{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:07:15Z","timestamp":1782461235128,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":310,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sports-related concussions (SRCs) are traumatic events that affect up to 3.8 million athletes per year. The initial diagnosis and management is often instituted on the field of play by coaches, athletic trainers, and team physicians. SRCs are usually transient episodes of neurological dysfunction following a traumatic impact, with most symptoms resolving in 7\u201310 days; however, a small percentage of patients will suffer protracted symptoms for years after the event and may develop chronic neurodegenerative disease. Rarely, SRCs are associated with complications, such as skull fractures, epidural or subdural hematomas, and edema requiring neurosurgical evaluation. Current standards of care are based on a paradigm of rest and gradual return to play, with decisions driven by subjective and objective information gleaned from a detailed history and physical examination. Advanced imaging techniques such as functional MRI, and detailed understanding of the complex pathophysiological process underlying SRCs and how they affect the athletes acutely and long-term, may change the way physicians treat athletes who suffer a concussion. It is hoped that these advances will allow a more accurate assessment of when an athlete is truly safe to return to play, decreasing the risk of secondary impact injuries, and provide avenues for therapeutic strategies targeting the complex biochemical cascade that results from a traumatic injury to the brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.1.focus15617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T03:55:26Z","timestamp":1459482926000},"page":"E5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Sports-related concussions: diagnosis, complications, and current management strategies"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Jonathan G.","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob S.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian E.","family":"Bailes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-focus15617","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"1253","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury: pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management","volume":"45","author":"Alexander","year":"1995"},{"key":"b2-focus15617","series-title":"Nat Neurosci","first-page":"1116","article-title":"TNF\u03b1 promotes proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors and remyelination","volume":"4","author":"Arnett","year":"2001"},{"key":"b3-focus15617","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1235","article-title":"Role of subconcussion in repetitive mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"119","author":"Bailes","year":"2013"},{"key":"b4-focus15617","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e550","article-title":"Emergency department visits for concussion in young child athletes","volume":"126","author":"Bakhos","year":"2010"},{"key":"b5-focus15617","series-title":"Clin Sports Med","first-page":"33","article-title":"The molecular pathophysiology of concussive brain injury","volume":"30","author":"Barkhoudarian","year":"2011"},{"key":"b6-focus15617","series-title":"Brain Imaging Behav","first-page":"244","article-title":"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: neurodegeneration following repetitive concussive and subconcussive brain trauma","volume":"6","author":"Baugh","year":"2012"},{"key":"b7-focus15617","series-title":"Magn Reson Imaging","first-page":"171","article-title":"Subject-specific changes in brain white matter on diffusion tensor imaging after sports-related concussion","volume":"30","author":"Bazarian","year":"2012"},{"key":"b8-focus15617","series-title":"Mol Med","first-page":"731","article-title":"Pharmacology of traumatic brain injury: where is the \u201cgolden bullet\u201d?","volume":"14","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2008"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b9-focus15617","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"i56","article-title":"Is protective equipment useful in preventing concussion? 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