{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T13:32:29Z","timestamp":1783776749898,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECT<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) provides a minimally invasive corridor through which the cervicomedullary junction can be decompressed with reduced morbidity rates compared to those with the classic transoral approaches. The limit of the EEA is its inferior extent, and preoperative estimation of its reach is vital for determining its suitability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the actual inferior limit of the EEA in a surgical series of patients and develop an accurate and reliable predictor that can be used in planning endonasal odontoidectomies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The actual inferior extent of surgery was determined in a series of 6 patients with adequate preoperative and postoperative imaging who underwent endoscopie endonasal odontoidectomy. The medians of the differences between several previously described predictive lines, namely the nasopalatine line (NPL) and nasoaxial line (NAxL), were compared with the actual surgical limit and the hard-palate line by using nonparametric statistics. A novel line, called the rhinopalatine line (RPL), was established and corresponded best with the actual limit of the surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 4 adult and 2 pediatric patients included in this study. The NPL overestimated the inferior extent of the surgery by an average (\u00b1 SD) of 21.9 \u00b1 8.1 mm (range 14.7-32.5 mm). The NAxL and RPL overestimated the inferior limit of surgery by averages of 6.9 \u00b1 3.8 mm (range 3.7-13.3 mm) and 1.7 \u00b1 3.7 mm (range \u22122.8 to 8.3 mm), respectively. The medians of the differences between the NPL and NAxL and the actual surgery were statistically different (both p = 0.0313). In contrast, there was no statistically significant difference between the RPL and the inferior limit of surgery (p = 0.4375).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The RPL predicted the inferior limit of the EEA to the craniovertebral junction more accurately than previously described lines. The use of the RPL may help surgeons in choosing suitable candidates for the EEA and in selecting those for whom surgery through the oropharynx or the facial bones is the better approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.1.focus14777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]],"date-time":"2015-04-01T13:05:25Z","timestamp":1427893525000},"page":"E16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["The rhinopalatine line as a reliable predictor of the inferior extent of endonasal odontoidectomies"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Emanuele","family":"La Corte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta;"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp R.","family":"Aldana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine Jacksonville and Wolfson Children\u2019s Hospital, Jacksonville, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Ferroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey P.","family":"Greenfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"H\u00e4rtl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay K.","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore H.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"},{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology, and"},{"name":"Neuroscience, Weill Comell Medical College, Sackler Brain and Spine Center, Feil Brain and Mind Institute, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2 Suppl Operative","key":"b1-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ons308","article-title":"The naso-axial line: a new method of accurately predicting the inferior limit of the endoscopic endonasal approach to the craniovertebral junction","volume":"71","author":"Aldana","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2-focus14777","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"219","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal approach to the ventral craniocervical junction: anatomical study","volume":"144","author":"Alfieri","year":"2002"},{"key":"b3-focus14777","series-title":"Practical Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery","author":"Anand","year":"2007"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"b4-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"158","article-title":"Radiographic and anatomic basis of endoscopic anterior craniocervical decompression: a comparison of endonasal, transoral, and transcervical approaches","volume":"65","author":"Baird","year":"2009"},{"key":"b5-focus14777","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"1760","article-title":"Impact of platybasia and anatomic variance on surgical approaches to the craniovertebral junction","volume":"124","author":"Burke","year":"2014"},{"key":"b6-focus14777","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"665","article-title":"The extended endoscopic endonasal approach to the clivus and cranio-vertebral junction: anatomical study","volume":"23","author":"Cavallo","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"b7-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E4","article-title":"Experience with intraoperative navigation and imaging during endoscopic transnasal spinal approaches to the foramen magnum and odontoid","volume":"36","author":"Choudhri","year":"2014"},{"key":"b8-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"115","article-title":"Transnasal endoscopic odontoidectomy after occipitocervical fusion during the same operative setting\u2014technical note","volume":"34","author":"Cornelius","year":"2011"},{"key":"b9-focus14777","series-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl","first-page":"321","article-title":"The transoral approach to the base of the brain and upper cervical cord","volume":"67","author":"Crockard","year":"1985"},{"key":"b10-focus14777","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"239","article-title":"Defining the nasopalatine line: the limit for endonasal surgery of the spine","volume":"119","author":"de Almeida","year":"2009"},{"key":"b11-focus14777","series-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res","first-page":"775","article-title":"Advantages and limitations of endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy. A series of nine cases","volume":"100","author":"Duntze","year":"2014"},{"key":"b12-focus14777","series-title":"J Craniovertebr Junction Spine","first-page":"44","article-title":"Combined transnasal and transoral endoscopic approaches to the craniovertebral