{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T22:27:12Z","timestamp":1789165632104,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    From the very beginning of his career, Harvey Williams Cushing (1869\u20131939) harbored a deep interest in a complex group of neoplasms that usually developed at the infundibulum. These were initially known as \u201cinterpeduncular\u201d or \u201csuprasellar\u201d cysts. Cushing introduced the term \u201ccraniopharyngioma\u201d for these lesions, which he believed represented one of the most baffling problems faced by neurosurgeons. The patient who most influenced Cushing's thinking was a 16-year-old seamstress named \u201cMary D.,\u201d whom he attended in December 1901, exactly the same month that Alfred Fr\u00f6hlich published his seminal article describing an adiposogenital syndrome in a young boy with a pituitary cyst. Both Cushing's and Fr\u00f6hlich's patients showed similar symptoms caused by the same type of tumor. Notably, Cushing and Fr\u00f6hlich had met one another and became good friends in Liverpool the summer before these events took place. Their fortunate relationship led Cushing to realize that Fr\u00f6hlich's syndrome represented a state of hypopituitarism and provided a useful method of diagnosing interpeduncular cysts. It is noteworthy that Cushing's very first neurosurgical procedure on a pituitary tumor was performed in the case of Mary D.'s \u201cinterpeduncular cyst,\u201d on February 21, 1902. Cushing failed to remove this lesion, which was later found during the patient's autopsy. This case was documented as Pituitary Case Number 3 in Cushing's masterpiece,\n                    <jats:italic>The Pituitary Body and Its Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                    , published in 1912. This tumor was considered \u201ca teratoma\u201d; however, multiple sources of evidence suggest that this lesion actually corresponded to an adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma. Unfortunately, the pathological specimens of this lesion were misplaced, and this prompted Cushing's decision to retain all specimens and documents of the cases he would operate on throughout his career. Accordingly, Mary D.'s case crystallized the genesis of the Cushing Brain Tumor Registry, one of Cushing's major legacies to neurosurgery. In this paper the authors analyze the case of Mary D. and the great influence it had on Cushing's conceptions of the pituitary gland and its afflictions, and on the history of pituitary surgery.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.2.focus1592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T05:04:20Z","timestamp":1467349460000},"page":"E6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Harvey Cushing and pituitary Case Number 3 (Mary D.): the origin of this most baffling problem in neurosurgery"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Pascual","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, La Princesa University Hospital; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-focus1592","series-title":"The Hypothalamus","first-page":"1","article-title":"Earlier ideas of hypothalamic function, including irrelevant concepts","author":"Anderson","year":"1969"},{"key":"b2-focus1592","series-title":"Integrative Hypothalamic Activity","first-page":"1","article-title":"Breakthroughs in hypothalamic and pituitary research","author":"Anderson","year":"1974"},{"key":"b3-focus1592","series-title":"Pflugers Arch","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u00dcber die function der hypophyse","volume":"146","author":"Aschner","year":"1912"},{"key":"b4-focus1592","series-title":"Rev Neurol","first-page":"531","article-title":"Tumeur du corps pituitaire sans acrom\u00e9galie et avec arr\u00e8t de d\u00e9veloppement des organs g\u00e9nitaux","volume":"8","author":"Babinski","year":"1900"},{"key":"b5-focus1592","series-title":"The Hypothalamus and Central Levels of Autonomic Function","first-page":"713","article-title":"Tumors involving the hypothalamus and their clinical manifestations","author":"Bailey","year":"1940"},{"key":"b6-focus1592","series-title":"Arch Intern Med","first-page":"773","article-title":"Experimental diabetes insipidus","volume":"28","author":"Bailey","year":"1921"},{"key":"b7-focus1592","series-title":"Trans Pathol Soc London","first-page":"172","article-title":"Malignant disease at the base of the skull, involving the pituitary fossa (two cases)","volume":"46","author":"Beadles","year":"1895"},{"key":"b8-focus1592","series-title":"Zeitschrift Heilkunde","first-page":"393","article-title":"Ueber ein teratom der hypophysis cerebri","volume":"4","author":"Beck","year":"1883"},{"key":"b9-focus1592","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"127","article-title":"A clinical study of twenty-one cases of tumors of the hypophyseal stalk","volume":"52","author":"Beckmann","year":"1929"},{"key":"b10-focus1592","series-title":"Berl Klin Wochenschr","first-page":"1205","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur normalen und pathologischen Histologie der menschlichen Hypophysis Cerebri","volume":"37","author":"Benda","year":"1900"},{"key":"b11-focus1592","series-title":"Innere Sekretion. Ihre Physiologischen Grundlagen und Ihre Bedeutung f\u00fcr die Pathologie.","author":"Biedl","year":"1913"},{"key":"b12-focus1592","series-title":"Harvey Cushing. A Life in Surgery.","author":"Bliss","year":"2005"},{"key":"b13-focus1592","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"934","article-title":"Classification of tumors of the