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This study was designed in 2 parts to address the possibility of using the endovascular route. The first aim was to test the ability to create a parenchymal micro-working channel to the CNS in macaque monkeys through the vessel wall. Second, the biocompatibility of a device-associated, detached, distal securing plug that was made of nitinol was investigated in swine for 1 year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trans-vessel wall intervention in the middle cerebral artery and associated cerebral parenchyma was performed in 4 rhesus macaque monkeys using a full clinical angiography suite. A contrast agent and methylene blue were injected to test the working channel and then detached at the distal end to act as a securing plug through the vessel wall. One-year follow-ups were also performed using angiography and histological analysis in 10 swine with 24 implants that were distributed in the external carotid artery tree.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cerebral interventions were performed without acute bleeding. Both the contrast agent and methylene blue were infused into the brain parenchyma and subarachnoidal space via the endovascular micro-working channel (7 injections in 4 animals). In the 1-year follow-up period, the implant that was left in the external carotid vessel wall in the swine was covered by the endothelium, which was followed by dislodgement just outside the blood vessel with thin capsule formation. No stenosis in the artery was detected on 1-year angiography. The animals showed normal behavior and blood sample results during the follow-up period. This is the first histological demonstration of nitinol biocompatibility when the implant is positioned through an arterial wall and indicates that the trans-vessel wall technique is not comparable with stent placement and its ability to induce intimal hyperplasia and restenosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that the trans-vessel wall technique is applicable to brain intervention in macaque monkeys, providing a micro-working channel for delivery or sampling. The long-term follow-up study of the detached device in swine showed no clinical or biochemical complications and a normal angiography appearance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.1.jns152543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,25]],"date-time":"2016-03-25T09:59:55Z","timestamp":1458899995000},"page":"511-517","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Access to the brain parenchyma using endovascular techniques and a micro-working channel"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Johan","family":"Lundberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet;"},{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina B.","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics\/Dental Materials, Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Jonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Staffan","family":"Holmin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet;"},{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns152543","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198706000-00019","article-title":"Computed imaging stereotaxy: experience and perspective related to 500 procedures applied to brain masses","volume":"20","author":"Apuzzo ML,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Apuzzo ML, Chandrasoma PT, Cohen D, Zee CS, Zelman V: Computed imaging stereotaxy: experience and perspective related to 500 procedures applied to brain masses. 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