{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T02:13:05Z","timestamp":1793153585218,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nonhemorrhagic neurological deficits are underrecognized symptoms of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) having cortical venous drainage. These symptoms are the consequence of cortical venous hypertension and portend a clinical course with increased risk of neurological morbidity and mortality. One rarely documented and easily misinterpreted type of nonhemorrhagic neurological deficit is progressive dementia, which can result from venous hypertension in the cortex or in bilateral thalami. The latter, which is due to dAVF drainage into the deep venous system, is the less common of these 2 dementia syndromes. Herein, the authors report 4 cases of dAVF with venous drainage into the vein of Galen causing bithalamic edema and rapidly progressive dementia. Two patients were treated successfully with endovascular embolization, and the other 2 patients were treated successfully with endovascular embolization followed by surgery. The radiographic abnormalities and presenting symptoms rapidly resolved after dAVF obliteration in all 4 cases. Detailed descriptions of these 4 cases are presented along with a critical review of 15 previously reported cases. In our analysis of these 19 published cases, the following were emphasized: 1) the clinical and radiographic differences between dAVF-induced thalamic versus cortical dementia syndromes; 2) the differential diagnosis and necessary radiographic workup for patients presenting with a rapidly progressive thalamic dementia syndrome; 3) the frequency at which delays in diagnosis occurred and potentially dangerous and avoidable diagnostic procedures were used; and 4) the rapidity and completeness of symptom resolution following dAVF treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.5.jns15473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,20]],"date-time":"2015-11-20T15:00:05Z","timestamp":1448031605000},"page":"1752-1765","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Dural arteriovenous fistula-induced thalamic dementia: report of 4 cases"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Terrence F.","family":"Holekamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew E.","family":"Mollman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rory K. J.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant R.","family":"Kolar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha M.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin P.","family":"Derdeyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri; and"},{"name":"Neurology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Perrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith M.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lanzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory J.","family":"Zipfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Neurology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns15473","series-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880080402","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis","volume":"8","author":"Abe","year":"1998"},{"key":"b2-jns15473","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2004.01.004","article-title":"Bithalamic infarcts: embolism of the top of basilar artery or deep cerebral venous thrombosis?","volume":"106","author":"Ameridou","year":"2004"},{"key":"b3-jns15473","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1990.72.6.0839","article-title":"Intracranial dural arteriovenous malformations: factors predisposing to an aggressive neurological course","volume":"72","author":"Awad","year":"1990"},{"key":"b4-jns15473","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"893","article-title":"Bithalamic hyperintensity on T2-weighted MR: vascular causes and evaluation with MR angiography","volume":"15","author":"Bell","year":"1994"},{"key":"b5-jns15473","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12394-X","article-title":"Rapidly reversible dementia","volume":"361","author":"Bernstein","year":"2003"},{"key":"b6-jns15473","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"705","article-title":"Correction: dural arteriovenous flstulous malformations","volume":"82","author":"Borden","year":"1995"},{"key":"b7-jns15473","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.82.2.0166","article-title":"A proposed classification for spinal and cranial dural arteriovenous flstulous malformations and implications for treatment","volume":"82","author":"Borden","year":"1995"},{"key":"b8-jns15473","series-title":"Mayo Clin Proc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.4065\/80.2.269","article-title":"Natural history, evaluation, and management of intracranial vascular malformations","volume":"80","author":"Brown","year":"2005"},{"key":"b9-jns15473","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.81.4.0531","article-title":"Intracranial dural arteriovenous flstulae: angiographic predictors of intracranial hemorrhage and clinical outcome in nonsurgical patients","volume":"81","author":"Brown","year":"1994"},{"key":"b10-jns15473","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318230966f","article-title":"The natural history of cranial dural arteriovenous flstulae with cortical venous reflux\u2014the