{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T18:02:57Z","timestamp":1770487377760,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECT<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cavernous hemangioma of the internal auditory canal (IAC) is an extremely rare type of tumor, and only 50 cases have been reported in the literature prior to this study. The aim in this study was to describe the symptomatology, radiological features, and surgical outcomes for patients with cavernous hemangioma of the IAC and to discuss the diagnostic criteria and treatment strategy for the disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study included 6 patients with cavernous hemangioma of the IAC. All patients presented with sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus, and 2 also suffered from vertigo. Five patients reported a history of facial symptoms with hemispasm or palsy: 3 had progressive facial weakness, 1 had a hemispasm, and 1 had a history of recovery from sudden facial paresis. All patients underwent CT and MRI to rule out intracanalicular vestibular schwannomas and facial nerve neuromas. Five patients had their tumors surgically removed, while 1 patient, who did not have facial problems, was followed up with a wait-and-scan approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>All patients had a presurgical diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma of the IAC, which was confirmed pathologically in the 5 patients who underwent surgical removal of the tumor. The translabyrinthine approach was used to remove the tumor in 4 patients, while the middle cranial fossa approach was used in the 1 patient who still had functional hearing. Tumors adhered to cranial nerves VII and\/or VIII and were difficult to dissect from nerve sheaths during surgeries. Complete hearing loss occurred in all 5 patients. In 3 patients, the facial nerve could not be separated from the tumor, and primary end-to-end anastomosis was performed. Intact facial nerve preservation was achieved in 2 patients. Patients were followed up for at least 1 year after treatment, and MRI showed no evidence of tumor regrowth. All patients experienced some level of recovery in facial nerve function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cavernous hemangioma of the IAC can be diagnosed preoperatively through analysis of clinical features and neuroimaging. Early surgical intervention may preserve the functional integrity of the facial nerve and provide a better outcome after nerve reconstruction. However, preservation of functional hearing may not be achieved, even with the retrosigmoid or middle cranial fossa approaches. The translabyrinthine approach seems to be the most appropriate approach overall, as the facial nerve can be easily located and reconstructed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.3.jns142785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]],"date-time":"2015-09-25T13:59:26Z","timestamp":1443189566000},"page":"639-646","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Diagnosis and treatment of cavernous hemangioma of the internal auditory canal"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Wei Dong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital;"},{"name":"Ear Institute; and"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital;"},{"name":"Ear Institute; and"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi Ye","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital;"},{"name":"Ear Institute; and"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong Sai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital;"},{"name":"Ear Institute; and"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhao Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital;"},{"name":"Ear Institute; and"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital;"},{"name":"Ear Institute; and"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns142785","series-title":"Acta Otolaryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480260092291","article-title":"Cavernous haemangioma of the internal auditory canal","volume":"122","author":"Alobid","year":"2002"},{"key":"b2-jns142785","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1258\/002221504323086570","article-title":"Cavernous angioma of the internal auditory canal","volume":"118","author":"Aquilina","year":"2004"},{"key":"b3-jns142785","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949210100715","article-title":"Calcification of internal auditory canal tumors","volume":"101","author":"Atlas","year":"1992"},{"key":"b4-jns142785","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01400882","article-title":"Cavernous angio-mas of the internal auditory canal A case report and review of literature","volume":"129","author":"Babu","year":"1994"},{"key":"b5-jns142785","series-title":"Am J Otolaryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2003.11.002","article-title":"Cavernous hemangioma of the internal auditory canal: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"25","author":"Barrera","year":"2004"},{"key":"b6-jns142785","series-title":"Skull Base Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1058920","article-title":"Intratemporal hemangiomas involving the facial nerve: diagnosis and management","volume":"5","author":"Bhatia","year":"1995"},{"key":"b7-jns142785","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3109\/02688699108998452","article-title":"Cavernous angioma of the cerebello-pontine angle: a case report","volume":"5","author":"Bordi","year":"1991"},{"key":"b8-jns142785","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg (1979)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988008800508","article-title":"Rare tumors of the cerebellopontine angle","volume":"88","author":"Brackmann","year":"1980"},{"key":"b9-jns142785","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(96)00153-X","article-title":"Cystic extra-axial cavernoma of the cerebellopontine angle","volume":"46","author":"Brunori","year":"1996"},{"key":"b10-jns142785","series-title":"Am J Otol","first-page":"370","article-title":"Cavernous hemangioma of the internal acoustic canal","volume":"12","author":"Cremers","year":"1991"},{"key":"b11-jns142785","series-title":"J Otolaryngol","first-page":"250","article-title":"Intratemporal vascular malformations (angiomas): particular clinical features","volume":"23","author":"Dufour","year":"1994"},{"key":"b12-jns142785","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100138812","article-title":"Cavernous haemangioma of the facial nerve","volume":"111","author":"Escada","year":"1997"},{"key":"b13-jns142785","series-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0385-8146(12)80123-4","article-title":"A