{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:50:41Z","timestamp":1792176641137,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this report, the authors describe the pathological changes in the human trigeminal nerve after Gamma Knife radiosurgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Three trigeminal nerves of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS)\u2013related trigeminal neuralgia (MSTN) after Gamma Knife radiosurgery and other ablative procedures were examined by a neuropathologist. These cases were compared with 3 patients with typical TN who underwent partial surgical rhizotomy following recurrent symptoms after gasserian injury procedures, as well as with autopsy specimens from patients with and without MSTN.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The three irradiated MS-TN specimens exhibited axon loss, demyelination, myelin debris, and fibrosis. Mild lymphocytic infiltrate was present in all 3 samples from MS-TN patients. The nonirradiated trigeminal nerve samples were generally well myelinated with rare degenerating axons. The microscopic findings in trigeminal nerve autopsy specimens were normal in patients without TN, with MS but not TN, and MS-TN.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The inflammation observed in MS-TN specimens collected following Gamma Knife radiosurgery has not previously been described in the literature. These data provide new insight into the changes that occur in trigeminal nerve following stereotactic radiosurgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.8.jns131545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,26]],"date-time":"2014-09-26T15:24:25Z","timestamp":1411745065000},"page":"1508-1513","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Gamma Knife rhizotomy-induced histopathology in multiple sclerosis\u2013related trigeminal neuralgia"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"David B.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc R.","family":"Del Bigio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Diagnostic Services Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony M.","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns131545","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2011.11.018","article-title":"Clinicopathological review of patients with and without multiple sclerosis treated by partial sensory rhizotomy for medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia: a 12-year retrospective study","volume":"114","author":"Abhinav","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2-jns131545","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"138","article-title":"Electron microscopy of the gasserian ganglion in trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"26 Suppl","author":"Beaver","year":"1967"},{"issue":"5","key":"b3-jns131545","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E13","article-title":"Management of medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Cheng","year":"2005"},{"key":"b4-jns131545","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/02688699650040575","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia due to vascular compression in multiple sclerosis\u2014post-mortem findings","volume":"10","author":"Crooks","year":"1996"},{"key":"b5-jns131545","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.96.3.0532","article-title":"Mechanism of trigeminal neuralgia: an ultrastructural analysis of trigeminal root specimens obtained during microvascular decompression surgery","volume":"96","author":"Devor","year":"2002"},{"key":"b6-jns131545","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.11.055","article-title":"Histologic analysis of a human trigeminal nerve after failed stereotactic radiosurgery: case report","volume":"68","author":"Foy","year":"2007"},{"key":"b7-jns131545","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.05.016","article-title":"Brainstem and trigeminal nerve changes after radiosurgery for trigeminal pain","volume":"66","author":"Gorgulho","year":"2006"},{"key":"b8-jns131545","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199408000-00017","article-title":"Pathological findings associated with trigeminal neuralgia caused by vascular compression","volume":"35","author":"Hilton","year":"1994"},{"key":"b9-jns131545","series-title":"IHS Classification ICHDII. 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