significance of venous ectasia","volume":"70","author":"Bulters","year":"2012"},{"key":"b11-jns15473","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000147039.49252.2f","article-title":"Anteromedian, central, and posterolateral infarcts of the thalamus: three variant types","volume":"35","author":"Carrera","year":"2004"},{"key":"b12-jns15473","series-title":"Ann Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410100204","article-title":"Paramedian thalamic and midbrain infarct: clinical and neuropathological study","volume":"10","author":"Castaigne","year":"1981"},{"key":"b13-jns15473","series-title":"Hong Kong Med J","first-page":"74","article-title":"A treatable case of dementia--intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula","volume":"12","author":"Chan","year":"2006"},{"key":"b14-jns15473","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"404","article-title":"Dural arteriovenous fistulae: noninvasive diagnosis with dynamic MR digital subtraction angiography","volume":"23","author":"Coley","year":"2002"},{"key":"b15-jns15473","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1995.00540350095021","article-title":"Thrombosis of the deep venous drainage of the brain in adults. Analysis of seven cases with review of the literature","volume":"52","author":"Crawford","year":"1995"},{"key":"b16-jns15473","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02389327","article-title":"Reversible dementia due to dural arteriovenous fistula: a simple surgical option","volume":"21","author":"Datta","year":"1998"},{"key":"b17-jns15473","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1996.85.5.0830","article-title":"The validity of classification for the clinical presentation of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas","volume":"85","author":"Davies","year":"1996"},{"key":"b18-jns15473","series-title":"Can J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100010611","article-title":"Clues to dural arteriovenous fistulas in patients with progressive dementia","volume":"37","author":"Dehdashti","year":"2010"},{"key":"b19-jns15473","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1999.90.1.0078","article-title":"Early rebleeding from intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: report of 20 cases and review of the literature","volume":"90","author":"Duffau","year":"1999"},{"key":"b20-jns15473","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.32.8.871","article-title":"Lacunar strokes and infarcts: a review","volume":"32","author":"Fisher","year":"1982"},{"key":"b21-jns15473","series-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis","first-page":"619.e3","article-title":"Rapidly progressive cognitive impairment, ataxia, and myoclonus: an unusual presentation of a dural arteriovenous fistula","volume":"21","author":"Geraldes","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2A","key":"b22-jns15473","series-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2008000200028","article-title":"Dural arteriovenous fistula presenting as thalamic dementia","volume":"66","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2008"},{"key":"b23-jns15473","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"145","article-title":"Venous hypertension associated with a posterior fossa dural arteriovenous fistula: another cause of bithalamic lesions on MR images","volume":"20","author":"Greenough","year":"1999"},{"key":"b24-jns15473","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31825eabdb","article-title":"The natural history of cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulae","volume":"71","author":"Gross","year":"2012"},{"key":"b25-jns15473","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2979","article-title":"Spectrum of MR imaging findings in Wernicke encephalopathy: are atypical areas of involvement only present in nonalcoholic patients?","volume":"33","author":"Ha","year":"2012"},{"key":"b26-jns15473","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2171","article-title":"Central nervous system lymphoma: characteristic findings on traditional and advanced imaging","volume":"32","author":"Haldorsen","year":"2011"},{"key":"b27-jns15473","series-title":"Neuroradiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340000380","article-title":"Bilateral thalamic glioma: case report","volume":"42","author":"Hirano","year":"2000"},{"key":"b28-jns15473","series-title":"Eur Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1159\/000116889","article-title":"Dural arteriovenous fistula: a cause of hypoperfusion-induced intellectual impairment","volume":"33","author":"Hirono","year":"1993"},{"key":"b29-jns15473","series-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21823","article-title":"Time-resolved three-dimensional magnetic resonance digital subtraction angiography without contrast material in the brain: Initial investigation","volume":"30","author":"Hori","year":"2009"},{"key":"b30-jns15473","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1148\/105.1.55","article-title":"Intracranial dural arteriovenous malformations","volume":"105","author":"Houser","year":"1972"},{"key":"b31-jns15473","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1267","article-title":"Dementia resulting from dural arteriovenous fistulas: the pathologic findings of venous hypertensive