{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T04:38:39Z","timestamp":1780634319146,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this study was to describe patient radiation exposure during single-level transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy procedures at levels L2\u20135 and L5\u2013S1.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n Radiation exposure was monitored in 151 consecutive patients undergoing single-level transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy procedures. Two groups were studied: patients undergoing procedures at the L4\u20135 level or above and those undergoing an L5\u2013S1 procedure.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n For the discectomy procedures at L4\u20135 and above, the average duration of fluoroscopy was 38.4 seconds and the mean calculated patient radiation exposure dose was 1.5 mSv. For the L5\u2013S1 procedures, average fluoroscopy time was 54.6 seconds and the mean calculated radiation exposure dose was 2.1 mSv. The average patient radiation exposure dose among these cases represents a 3.5-fold decrease compared with the senior surgeon's first 100 cases.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n Transforaminal lumbar endoscopic discectomy can be used as a minimally invasive technique for the treatment of lumbar radiculopathy in the setting of a herniated lumbar disc without the significant concern of exposing the patient to harmful doses of radiation. One caveat is that both the surgeon and the patient are likely to be exposed to higher doses of radiation during a surgeon's early experience in minimally invasive endoscopic spine surgery.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.11.focus15485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T03:36:55Z","timestamp":1454297815000},"page":"E7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Patient radiation exposure during transforaminal lumbar endoscopic spine surgery: a prospective study"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Menno","family":"Iprenburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Clinic Iprenburg, Veenhuizen, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ligamenta Spine Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Godschalx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Clinic Iprenburg, Veenhuizen, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert E.","family":"Telfeian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-focus15485","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"617","article-title":"Radiation exposure to the surgeon during percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy: a prospective study","volume":"38","author":"Ahn","year":"2013"},{"key":"b2-focus15485","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"570","article-title":"Surgeon and patient radiation exposure in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"9","author":"Bindal","year":"2008"},{"key":"b3-focus15485","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E884","article-title":"Patient and staff dosimetry in vertebroplasty","volume":"31","author":"Fitousi","year":"2006"},{"key":"b4-focus15485","series-title":"Appl Radiat Isot","first-page":"173","article-title":"Radiation dose in interventional fluoroscopic procedures","volume":"50","author":"Geise","year":"1999"},{"key":"b5-focus15485","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1893","article-title":"Radiation exposure to the surgeon during fluoroscopically assisted percutaneous vertebroplasty: a prospective study","volume":"30","author":"Harstall","year":"2005"},{"key":"b6-focus15485","series-title":"Gastrointest Endosc","first-page":"287","article-title":"Radiation exposure to patients and personnel during interventional ERCP at a teaching institution","volume":"44","author":"Heyd","year":"1996"},{"key":"b7-focus15485","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1538","article-title":"Radiation exposure during fluoroscopically assisted pedicle screw insertion in the lumbar spine","volume":"25","author":"Jones","year":"2000"},{"key":"b8-focus15485","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1257","article-title":"Radiation dose to the operator during vertebroplasty: prospective comparison of the use of 1-cc syringes versus an injection device","volume":"24","author":"Kallmes","year":"2003"},{"issue":"174","key":"b9-focus15485","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"127","article-title":"Percutaneous lateral discectomy of the lumbar spine: a preliminary report","author":"Kambin","year":"1983"},{"key":"b10-focus15485","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"584","article-title":"Use of navigation-assisted fluoroscopy to decrease radiation exposure during minimally invasive spine surgery","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2008"},{"key":"b11-focus15485","series-title":"J Occup Environ Med","first-page":"540","article-title":"Estimating the cosmic radiation dose for a cabin crew with flight timetables","volume":"49","author":"Kojo","year":"2007"},{"key":"b12-focus15485","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1608","article-title":"Radiation dose reduction to medical staff during vertebroplasty: a review of techniques and methods to mitigate occupational dose","volume":"28","author":"Kruger","year":"2003"},{"key":"b13-focus15485","series-title":"Br J Radiol","first-page":"715","article-title":"Gastrointestinal fluoroscopy: patient dose and methods for its reduction","volume":"56","author":"Leibovic","year":"1983"},{"key":"b14-focus15485","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"255","article-title":"Radiation exposure to the surgeon during open lumbar microdiscectomy and minimally invasive microdiscectomy: a prospective, controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Mariscalco","year":"2011"},{"key":"b15-focus15485","series-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech","first-page":"96","article-title":"Radiation exposure to the surgeon and the patient during kyphoplasty","volume":"21","author":"Mroz","year":"2008"},{"key":"b16-focus15485","series-title":"NCRP Report No. 91. Recommendation on Limits for Exposure of Ionizing Radiation","author":"National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements","year":"1987"},{"key":"b17-focus15485","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med","first-page":"621","article-title":"Estimated individual annual cosmic radiation doses for flight crews","volume":"69","author":"Oksanen","year":"1998"},{"key":"b18-focus15485","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"2637","article-title":"Radiation exposure to the spine surgeon during fluoroscopically assisted pedicle screw insertion","volume":"25","author":"Rampersaud","year":"2000"},{"key":"b19-focus15485","series-title":"Am J Cardiol","first-page":"451","article-title":"Predictors of fluoroscopy time and estimated radiation exposure during radiofrequency catheter ablation procedures","volume":"82","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1998"},{"key":"b20-focus15485","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"106","article-title":"Surgeon's radiation exposure during 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