junction","volume":"1","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2010"},{"key":"b13-focus14777","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"183","article-title":"The importance of platybasia and the palatine line in patient selection for endonasal surgery of the craniocervical junction: a radiographic study of 12 patients","volume":"76","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3 Suppl Operative","key":"b14-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ons79","article-title":"Brain surgery in a stereoscopic virtual reality environment: a single institution\u2019s experience with 100 cases","volume":"67","author":"Ferroli","year":"2010"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b15-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"54","article-title":"Advanced 3-dimensional planning in neurosurgery","volume":"72","author":"Ferroli","year":"2013"},{"key":"b16-focus14777","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"61","article-title":"Endoscopic biopsy sampling of tophaceous gout of the odontoid process. Case report and review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Fraser","year":"2007"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"b17-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"S60","article-title":"Endoscopically assisted transoral-transpharyngeal approach to the craniovertebral junction","volume":"51","author":"Frempong-Boadu","year":"2002"},{"key":"b18-focus14777","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"661","article-title":"Endoscopic transnasal resection of the odontoid: case series and clinical course","volume":"20","author":"Gempt","year":"2011"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b19-focus14777","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"S55","article-title":"Endoscopic transnasal odontoid resection to decompress the bulbomedullary junction: a reliable anterior minimally invasive technique without posterior fusion","volume":"21","author":"Gladi","year":"2012"},{"key":"b20-focus14777","series-title":"The Craniovertebral Junction Diagnosis, Pathology, Surgical Techniques","author":"Goel","year":"2011"},{"key":"b21-focus14777","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"511","article-title":"The endoscopic endonasal approach to the odontoid and its impact on early extubation and feeding","volume":"122","author":"Goldschlager","year":"2015"},{"key":"b22-focus14777","series-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital","first-page":"248","article-title":"Transnasal endoscopic removal of malformation of the odontoid process in a patient with type I Arnold-Chiari malformation: a case report","volume":"31","author":"Grammatica","year":"2011"},{"key":"b23-focus14777","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"549","article-title":"Transnasal odontoid resection followed by posterior decompression and occipitocervical fusion in children with Chiari malformation Type I and ventral brainstem compression","volume":"5","author":"Hankinson","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"b24-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E14","article-title":"Transnasal endoscopic approach to the pediatric craniovertebral junction and rostral cervical spine: case series and literature review","volume":"35","author":"Hickman","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b25-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"119","article-title":"Transoral approaches to the cervical spine","volume":"66","author":"Hsu","year":"2010"},{"key":"b26-focus14777","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"542","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy with anterior C1 arch preservation in elderly patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"13","author":"Iacoangeli","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b27-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"E213","article-title":"The expanded endonasal approach: a fully endoscopic transnasal approach and resection of the odontoid process: technical case report","volume":"57","author":"Kassam","year":"2005"},{"key":"b28-focus14777","series-title":"Innov Neurosurg","first-page":"37","article-title":"Endonasal endoscopic versus transoral microscopic odontoid resection","volume":"1","author":"Komotar","year":"2013"},{"key":"b29-focus14777","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"293","article-title":"Endoscopic approaches to the craniovertebral junction","volume":"156","author":"La Corte","year":"2014"},{"key":"b30-focus14777","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"376","article-title":"Endonasal endoscopic resection of the odontoid process in a nonachondroplastic dwarf with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: feasibility of the approach and utility of the intraoperative Iso-C three-dimensional navigation. Case report","volume":"8","author":"Laufer","year":"2008"},{"key":"b31-focus14777","series-title":"Skull Base","first-page":"199","article-title":"Endoscopic transnasal approach to the craniocervical junction","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2010"},{"key":"b32-focus14777","series-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec","first-page":"91","article-title":"Da Vinci Robot-assisted transoral odontoidectomy for basilar invagination","volume":"72","author":"Lee","year":"2010"},{"key":"b33-focus14777","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E139","article-title":"Endonasal endoscopic resection of an os odontoideum to decompress the cervicomedullary junction: a minimal access surgical technique","volume":"34","author":"Leng","year":"2009"},{"key":"b34-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"E373","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy in a patient affected by Down syndrome: technical case report","volume":"63","author":"Magrini","year":"2008"},{"key":"b35-focus14777","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"846","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy: clinical series","volume":"39","author":"Mazzatenta","year":"2014"},{"key":"b36-focus14777","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1101","article-title":"Craniovertebral junction database analysis: incidence, classification, presentation, and treatment algorithms","volume":"24","author":"Menezes","year":"2008"},{"key":"b37-focus14777","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1187","article-title":"Surgical approaches: postoperative care and complications \u201ctransoral-transpalatopharyngeal approach to the craniocervical junction.