{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T17:41:27Z","timestamp":1785519687702,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECT<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The objective of this study was to describe the surgical anatomy and technical nuances of various vascularized tissue flaps.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The surgical anatomy of various tissue flaps and their vascular pedicles was studied in 5 colored silicone-injected anatomical specimens. Medical records were reviewed of 11 consecutive patients who underwent repair of extensive skull base defects with a combination of various vascularized flaps.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The supraorbital, supratrochlear, superficial temporal, greater auricular, and occipital arteries contribute to the vascular supply of the pericranium. The pericranial flap can be designed based on an axial blood supply. Laterally, various flaps are supplied by the deep or superficial temporal arteries. The nasoseptal flap is a vascular pedicled flap based on the nasoseptal artery. Patients with extensive skull base defects can undergo effective repair with dual flaps or triple flaps using these pedicled vascularized flaps.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Multiple pedicled flaps are available for reconstitution of the skull base. Knowledge of the surgical anatomy of these flaps is crucial for the skull base surgeon. These vascularized tissue flaps can be used effectively as single or combination flaps. Multilayered closure of cranial base defects with vascularized tissue can be used safely and may lead to excellent repair outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.5.jns15529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,27]],"date-time":"2015-11-27T14:59:35Z","timestamp":1448636375000},"page":"419-430","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Surgical anatomy and utility of pedicled vascularized tissue flaps for multilayered repair of skull base defects"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Sam","family":"Safavi-Abbasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noritaka","family":"Komune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob B.","family":"Archer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Theodore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Nakaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Sughrue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert L.","family":"Rhoton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Spetzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns15529","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(94)90396-4","article-title":"The temporalis muscle flap: an evaluation and review of 38 cases","volume":"52","author":"Alonso del Hoyo","year":"1994"},{"key":"b2-jns15529","series-title":"Br J Plast Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(88)90037-9","article-title":"Versatility of temporal muscle and fascial flaps","volume":"41","author":"Antonyshyn","year":"1988"},{"key":"b3-jns15529","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198511000-00007","article-title":"The versatility of pericranial flaps","volume":"76","author":"Argenta","year":"1985"},{"key":"b4-jns15529","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199202000-00003","article-title":"Early single-stage repair of complex craniofacial trauma","volume":"30","author":"Benzil","year":"1992"},{"key":"b5-jns15529","series-title":"J Maxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0503(81)80034-3","article-title":"The temporalis muscle flap in oral reconstruction. 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