encephalopathy","volume":"19","author":"Hurst","year":"1998"},{"key":"b32-jns15473","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199512000-00019","article-title":"Reversible dural arteriovenous malformation-induced venous ischemia as a cause of dementia: treatment by surgical occlusion of draining dural sinus: case report","volume":"37","author":"Ito","year":"1995"},{"key":"b33-jns15473","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.584862","article-title":"Accuracy of susceptibility-weighted imaging for the detection of arteriovenous shunting in vascular malformations of the brain","volume":"42","author":"Jagadeesan","year":"2011"},{"key":"b34-jns15473","series-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1159\/000015904","article-title":"Neuropsychological features of dementia due to dural arteriovenous malformation","volume":"9","author":"Jaillard","year":"1999"},{"key":"b35-jns15473","series-title":"Neuropsychol Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-012-9203-4","article-title":"Neuroimaging of Wernicke\u2019s encephalopathy and Korsakoff\u2019s syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Jung","year":"2012"},{"key":"b36-jns15473","series-title":"Neuroradiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-009-0567-y","article-title":"Reversibility of cognitive disorder after treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulae","volume":"51","author":"Kai","year":"2009"},{"key":"b37-jns15473","series-title":"Mov Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21194","article-title":"Treatable fluctuating Parkinsonism and dementia in a patient with a dural arteriovenous fistula","volume":"22","author":"Kajitani","year":"2007"},{"key":"b38-jns15473","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1987.00520230017007","article-title":"Dementia following strokes in the mesencephalon and diencephalon","volume":"44","author":"Katz","year":"1987"},{"key":"b39-jns15473","series-title":"Pediatr Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2006.06.018","article-title":"Bithalamic lesions of butane encephalopathy","volume":"35","author":"Kile","year":"2006"},{"key":"b40-jns15473","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.11.1689","article-title":"Thalamic venous infarction as a cause of subacute dementia","volume":"58","author":"Krolak-Salmon","year":"2002"},{"key":"b41-jns15473","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000108863.30871.FD","article-title":"Pretreatment and posttreatment evaluation of hemodynamic and metabolic parameters in intracranial dural arteriovenous flstulae with cortical venous reflux","volume":"54","author":"Kuroda","year":"2004"},{"key":"b42-jns15473","series-title":"Neuroradiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340050774","article-title":"Deep cerebral venous thrombosis: imaging in eight cases","volume":"41","author":"Lafltte","year":"1999"},{"key":"b43-jns15473","series-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2008000300027","article-title":"Vascular dementia by thalamic strategic infarct","volume":"66","author":"Lanna","year":"2008"},{"key":"b44-jns15473","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.64.5.0724","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of intracranial dural arteriovenous malformations","volume":"64","author":"Lasjaunias","year":"1986"},{"key":"b45-jns15473","series-title":"Rofo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-962857","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of bilateral thalamic lesions","volume":"179","author":"Linn","year":"2007"},{"key":"b46-jns15473","series-title":"Am J Emerg Med","first-page":"2086.e1","article-title":"Wernicke encephalopathy with atypical magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"30","author":"Liou","year":"2012"},{"key":"b47-jns15473","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198409000-00007","article-title":"Dural arteriovenous malformations and intracranial hemorrhage","volume":"15","author":"Malik","year":"1984"},{"key":"b48-jns15473","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00075-1","article-title":"Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) presenting progressive dementia and parkinsonism","volume":"165","author":"Matsuda","year":"1999"},{"key":"b49-jns15473","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000334403.46553.85","article-title":"Dural arteriovenous fistula in a case of dementia with bithalamic MR lesions","volume":"71","author":"Matsumura","year":"2008"},{"key":"b50-jns15473","series-title":"Acta Trop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.08.007","article-title":"Usefulness of various MRI sequences in the diagnosis of viral encephalitis","volume":"116","author":"Misra","year":"2010"},{"key":"b51-jns15473","series-title":"Learn Mem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.122206","article-title":"Lateral and anterior thalamic lesions impair independent memory systems","volume":"13","author":"Mitchell","year":"2006"},{"key":"b52-jns15473","series-title":"Neurocrit Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-012-9746-5","article-title":"Cognitive decline and hypersomnolence: thalamic manifestations of a tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF)","volume":"17","author":"Morparia","year":"2012"},{"key":"b53-jns15473","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198510000-00021","article-title":"Subacute