\u201d","volume":"24","author":"Menezes","year":"2008"},{"key":"b38-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"189","article-title":"Pure endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy: anatomical study","volume":"30","author":"Messina","year":"2007"},{"key":"b39-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Transoral odontoidectomy","volume":"56","author":"Mummaneni","year":"2005"},{"key":"b40-focus14777","series-title":"Am J Rhinol","first-page":"601","article-title":"Experience with the expanded endonasal approach for resection of the odontoid process in rheumatoid disease","volume":"21","author":"Nayak","year":"2007"},{"issue":"5 Suppl 2","key":"b41-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"331","article-title":"Transoral approach and its superior extensions to the craniovertebral junction malformations: surgical strategies and results","volume":"64","author":"Perrini","year":"2009"},{"issue":"5 Suppl 2","key":"b42-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"437","article-title":"Endoscopic image-guided transoral approach to the craniovertebral junction: an anatomic study comparing surgical exposure and surgical freedom obtained with the endoscope and the operating microscope","volume":"64","author":"Pillai","year":"2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"b43-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E15","article-title":"Evolution from microscopic transoral to endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy","volume":"37","author":"Ponce-G\u00f3mez","year":"2014"},{"key":"b44-focus14777","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"816","article-title":"Endoscopic, endonasal decompression of spinal stenosis with myelopathy secondary to cranio-vertebral tuberculosis: two cases","volume":"124","author":"Puraviappan","year":"2010"},{"key":"b45-focus14777","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"583","article-title":"Comparison of endoscopic transnasal and transoral approaches to the craniovertebral junction","volume":"74","author":"Seker","year":"2010"},{"key":"b46-focus14777","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","first-page":"176","article-title":"Endonasal access to the upper cervical spine, part one: radiographic morphometric analysis","volume":"74","author":"Singh","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b47-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"96","article-title":"Ventral surgical approaches to craniovertebral junction chordomas","volume":"66","author":"Singh","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b48-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"39","article-title":"Basilar invagination","volume":"66","author":"Smith","year":"2010"},{"key":"b49-focus14777","series-title":"Keio J Med","first-page":"152","article-title":"What are the limits of endoscopic sinus surgery?: the expanded endonasal approach to the skull base","volume":"58","author":"Snyderman","year":"2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"b50-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E2","article-title":"The combined endonasal and transoral approach for the management of skull base and nasopharyngeal pathology: a case series","volume":"37","author":"Sreenath","year":"2014"},{"key":"b51-focus14777","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1482","article-title":"The selective odontoidectomy: endoscopic endonasal approach to the craniocervical junction","volume":"25","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"b52-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E16","article-title":"Transnasal odontoid resection: is there an anatomic explanation for differing swallowing outcomes?","volume":"37","author":"Van Abel","year":"2014"},{"key":"b53-focus14777","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"184","article-title":"Endoscopic image-guided odontoidectomy for decompression of basilar invagination via a standard anterior cervical approach. Technical note","volume":"6","author":"Wolinsky","year":"2007"},{"key":"b54-focus14777","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Diseases of the odontoid and craniovertebral junction with management by endoscopic approaches","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3 Suppl 1","key":"b55-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"145","article-title":"Modifications of the transoral approach to the craniovertebral junction: anatomic study and clinical correlations","volume":"62","author":"Youssef","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b56-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"126","article-title":"Extended transoral approaches: surgical technique and analysis","volume":"66","author":"Youssef","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2 Suppl Operative","key":"b1-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ons308","article-title":"The naso-axial line: a new method of accurately predicting the inferior limit of the endoscopic endonasal approach to the craniovertebral junction","volume":"71","author":"Aldana","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2-focus14777","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"219","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal approach to the ventral craniocervical junction: anatomical study","volume":"144","author":"Alfieri","year":"2002"},{"key":"b3-focus14777","series-title":"Practical Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery","author":"Anand","year":"2007"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"b4-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"158","article-title":"Radiographic and anatomic basis of endoscopic anterior craniocervical decompression: a comparison of endonasal, transoral, and transcervical approaches","volume":"65","author":"Baird","year":"2009"},{"key":"b5-focus14777","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"1760","article-title":"Impact of platybasia and anatomic variance on surgical approaches to the craniovertebral junction","volume":"124","author":"Burke","year":"2014"},{"key":"b6-focus14777","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"665","article-title":"The extended endoscopic endonasal approach to the clivus and cranio-vertebral junction: anatomical study","volume":"23","author":"Cavallo","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"b7-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E4","article-title":"Experience with intraoperative navigation and imaging during endoscopic transnasal spinal approaches to the foramen magnum and odontoid","volume":"36","author":"Choudhri","year":"2014"},{"key":"b8-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"115","article-title":"Transnasal endoscopic odontoidectomy after occipitocervical fusion during the same operative setting\u2014technical note","volume":"34","author":"Cornelius","year":"2011"},{"key":"b9-focus14777","series-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl","first-page":"321","article-title":"The