{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T07:42:26Z","timestamp":1789026146608,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"\nOBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\nMicrovascular anastomosis is a basic neurosurgical technique that should be mastered in the laboratory. Human and bovine placentas have been proposed as convenient surgical practice models; however, the histologic characteristics of these tissues have not been compared with human cerebral vessels, and the models have not been validated as simulation training models. In this study, the authors assessed the construct, face, and content validities of microvascular bypass simulation models that used human and bovine placental vessels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n\nMETHODS<\/jats:title>\nThe characteristics of vessel segments from 30 human and 10 bovine placentas were assessed anatomically and histologically. Microvascular bypasses were performed on the placenta models according to a delineated training module by \u201ctrained\u201d participants (10 practicing neurosurgeons and 7 residents with microsurgical experience) and \u201cuntrained\u201d participants (10 medical students and 3 residents without experience). Anastomosis performance and impressions of the model were assessed using the Northwestern Objective Microanastomosis Assessment Tool (NOMAT) scale and a posttraining survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n\nRESULTS<\/jats:title>\nHuman placental arteries were found to approximate the M2<\/jats:sub>\u2013M4<\/jats:sub> cerebral and superficial temporal arteries, and bovine placental veins were found to approximate the internal carotid and radial arteries. The mean NOMAT performance score was 37.2 \u00b1 7.0 in the untrained group versus 62.7 \u00b1 6.1 in the trained group (p < 0.01; construct validity). A 50% probability of allocation to either group corresponded to 50 NOMAT points. In the posttraining survey, 16 of 17 of the trained participants (94%) scored the model's replication of real bypass surgery as high, and 16 of 17 (94%) scored the difficulty as \u201cthe same\u201d (face validity). All participants, 30 of 30 (100%), answered positively to questions regarding the ability of the model to improve microsurgical technique (content validity).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n\nCONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\nHuman placental arteries and bovine placental veins are convenient, anatomically relevant, and beneficial models for microneurosurgical training. Microanastomosis simulation using these models has high face, content, and construct validities. A NOMAT score of more than 50 indicated successful performance of the microanastomosis tasks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.8.jns151346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]],"date-time":"2016-01-22T15:41:41Z","timestamp":1453477301000},"page":"915-928","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Low-flow and high-flow neurosurgical bypass and anastomosis training models using human and bovine placental vessels: a histological analysis and validation study"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Evgenii","family":"Belykh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona;"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatology; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Safavi-Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaan","family":"Yagmurlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rami O.","family":"Almefty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, 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