case of cavernous hemangioma in the internal auditory canal","volume":"20","author":"Fujino","year":"1993"},{"key":"b14-jns142785","series-title":"Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord)","first-page":"229","article-title":"Cavernous hemangioma of the internal auditory canal. Apropos of a case","volume":"116","author":"Fukuda","year":"1995"},{"key":"b15-jns142785","series-title":"Am J Otol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0709(00)80083-6","article-title":"Cavernous hemangioma of the internal auditory canal arising from the inferior vestibular nerve: case report and review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Gjuric","year":"2000"},{"key":"b16-jns142785","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01411567","article-title":"Cavernous malformation of the internal auditory canal","volume":"139","author":"Greiner-Perth","year":"1997"},{"key":"b17-jns142785","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-5868(97)90016-3","article-title":"Cavernous angioma of the cerebellopontine angle","volume":"4","author":"Hausmann","year":"1997"},{"key":"b18-jns142785","series-title":"Am J Otol","first-page":"114","article-title":"Neurotologic disease in four patients with normal audiometric findings","volume":"12","author":"Jacobson","year":"1991"},{"key":"b19-jns142785","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"187","article-title":"Cavernous malformation presenting as an extra-axial cerebellopontine angle mass: case report","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"1997"},{"key":"b20-jns142785","series-title":"Am J Otol","first-page":"386","article-title":"Uncommon lesions presenting as tumors of the internal auditory canal and cerebellopontine angle","volume":"18","author":"Kohan","year":"1997"},{"key":"b21-jns142785","series-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0226-4","article-title":"Cavernous hemangioma of the internal auditory canal","volume":"264","author":"Lenarz","year":"2007"},{"key":"b22-jns142785","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.74.3.0516","article-title":"A vascular malformation mimicking an intracanalicular acoustic neurilemoma Case report","volume":"74","author":"Linskey","year":"1991"},{"key":"b23-jns142785","series-title":"J Otolaryngol","first-page":"288","article-title":"Cavernous hemangioma of the internal auditory meatus","volume":"19","author":"Madden","year":"1990"},{"key":"b24-jns142785","series-title":"Skull Base Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1056985","article-title":"Vascular lesions of the internal auditory canal","volume":"1","author":"Mahran","year":"1991"},{"key":"b25-jns142785","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"867","article-title":"Management of intratemporal vascular tumors","volume":"91","author":"Mangham","year":"1981"},{"key":"b26-jns142785","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-5868(03)00137-1","article-title":"Cavernous haemangioma of the internal auditory canal: a case report","volume":"11","author":"Masakazu","year":"2004"},{"key":"b27-jns142785","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1990.73.4.0620","article-title":"Cavernous angiomas of the cranial nerves Report of two cases","volume":"73","author":"Matias-Guiu","year":"1990"},{"key":"b28-jns142785","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30175-X","article-title":"The natural history of cavernous malformations","volume":"10","author":"Moriarity","year":"1999"},{"key":"b29-jns142785","series-title":"No Shinkei Geka","first-page":"367","article-title":"Cavernous angioma in the cerebellopontine angle: a case report","volume":"21","author":"Ohkuma","year":"1993"},{"key":"b30-jns142785","series-title":"Br J Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.70.839.9536913","article-title":"CT and MRI features of cavernous haemangioma of internal auditory canal","volume":"70","author":"Omojola","year":"1997"},{"key":"b31-jns142785","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988910100106","article-title":"Cavernous hemangiomas of the internal auditory canal","volume":"101","author":"Pappas","year":"1989"},{"key":"b32-jns142785","series-title":"HNO","first-page":"17","article-title":"Angiomatous malformation of the inner auditory canal with the leading symptoms of vertigo and tinnitus","volume":"33","author":"Penkert","year":"1985"},{"key":"b33-jns142785","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","first-page":"148","article-title":"Acoustico-facial cavernomas. Apropos of 2 surgically treated cases","volume":"43","author":"Roche","year":"1997"},{"key":"b34-jns142785","series-title":"Otol Neurotol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3181a527c7","article-title":"Cavernous malformation of the internal auditory canal: a diagnostic challenge","volume":"30","author":"Safronova","year":"2009"},{"key":"b35-jns142785","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100125216","article-title":"Vascular malformation of the internal auditory canal","volume":"107","author":"Saleh","year":"1993"},{"key":"b36-jns142785","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.105.4.581","article-title":"Cavernous angiomas within the internal auditory canal","volume":"105","author":"Samii","year":"2006"},{"key":"b37-jns142785","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.39.847","article-title":"Cavernous angioma of the internal acoustic meatus\u2014case report","volume":"39","author":"Sasaki","year":"1999"},{"key":"b38-jns142785","series-title":"Zentralbl Neurochir","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-15600","article-title":"A cavernous hemangioma simulating an intracanalicular acoustic neurinoma\u2014a case report","volume":"61","author":"Sepehrnia","year":"2000"},{"key":"b39-jns142785","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1258\/0022215001905823","article-title":"Cavernous haemangioma of the internal auditory canal","volume":"114","author":"Shaida","year":"2000"},{"key":"b40-jns142785","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"119","article-title":"Hemangiomas of the internal auditory canal","volume":"6","author":"Sundaresan","year":"1976"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/124\/3\/article-p639.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/124\/3\/article-p639.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/124\/3\/article-p639.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T09:58:13Z","timestamp":1709978293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/124\/3\/article-p639.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.3.jns142785","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}}}