{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T12:34:06Z","timestamp":1789216446047,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SPI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to identify factors contributing to an increased risk for vertebral compression fracture (VCF) following stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for spinal tumors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 594 tumors were treated with spinal SBRT as primary treatment or re-irradiation at 8 different institutions as part of a multi-institutional research consortium. Patients underwent LINAC-based, image-guided SBRT to a median dose of 20 Gy (range 8\u201340 Gy) in a median of 1 fraction (range 1\u20135 fractions). Median patient age was 62 years. Seventy-one percent of tumors were osteolytic, and a preexisting vertebral compression fracture (VCF) was present in 24% of cases. Toxicity was assessed following treatment. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using a logistic regression method to determine parameters predictive for post-SBRT VCF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>At a median follow-up of 10.1 months (range 0.03\u201357 months), 80% of patients had local tumor control. At the time of last imaging follow-up, at a median of 8.8 months after SBRT, 3% had a new VCF, and 2.7% had a progressive VCF. For development of any (new or progressive) VCF following SBRT, the following factors were predictive for VCF on univariate analysis: short interval from primary diagnosis to SBRT (less than 36.8 days), solitary metastasis, no additional bone metastases, no prior chemotherapy, preexisting VCF, no MRI used for target delineation, tumor volume of 37.3 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> or larger, equivalent 2-Gy-dose (EQD<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) tumor of 41.8 Gy or more, and EQD<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> spinal cord D<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> of 46.1 Gy or more. Preexisting VCF, solitary metastasis, and prescription dose of 38.4 Gy or more were predictive on multivariate analysis. The following factors were predictive of a new VCF on univariate analysis: solitary metastasis, no additional bone metastases, and no MRI used for target delineation. Presence of a solitary metastasis and lack of MRI for target delineation remained significant on multivariate analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A VCF following SBRT is more likely to occur following treatment for a solitary spinal metastasis, reflecting a more aggressive treatment approach in patients with adequately controlled systemic disease. Higher prescription dose and a preexisting VCF also put patients at increased risk for post-SBRT VCF. In these patients, pre-SBRT cement augmentation could be considered to decrease the risk of subsequent VCF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.10.spine141261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,19]],"date-time":"2016-02-19T15:01:49Z","timestamp":1455894109000},"page":"928-936","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Vertebral compression fractures after stereotactic body radiation therapy: a large, multi-institutional, multinational evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Maha Saada","family":"Jawad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Radiation Oncology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel K.","family":"Fahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Surgery, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan;\u00a0"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"Gerszten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"},{"name":"Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Flickinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"},{"name":"Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arjun","family":"Sahgal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga S.","family":"Grills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Radiation Oncology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Sheehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Kersh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Riverside Medical Center, Newport News, Virginia;\u00a0"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Mantel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Guckenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany; and"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-spine141261","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.11.036","article-title":"Stereotactic body radiation therapy in spinal metastases","volume":"82","author":"Ahmed","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2-spine141261","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.2.SPINE12739","article-title":"Radiation-induced vertebral compression fracture following spine stereotactic radiosurgery: clinicopathological correlation","volume":"18","author":"Al-Omair","year":"2013"},{"key":"b3-spine141261","series-title":"Lancet Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(11)70008-0","article-title":"Balloon kyphoplasty versus non-surgical fracture management for treatment of painful vertebral body compression fractures in patients with cancer: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Berenson","year":"2011"},{"key":"b4-spine141261","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.SPINE09459","article-title":"Reliability analysis of the epidural spinal cord compression scale","volume":"13","author":"Bilsky","year":"2010"},{"key":"b5-spine141261","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.11.SPINE116","article-title":"Vertebral compression fracture risk after stereotactic body radiotherapy for spinal metastases","volume":"16","author":"Boehling","year":"2012"},{"key":"b6-spine141261","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000317317.33365.15","article-title":"Predictors of ambulatory function after decompressive surgery for metastatic epidural spinal cord compression","volume":"62","author":"Chaichana","year":"2008"},{"key":"b7-spine141261","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.02.019","article-title":"Recursive partitioning analysis index is predictive for overall survival in patients undergoing spine stereotactic