diencephalic necrosis and dural arteriovenous malformation","volume":"17","author":"Nakada","year":"1985"},{"key":"b54-jns15473","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.8.929","article-title":"Dementia with leucoaraiosis and dural arteriovenous malformation: clinical and PET case study","volume":"56","author":"Nencini","year":"1993"},{"key":"b55-jns15473","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1148\/93.5.1071","article-title":"Involvement of dural arteries in intracranial arteriovenous malformations","volume":"93","author":"Newton","year":"1969"},{"key":"b56-jns15473","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.236463","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of a neurobehavioral disturbance in the left anterior thalamic infarction","volume":"82","author":"Nishio","year":"2011"},{"key":"b57-jns15473","series-title":"Clin Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1053\/crad.1999.0369","article-title":"The magnetic resonance imaging appearances of the brain in acute carbon monoxide poisoning","volume":"55","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2000"},{"key":"b58-jns15473","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1225","article-title":"Bilateral thalamic glioma: review of eight cases with personality change and mental deterioration","volume":"13","author":"Partlow","year":"1992"},{"key":"b59-jns15473","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.8.1212","article-title":"The syndrome of combined polar and paramedian thalamic infarction","volume":"62","author":"Perren","year":"2005"},{"key":"b60-jns15473","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1986","article-title":"West Nile virus meningoencephalitis: MR imaging findings","volume":"26","author":"Petropoulou","year":"2005"},{"key":"b61-jns15473","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000317098.87419.68","article-title":"A reversible cause of \u201cvascular dementia\u201d","volume":"71","author":"Poppe","year":"2008"},{"key":"b62-jns15473","series-title":"Neurocase","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790802232677","article-title":"Neuropyschological profile of reversible cognitive impairment in a patient with a dural arteriovenous fistula","volume":"14","author":"Racine","year":"2008"},{"key":"b63-jns15473","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182840cd9","article-title":"MR spectroscopy in pediatric Wernicke encephalopathy","volume":"80","author":"Rodan","year":"2013"},{"key":"b64-jns15473","series-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Tumors","author":"Sachs","year":"1931"},{"key":"b65-jns15473","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.231969","article-title":"Neurological picture. Bilateral thalamic venous hypertension caused by a tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula: endovascular treatment","volume":"82","author":"Santillan","year":"2011"},{"key":"b66-jns15473","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.97.4.0767","article-title":"Benign cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: outcome of conservative management based on the natural history of the lesion","volume":"97","author":"Satomi","year":"2002"},{"key":"b67-jns15473","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000087786.38997.9E","article-title":"Vascular syndromes of the thalamus","volume":"34","author":"Schmahmann","year":"2003"},{"key":"b68-jns15473","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.5.JNS111257","article-title":"Borden-Shucart Type I dural arteriovenous fistulas: clinical course including risk of conversion to higher-grade fistulas","volume":"117","author":"Shah","year":"2012"},{"key":"b69-jns15473","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.7.JNS08253","article-title":"Dural arteriovenous fistulas masquerading as dural sinus thrombosis","volume":"110","author":"Simon","year":"2009"},{"key":"b70-jns15473","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W53","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.1585","article-title":"Bilateral thalamic lesions","volume":"192","author":"Smith","year":"2009"},{"key":"b71-jns15473","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.506485","article-title":"Natural history of dural arteriovenous shunts","volume":"39","author":"S\u00f6derman","year":"2008"},{"key":"b72-jns15473","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000338066.30665.B2","article-title":"Cranial dural arteriovenous flstulae: asymptomatic cortical venous drainage portends less aggressive clinical course","volume":"64","author":"Strom","year":"2009"},{"key":"b73-jns15473","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2009.05.004","article-title":"High-grade dural arteriovenous fistula simulating a bilateral thalamic neoplasm","volume":"111","author":"Sugrue","year":"2009"},{"key":"b74-jns15473","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.091561","article-title":"Anterior-medial thalamic lesions in dementia: frequent, and volume dependently associated with sudden cognitive decline","volume":"77","author":"Swartz","year":"2006"},{"key":"b75-jns15473","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","first-page":"91","article-title":"Strategic infarcts of the thalamus in vascular dementia","volume":"203\u2013204","author":"Szirmai","year":"2002"},{"key":"b76-jns15473","series-title":"Ann