{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T13:22:10Z","timestamp":1790428930202,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using confocal reflectance microscopy (CRM) ex vivo to differentiate adenoma from normal pituitary gland in surgical biopsy specimens. CRM allows for rapid, label-free evaluation of biopsy specimens with cellular resolution while avoiding some limitations of frozen section analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>METHODS<\/jats:title>Biopsy specimens from 11 patients with suspected pituitary adenomas were transported directly to the pathology department. Samples were immediately positioned and visualized with CRM using a confocal microscope located in the same area of the pathology department where frozen sections are prepared. An H & E\u2013stained slide was subsequently prepared from imaged tissue. A neuropathologist compared the histopathological characteristics of the H & E\u2013stained slide and the matched CRM images. A second neuropathologist reviewed images in a blinded fashion and assigned diagnoses of adenoma or normal gland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>RESULTS<\/jats:title>For all specimens, CRM contrasted cellularity, tissue architecture, nuclear pleomorphism, vascularity, and stroma. Pituitary adenomas demonstrated sheets and large lobules of cells, similar to the matched H & E\u2013stained slides. CRM images of normal tissue showed scattered small lobules of pituitary epithelial cells, consistent with matched H & E\u2013stained images of normal gland. Blinded review by a neuropathologist confirmed the diagnosis in 15 (94%) of 16 images of adenoma versus normal gland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>CRM is a simple, reliable approach for rapidly evaluating pituitary adenoma specimens ex vivo. This technique can be used to accurately differentiate between pituitary adenoma and normal gland while preserving biopsy tissue for future permanent analysis, immunohistochemical studies, and molecular studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.11.jns161651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,26]],"date-time":"2017-05-26T13:59:12Z","timestamp":1495807152000},"page":"1072-1075","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Immediate ex-vivo diagnosis of pituitary adenomas using confocal reflectance microscopy: a proof-of-principle study"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Mooney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Georges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammedhassan Izady","family":"Yazdanabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine Y.","family":"Goehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropathology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William L.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark C.","family":"Preul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen W.","family":"Coons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropathology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Nakaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Eschbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropathology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2013.02.019","article-title":"Intraoperative fluorescent imaging of intracranial tumors: a review","volume":"115","author":"Behbahaninia M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Behbahaninia M, Martirosyan NL, Georges J, Udovich JA, Kalani MY, Feuerstein BG, : Intraoperative fluorescent imaging of intracranial tumors: a review. 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