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Cairns, who was to closely emulate Cushing's surgical and scholarly approach, is credited with saving thousands of lives during WWII by introducing and implementing innovative programs such as helmets for motorcyclists, mobile neurosurgical units near battle zones, and the military usage of penicillin. In addition, he inspired and taught a generation of neurosurgeons, neurologists, and neurological nurses in the care of brain and spinal cord injuries at Oxford's Military Hospital for Head Injuries. During this time Cairns also trained the first full-time female neurosurgeon. Pivotal in supporting animal research demonstrating the critical role of acceleration in the causation of concussion, Cairns recruited the physicist Hylas Holbourn, whose research implicated rotary acceleration and shear strains as particularly damaging. Cairns' work in military medicine and head injury remain highly influential in efforts to mitigate and manage brain injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.8.jns142613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,19]],"date-time":"2016-02-19T14:59:33Z","timestamp":1455893973000},"page":"1301-1314","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sir Hugh Cairns and World War II British advances in head injury management, diffuse brain injury, and concussion: an Oxford tale"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"James L.","family":"Stone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vimal","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian E.","family":"Bailes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns142613","series-title":"Missile Wounds of the Head and Neck","first-page":"3","article-title":"History of the management of craniocerebral wounds","author":"Aarabi","year":"1999"},{"key":"b2-jns142613","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)72122-2","article-title":"Further observations on penicillin","volume":"238","author":"Abraham","year":"1941"},{"key":"b3-jns142613","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)74803-3","article-title":"Control of sepsis in a hospital in North Africa","volume":"243","author":"Ascroft","year":"1944"},{"key":"b4-jns142613","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.7.JNS121822","article-title":"Role of subconcussion in repetitive mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"119","author":"Bailes","year":"2013"},{"key":"b5-jns142613","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"267","article-title":"Dorothy S. 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