transoral approach to the base of the brain and upper cervical cord","volume":"67","author":"Crockard","year":"1985"},{"key":"b10-focus14777","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"239","article-title":"Defining the nasopalatine line: the limit for endonasal surgery of the spine","volume":"119","author":"de Almeida","year":"2009"},{"key":"b11-focus14777","series-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res","first-page":"775","article-title":"Advantages and limitations of endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy. A series of nine cases","volume":"100","author":"Duntze","year":"2014"},{"key":"b12-focus14777","series-title":"J Craniovertebr Junction Spine","first-page":"44","article-title":"Combined transnasal and transoral endoscopic approaches to the craniovertebral junction","volume":"1","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2010"},{"key":"b13-focus14777","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"183","article-title":"The importance of platybasia and the palatine line in patient selection for endonasal surgery of the craniocervical junction: a radiographic study of 12 patients","volume":"76","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3 Suppl Operative","key":"b14-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ons79","article-title":"Brain surgery in a stereoscopic virtual reality environment: a single institution\u2019s experience with 100 cases","volume":"67","author":"Ferroli","year":"2010"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b15-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"54","article-title":"Advanced 3-dimensional planning in neurosurgery","volume":"72","author":"Ferroli","year":"2013"},{"key":"b16-focus14777","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"61","article-title":"Endoscopic biopsy sampling of tophaceous gout of the odontoid process. Case report and review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Fraser","year":"2007"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"b17-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"S60","article-title":"Endoscopically assisted transoral-transpharyngeal approach to the craniovertebral junction","volume":"51","author":"Frempong-Boadu","year":"2002"},{"key":"b18-focus14777","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"661","article-title":"Endoscopic transnasal resection of the odontoid: case series and clinical course","volume":"20","author":"Gempt","year":"2011"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b19-focus14777","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"S55","article-title":"Endoscopic transnasal odontoid resection to decompress the bulbomedullary junction: a reliable anterior minimally invasive technique without posterior fusion","volume":"21","author":"Gladi","year":"2012"},{"key":"b20-focus14777","series-title":"The Craniovertebral Junction Diagnosis, Pathology, Surgical Techniques","author":"Goel","year":"2011"},{"key":"b21-focus14777","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"511","article-title":"The endoscopic endonasal approach to the odontoid and its impact on early extubation and feeding","volume":"122","author":"Goldschlager","year":"2015"},{"key":"b22-focus14777","series-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital","first-page":"248","article-title":"Transnasal endoscopic removal of malformation of the odontoid process in a patient with type I Arnold-Chiari malformation: a case report","volume":"31","author":"Grammatica","year":"2011"},{"key":"b23-focus14777","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"549","article-title":"Transnasal odontoid resection followed by posterior decompression and occipitocervical fusion in children with Chiari malformation Type I and ventral brainstem compression","volume":"5","author":"Hankinson","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"b24-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E14","article-title":"Transnasal endoscopic approach to the pediatric craniovertebral junction and rostral cervical spine: case series and literature review","volume":"35","author":"Hickman","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b25-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"119","article-title":"Transoral approaches to the cervical spine","volume":"66","author":"Hsu","year":"2010"},{"key":"b26-focus14777","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"542","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy with anterior C1 arch preservation in elderly patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"13","author":"Iacoangeli","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b27-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"E213","article-title":"The expanded endonasal approach: a fully endoscopic transnasal approach and resection of the odontoid process: technical case report","volume":"57","author":"Kassam","year":"2005"},{"key":"b28-focus14777","series-title":"Innov Neurosurg","first-page":"37","article-title":"Endonasal endoscopic versus transoral microscopic odontoid resection","volume":"1","author":"Komotar","year":"2013"},{"key":"b29-focus14777","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"293","article-title":"Endoscopic approaches to the craniovertebral junction","volume":"156","author":"La Corte","year":"2014"},{"key":"b30-focus14777","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"376","article-title":"Endonasal endoscopic resection of the odontoid process in a nonachondroplastic dwarf with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: feasibility of the approach and utility of the intraoperative Iso-C three-dimensional navigation. Case report","volume":"8","author":"Laufer","year":"2008"},{"key":"b31-focus14777","series-title":"Skull Base","first-page":"199","article-title":"Endoscopic transnasal approach to the craniocervical junction","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2010"},{"key":"b32-focus14777","series-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec","first-page":"91","article-title":"Da Vinci Robot-assisted transoral odontoidectomy for basilar invagination","volume":"72","author":"Lee","year":"2010"},{"key":"b33-focus14777","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E139","article-title":"Endonasal endoscopic resection of an os odontoideum to decompress the cervicomedullary junction: a minimal access surgical technique","volume":"34","author":"Leng","year":"2009"},{"key":"b34-focus14777","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"E373","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy in a patient affected by Down syndrome: technical case 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