{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:42:05Z","timestamp":1790401325159,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SPI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECT<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The treatment of traumatic burst fractures unaccompanied by neurological impairment remains controversial and ranges from conservative management to 360\u00b0 fusion. Because of the heterogeneity of fracture types, classification systems, and treatment options, comparative biomechanical studies might help to improve our knowledge. The aim of the current study was to create a standardized fracture model to investigate burst fractures in a multisegmental setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 28 thoracolumbar fresh-frozen human cadaveric spines were used. The spines were dissected into segments (T11\u2013L3). The T-11 and L-3 vertebral bodies were embedded in Technovit 3040 (cold-curing resin for surface testing and impressions). To simulate high energy, a metallic drop tower was designed. Stress risers were used to ensure comparable fractures. CT scans were acquired before and after fracture. All fractures were classified using the AO\/OTA classification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The preparation and embedding of the spine segments worked well. No repositioning or second embedding of the specimen, even after fracture, was required. It was possible to create single burst fractures at the L-1 level in all 28 spine segments. Among the 28 fractures there were 16 incomplete burst fractures (Type A3.1), 8 burst-split fractures (Type A3.2), and 4 complete burst fractures (Type A3.3). The differences before and after fracture for stiffness and for anterior, posterior, and central heights were all significant (p &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The ability to create reproducible burst fractures of a single vertebral body in a thoracolumbar spine segment may serve as a basis for future biomechanical studies that will provide better understanding of mechanical properties or fixation techniques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.6.spine15176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,18]],"date-time":"2015-12-18T15:17:19Z","timestamp":1450451839000},"page":"580-585","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Creating reproducible thoracolumbar burst fractures in human specimens: an in vitro experiment"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ludwig","family":"Oberkircher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Schmuck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Lechler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Ruchholtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-spine15176","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-007-0310-5","article-title":"Treatment of unstable thoracolumbar junction burst fractures with short- or long-segment posterior fixation in Magerl Type A fractures","volume":"16","author":"Altay","year":"2007"},{"key":"b2-spine15176","series-title":"J Trauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000035089.51187.43","article-title":"Thoracolumbar fractures in patients with multiple injuries: diagnosis and treatment-a review of 147 cases","volume":"56","author":"Dai","year":"2004"},{"key":"b3-spine15176","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198311000-00003","article-title":"The three column spine and its significance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries","volume":"8","author":"Denis","year":"1983"},{"key":"b4-spine15176","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199205000-00010","article-title":"Scoliosis Research Society. Multicenter spine fracture study","volume":"17","author":"Gertzbein","year":"1992"},{"key":"b5-spine15176","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-2157-7","article-title":"Nonoperative versus operative treatment for thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurologic deficit: a meta-analysis","volume":"470","author":"Gnanenthiran","year":"2012"},{"issue":"323","key":"b6-spine15176","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"210","article-title":"A clinical study of the natural remodeling of burst fractures of the lumbar spine","author":"Ha","year":"1996"},{"key":"b7-spine15176","series-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-13-45","article-title":"Experimentally induced incomplete burst fractures - a novel technique for calf and human specimens","volume":"13","author":"Hartensuer","year":"2012"},{"key":"b8-spine15176","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(97)00527-2","article-title":"Management options in thoracolumbar burst fractures","volume":"49","author":"Hitchon","year":"1998"},{"key":"b9-spine15176","series-title":"Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.03.021","article-title":"A novel method for the reproducible production of thoracolumbar burst fractures in human cadaveric specimens","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2011"},{"key":"b10-spine15176","series-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e31807a2f61","article-title":"In vitro analysis of anterior and posterior fixation in an experimental unstable burst fracture model","volume":"21","author":"Kallemeier","year":"2008"},{"key":"b11-spine15176","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200203010-00010","article-title":"Acute thoracolumbar burst fractures: a new view of loading mechanisms","volume":"27","author":"Langrana","year":"2002"},{"key":"b12-spine15176","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02221591","article-title":"A comprehensive classification of thoracic and lumbar injuries","volume":"3","author":"Magerl","year":"1994"},{"key":"b13-spine15176","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000092373.57039.FC","article-title":"Functional outcomes after surgery for spinal fractures: return to work and activity","volume":"29","author":"McLain","year":"2004"},{"key":"b14-spine15176","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199505150-00003","article-title":"Validity of the three-column theory of thoracolumbar fractures. A biomechanic investigation","volume":"20","author":"Panjabi","year":"1995"},{"key":"b15-spine15176","series-title":"Unfallchirurg","first-page":"294","article-title":"[Operative treatment of traumatic fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spinal column: Part III: Follow up data.]","volume":"112","author":"Reinhold","year":"2009"},{"key":"b16-spine15176","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199902150-00024","article-title":"Nonsurgical treatment of three-column thoracolumbar junction burst fractures without neurologic deficit","volume":"24","author":"Shen","year":"1999"},{"key":"b17-spine15176","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000247804.91869.1e","article-title":"Treatment of traumatic thoracolumbar spine fractures: a multicenter prospective randomized study of operative versus nonsurgical treatment","volume":"31","author":"Siebenga","year":"2006"},{"key":"b18-spine15176","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2006.4.5.351","article-title":"Comparison of operative and nonoperative treatment for thoracolumbar burst fractures in patients without neurological deficit: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Thomas","year":"2006"},{"key":"b19-spine15176","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000116990.31984.A9","article-title":"Surgical treatment of traumatic fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine: a systematic review of the literature on techniques, complications, and outcome","volume":"29","author":"Verlaan","year":"2004"},{"key":"b20-spine15176","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3171\/SPI-07\/08\/199","article-title":"A comparison of single and incremental impact approaches for producing experimental thoracolumbar burst fractures","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2007"},{"key":"b21-spine15176","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198801000-00008","article-title":"Thoracolumbar \u201cburst\u201d fractures treated conservatively: a long-term followup","volume":"13","author":"Weinstein","year":"1988"},{"key":"b22-spine15176","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200212150-00008","article-title":"The treatment of unstable thoracic spine fractures with transpedicular screw instrumentation: a 3-year consecutive series","volume":"27","author":"Yue","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/24\/4\/article-p580.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/24\/4\/article-p580.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/24\/4\/article-p580.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T21:50:45Z","timestamp":1681595445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/24\/4\/article-p580.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.6.spine15176","relation":{},"ISSN":["1547-5654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1547-5654","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}}}