{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T09:09:21Z","timestamp":1775898561270,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As his fellow soldiers ran past him, Joseph Warren stood bravely on Bunker Hill. It was June 17, 1775, and British troops were fighting the colonists in one of the early battles of the American Revolution. The British had already attempted two major assaults that day, and the third would end with Warren\u2019s death. He was a medical doctor, public figure, and general who spent his life and last living moments fighting for freedom for the American colonists.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>After the battle, there was much confusion about what had happened to Joseph Warren. Some thought he had survived the battle; other accounts differed on how exactly he had died. The details of the events on Bunker Hill remained a mystery until the following year, when Paul Revere helped identify Warren\u2019s body by the false teeth that had been implanted years earlier. Warren\u2019s remains showed that his head had been struck by a bullet.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Analysis of the skull helped to sift through the differing tales of Warren\u2019s death and thus unveil the truth about what occurred that day. The smaller bullet wound in the left maxilla suggests that he was not shot while retreating with the rest of the soldiers. The larger exit wound in the right occiput illustrates that the bullet\u2019s trajectory crossed the midline of the brain and most likely injured the brainstem. Therefore, contrary to rumors that circulated at the time, Joseph Warren most likely was killed instantly at the Battle of Bunker Hill while heroically facing his enemy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.3.focus1564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]],"date-time":"2015-07-01T03:40:42Z","timestamp":1435722042000},"page":"E13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Joseph Warren: a discussion of his life and analysis of his death"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Ryan","family":"Holland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor M.","family":"Sabourin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chirag D.","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Radiology, and"},{"name":"Neurology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter W.","family":"Carmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles J.","family":"Prestigiacomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Radiology, and"},{"name":"Neurology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-focus1564","series-title":"Gunshot Wound Head Trauma","author":"American Association of Neurological Surgeons"},{"key":"b2-focus1564","series-title":"Cranial Gunshot Wounds","author":"Columbia Neurosurgery"},{"key":"b3-focus1564","series-title":"Medical Men in the American Revolution, 1775\u20131783","author":"Duncan","year":"1931"},{"key":"b4-focus1564","series-title":"History of the Battle of Bunker\u2019s (Breed\u2019s) Hill, on June 17, 1775, from Authentic Sources in Print and Manuscript","author":"Ellis","year":"1875"},{"key":"b5-focus1564","series-title":"Life of Joseph Warren","author":"Everett","year":"1845"},{"key":"b6-focus1564","series-title":"Paul Revere\u2019s Ride","author":"Fischer","year":"1994"},{"key":"b7-focus1564","series-title":"Dr. Joseph Warren: the Boston Tea Party, Bunker Hill, and the Birth of American Liberty","author":"Forman","year":"2012"},{"key":"b8-focus1564","series-title":"The Centennial: Battle of Bunker Hill","author":"Frothingham","year":"1875"},{"key":"b9-focus1564","series-title":"Life and Times of Joseph Warren","author":"Frothingham","year":"1865"},{"key":"b10-focus1564","series-title":"Handbook for Dental Identification; Techniques in Forensic Dentistry","author":"Luntz","year":"1973"},{"key":"b11-focus1564","series-title":"The Revolutionary Paul Revere","author":"Miller","year":"2010"},{"key":"b12-focus1564","series-title":"With Fire & Sword: the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Beginning of the American Revolution","author":"Nelson","year":"2011"},{"key":"b13-focus1564","series-title":"The New England Freemason","author":"Nickerson","year":"1874"},{"key":"b14-focus1564","series-title":"Forensic Sci Int","first-page":"141","article-title":"Gunshot wounds to the skull: comparison of entries and exits","volume":"94","author":"Quatrehomme","year":"1998"},{"key":"b15-focus1564","series-title":"The Library of American Biography","author":"Sparks","year":"1839"},{"key":"b1-focus1564","series-title":"Gunshot Wound Head Trauma","author":"American Association of Neurological Surgeons"},{"key":"b2-focus1564","series-title":"Cranial Gunshot Wounds","author":"Columbia Neurosurgery"},{"key":"b3-focus1564","series-title":"Medical Men in the American Revolution, 1775\u20131783","author":"Duncan","year":"1931"},{"key":"b4-focus1564","series-title":"History of the Battle of Bunker\u2019s (Breed\u2019s) Hill, on June 17, 1775, from Authentic Sources in Print and Manuscript","author":"Ellis","year":"1875"},{"key":"b5-focus1564","series-title":"Life of Joseph Warren","author":"Everett","year":"1845"},{"key":"b6-focus1564","series-title":"Paul Revere\u2019s Ride","author":"Fischer","year":"1994"},{"key":"b7-focus1564","series-title":"Dr. Joseph Warren: the Boston Tea Party, Bunker Hill, and the Birth of American Liberty","author":"Forman","year":"2012"},{"key":"b8-focus1564","series-title":"The Centennial: Battle of Bunker Hill","author":"Frothingham","year":"1875"},{"key":"b9-focus1564","series-title":"Life and Times of Joseph Warren","author":"Frothingham","year":"1865"},{"key":"b10-focus1564","series-title":"Handbook for Dental Identification; Techniques in Forensic Dentistry","author":"Luntz","year":"1973"},{"key":"b11-focus1564","series-title":"The Revolutionary Paul Revere","author":"Miller","year":"2010"},{"key":"b12-focus1564","series-title":"With Fire & Sword: the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Beginning of the American Revolution","author":"Nelson","year":"2011"},{"key":"b13-focus1564","series-title":"The New England Freemason","author":"Nickerson","year":"1874"},{"key":"b14-focus1564","series-title":"Forensic Sci Int","first-page":"141","article-title":"Gunshot wounds to the skull: comparison of entries and exits","volume":"94","author":"Quatrehomme","year":"1998"},{"key":"b15-focus1564","series-title":"The Library of American Biography","author":"Sparks","year":"1839"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/39\/1\/article-pE13.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/39\/1\/article-pE13.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/39\/1\/article-pE13.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T08:24:50Z","timestamp":1775895890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/39\/1\/article-pE13.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.3.focus1564","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}}}