body radiation therapy for spinal metastases","volume":"82","author":"Chao","year":"2012"},{"key":"b8-spine141261","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.09.5281","article-title":"Palliative radiotherapy trials for bone metastases: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Chow","year":"2007"},{"key":"b9-spine141261","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.04.034","article-title":"Vertebral compression fracture (VCF) after spine stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT): analysis of predictive factors","volume":"84","author":"Cunha","year":"2012"},{"key":"b10-spine141261","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2005.2.5.0540","article-title":"CyberKnife stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of spinal tumors for pain control and quality of life","volume":"2","author":"Degen","year":"2005"},{"key":"b11-spine141261","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1221","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181e16ae2","article-title":"A novel classification system for spinal instability in neoplastic disease: an evidence-based approach and expert consensus from the Spine Oncology Study Group","volume":"35","author":"Fisher","year":"2010"},{"key":"b12-spine141261","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000251863.76595.a2","article-title":"Radiosurgery for spinal metastases: clinical experience in 500 cases from a single institution","volume":"32","author":"Gerszten","year":"2007"},{"key":"b13-spine141261","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2005.3.4.0296","article-title":"Combination kyphoplasty and spinal radiosurgery: a new treatment paradigm for pathological fractures","volume":"3","author":"Gerszten","year":"2005"},{"key":"b14-spine141261","series-title":"Radiobiology for the Radiologist","author":"Hall","year":"2012"},{"key":"b15-spine141261","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.4.SPINE11902","article-title":"Single-session and multisession CyberKnife radiosurgery for spine metastases-University of Pittsburgh and Georgetown University experience","volume":"17","author":"Heron","year":"2012"},{"key":"b16-spine141261","series-title":"International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury","author":"International Spinal Cord Society American Spinal Injury Association"},{"key":"b17-spine141261","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(95)00572-G","article-title":"Effectiveness of radiation therapy without surgery in metastatic spinal cord compression: final results from a prospective trial","volume":"32","author":"Maranzano","year":"1995"},{"key":"b18-spine141261","series-title":"Acta Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3109\/02841868809090331","article-title":"Spontaneous radiation-induced rib fractures in breast cancer patients treated with postmastectomy irradiation. A clinical radiobiological analysis of the influence of fraction size and dose-response relationships on late bone damage","volume":"27","author":"Overgaard","year":"1988"},{"key":"b19-spine141261","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66954-1","article-title":"Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial","volume":"366","author":"Patchell","year":"2005"},{"key":"b20-spine141261","series-title":"Radiother Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2009.03.022","article-title":"Radiation-induced rib fractures after hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy of non-small cell lung cancer: a dose- and volume-response analysis","volume":"91","author":"Pettersson","year":"2009"},{"key":"b21-spine141261","series-title":"Radiat Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-717X-7-50","article-title":"Pathological vertebral fracture after stereotactic body radiation therapy for lung metastases. Case report and literature review","volume":"7","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ruiz","year":"2012"},{"key":"b22-spine141261","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5075","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.19.3508","article-title":"Risk of fracture after single fraction image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy to spinal metastases","volume":"27","author":"Rose","year":"2009"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"b23-spine141261","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3171\/sup.2004.101.supplement3.0402","article-title":"Patterns of failure after single-dose radiosurgery for spinal metastasis","volume":"101","author":"Ryu","year":"2004"},{"key":"b24-spine141261","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.50.1411","article-title":"Vertebral compression fracture after spine stereotactic body radiotherapy: a multi-institutional analysis with a focus on radiation dose and the spinal instability neoplastic score","volume":"31","author":"Sahgal","year":"2013"},{"key":"b25-spine141261","series-title":"Lancet Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e310","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70101-3","article-title":"Vertebral compression fracture after stereotactic body radiotherapy for spinal metastases","volume":"14","author":"Sahgal","year":"2013"},{"key":"b26-spine141261","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199702010-00002","article-title":"Risk factors and probability of vertebral body collapse in metastases of the thoracic and lumbar spine","volume":"22","author":"Taneichi","year":"1997"},{"key":"b27-spine141261","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.11.046","article-title":"High-dose, single-fraction image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for metastatic spinal lesions","volume":"71","author":"Yamada","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/24\/6\/article-p928.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/24\/6\/article-p928.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/24\/6\/article-p928.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T21:57:17Z","timestamp":1681595837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/24\/6\/article-p928.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.10.spine141261","relation":{},"ISSN":["1547-5654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1547-5654","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}}}