Nucl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02990028","article-title":"Unexpected accumulation of thal-lium-201 in bilateral thalamic venous infarction induced by arteriovenous fistula in the posterior fossa: report of a case","volume":"17","author":"Tamamoto","year":"2003"},{"key":"b77-jns15473","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(98)00020-2","article-title":"Dural arteriovenous malformation manifesting as dementia due to ischemia in bilateral thalami. A case report","volume":"51","author":"Tanaka","year":"1999"},{"key":"b78-jns15473","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.3.0617","article-title":"Selective loss of Purkinje cells in transverse and sigmoid dural arteriovenous fistulas. Report of two cases","volume":"98","author":"Tominaga","year":"2003"},{"key":"b79-jns15473","series-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-5149(02)00063-1","article-title":"Venous congestive encephalopathy related to cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas","volume":"13","author":"van Dijk","year":"2003"},{"key":"b80-jns15473","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000014772.02908.44","article-title":"Clinical course of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas with long-term persistent cortical venous reflux","volume":"33","author":"van Dijk","year":"2002"},{"key":"b81-jns15473","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"651","article-title":"Dural arteriovenous fistulas with cortical venous drainage: incidence, clinical presentation, and treatment","volume":"28","author":"van Rooij","year":"2007"},{"key":"b82-jns15473","series-title":"Eur J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01318.x","article-title":"MRI and SPECT studies of dural arteriovenous fistulas presenting as pure progressive dementia with leukoencepha-lopathy: a cause of treatable dementia","volume":"13","author":"Waragai","year":"2006"},{"key":"b83-jns15473","series-title":"Neurol Clin Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0b013e3182a1ba00","article-title":"Brain MRI findings in Wernicke encephalopathy","volume":"3","author":"Wicklund","year":"2013"},{"key":"b84-jns15473","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1031","article-title":"Tortuous, engorged pial veins in intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: correlations with presentation, location, and MR findings in 122 patients","volume":"20","author":"Willinsky","year":"1999"},{"key":"b85-jns15473","series-title":"Age Ageing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq017","article-title":"Cognitive profiles associated with intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula","volume":"39","author":"Wilson","year":"2010"},{"key":"b86-jns15473","series-title":"Pract Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.162008","article-title":"Intracranial dural arterio-venous fistula","volume":"8","author":"Wilson","year":"2008"},{"key":"b87-jns15473","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1054\/jocn.2000.0796","article-title":"Diffuse white matter changes caused by dural arteriovenous fistula","volume":"8","author":"Yamakami","year":"2001"},{"key":"b88-jns15473","series-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.50.718","article-title":"A case of dural arteriovenous fistula associated with bilateral thalamic lesions","volume":"50","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2010"},{"key":"b89-jns15473","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1080","article-title":"Reversibility of white matter changes and dementia after treatment of dural fistulas","volume":"16","author":"Zeidman","year":"1995"},{"key":"b90-jns15473","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2968","article-title":"Multimodality MR imaging findings of low-grade brain edema in hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2013"},{"issue":"5","key":"b91-jns15473","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E14","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.2.FOCUS0928","article-title":"Cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: modification of angiographic classification scales based on new natural history data","volume":"26","author":"Zipfel","year":"2009"},{"key":"b92-jns15473","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0544","article-title":"Wernicke encephalopathy: MR findings at clinical presentation in twenty-six alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients","volume":"28","author":"Zuccoli","year":"2007"},{"key":"b93-jns15473","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E92","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3152","article-title":"MR Imaging: an increasingly important tool in the early diagnosis of Wernicke encephalopathy","volume":"33","author":"Zuccoli","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/124\/6\/article-p1752.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/124\/6\/article-p1752.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/124\/6\/article-p1752.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T09:55:06Z","timestamp":1709978106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/124\/6\/article-p1752.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.5.jns15473","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}}}