"1999"},{"key":"b27-0370019","series-title":"Isr Med Assoc J","first-page":"673","article-title":"Endoscopic orbital decompression for Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"6","author":"Levy","year":"2004"},{"key":"b28-0370019","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"1325","article-title":"Treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy: our experience of endoscopic optic nerve decompression","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2008"},{"key":"b29-0370019","series-title":"Clin Otolaryngol","first-page":"447","article-title":"Salvage optic nerve decompression for traumatic blindness under nasal endoscopy: risk and benefit analysis","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2007"},{"key":"b30-0370019","series-title":"Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi","first-page":"52","article-title":"[Endoscopic anatomy research related to transsphenoidal optic nerve decompression.]","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2009"},{"key":"b31-0370019","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1670","article-title":"Transsphenoidal optic nerve decompression: an endoscopic anatomic study","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2008"},{"key":"b32-0370019","series-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"341","article-title":"Study on the treatment of traumatic orbital apex syndrome by nasal endoscopic surgery","volume":"268","author":"Li","year":"2011"},{"issue":"5","key":"b33-0370019","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E2","article-title":"Surgical nuances for removal of tuberculum sellae meningiomas with optic canal involvement using the endoscopic endonasal extended transsphenoidal transplanum transtuberculum approach","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2011"},{"key":"b34-0370019","series-title":"Surg Radiol Anat","first-page":"257","article-title":"Endoscopic transsphenoidal optic nerve decompression: an anatomical study","volume":"33","author":"Locatelli","year":"2011"},{"key":"b35-0370019","series-title":"Eye (Lond)","first-page":"1213","article-title":"Endoscopic transnasal orbital decompression for 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