pituitary body","volume":"2","author":"Bonin","year":"1913"},{"key":"b14-focus1592","series-title":"Trans Pathol Soc London","first-page":"35","article-title":"Tumour of the pituitary body","volume":"36","author":"Bowlby","year":"1885"},{"key":"b15-focus1592","series-title":"J Pathol Bacteriol","first-page":"359","article-title":"A further contribution to the study of the pathology of the hypophysis cerebri","volume":"1","author":"Boyce","year":"1893"},{"key":"b16-focus1592","series-title":"Intracranial Tumors","author":"Bramwell","year":"1888"},{"key":"b17-focus1592","series-title":"Am J Dis Child","first-page":"1282","article-title":"The Fr\u00f6hlich syndrome. Report of the original case","volume":"58","author":"Bruch","year":"1939"},{"key":"b18-focus1592","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"185","article-title":"Intracranial dermoid cysts with nasal dermal sinuses","volume":"118","author":"Brydon","year":"1992"},{"key":"b19-focus1592","series-title":"C R Seances Soc Biol Fil","first-page":"628","article-title":"Polyurie exp\u00e9rimentale par l\u00e9sions de la base du cerveau. La polyurie dite hypophysaire","volume":"75","author":"Camus","year":"1913"},{"key":"b20-focus1592","series-title":"Pituitary","first-page":"642","article-title":"The infund\u00edbulo-tuberal s\u00edndrome caused by craniopharyngiomas: clinic-pathological evidence from an historical French cohort (1705\u20131973)","volume":"18","author":"Castro-Dufourny","year":"2015"},{"key":"b21-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"372","article-title":"The evolution of Harvey Cushing's surgical approach to pituitary tumors from transsphenoidal to transfrontal","volume":"103","author":"Cohen-Gadol","year":"2005"},{"key":"b22-focus1592","series-title":"The Legacy of Harvey Cushing. Profiles of Patient Care","first-page":"1","year":"2007"},{"key":"b23-focus1592","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"437","article-title":"The pituitary adamantinomata","volume":"49","author":"Critchley","year":"1926"},{"key":"b24-focus1592","series-title":"Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull","first-page":"127","article-title":"Experimental hypophysectomy","volume":"21","author":"Crowe","year":"1910"},{"key":"b25-focus1592","series-title":"Arch Ophtalmol (Paris)","first-page":"505","article-title":"The chiasmal syndrome of primary optic atrophy and bitemporal field defects in adults with normal sella turcica","volume":"3","author":"Cushing","year":"1930"},{"key":"b26-focus1592","series-title":"Arch Intern Med (Chic)","first-page":"487","article-title":"\u201cDyspituitarism\u201d: twenty years later: with special consideration of the pituitary adenomas","volume":"51","author":"Cushing","year":"1933"},{"key":"b27-focus1592","series-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet","first-page":"297","article-title":"The establishment of cerebral hernia as a decompressive measure for inaccessible brain tumors; with the description of intermuscular methods of making the bone defect in temporal and occipital regions","volume":"1","author":"Cushing","year":"1905"},{"key":"b28-focus1592","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"249","article-title":"The hypophysis cerebri: clinical aspects of hyperpituitarism and of hypopituitarism","volume":"53","author":"Cushing","year":"1909"},{"key":"b29-focus1592","series-title":"Intracranial Tumors. Notes upon a series of two thousand verified cases with surgical mortality percentages pertaining thereto.","first-page":"93","author":"Cushing","year":"1932"},{"key":"b30-focus1592","series-title":"Papers relating to the pituitary body, hypothalamus and parasympathetic nervous system.","author":"Cushing","year":"1932"},{"key":"b31-focus1592","series-title":"The Pituitary Body and Its Disorders.","author":"Cushing","year":"1912"},{"key":"b32-focus1592","series-title":"Am J Insanity","first-page":"965","article-title":"Psychic disturbances associated with disorders of the ductless glands","volume":"69","author":"Cushing","year":"1913"},{"key":"b33-focus1592","series-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis","first-page":"704","article-title":"Sexual infantilism with optic atrophy in cases of tumor affecting the hypophysis cerebri","volume":"33","author":"Cushing","year":"1906"},{"key":"b34-focus1592","series-title":"Surgery. Its Principles and Practice","first-page":"17","article-title":"Surgery of the head","author":"Cushing","year":"1911"},{"key":"b35-focus1592","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1515","article-title":"Surgical experiences with pituitary disorders","volume":"63","author":"Cushing","year":"1914"},{"key":"b36-focus1592","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"60","article-title":"Concerning the secretion of the infundibular lobe of the pituitary body and its presence in the cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"27","author":"Cushing","year":"1910"},{"key":"b37-focus1592","series-title":"Sitzungsb Kais Akad Wissen Math Naturw Klin","first-page":"537","article-title":"\u00dcber Hypophysengangsgeschwulste und Hirmcholesteatome","volume":"113","author":"Erdheim","year":"1904"},{"key":"b38-focus1592","series-title":"Munch Med Wochenschr","first-page":"1987","article-title":"Demonstration eines papilloms an der basis des 3. Hirnventrikels.","volume":"50","author":"Fahr","year":"1903"},{"key":"b39-focus1592","series-title":"The Ductless Glandular Diseases","author":"Falta","year":"1916"},{"key":"b40-focus1592","series-title":"N Y Med J","first-page":"462","article-title":"An extracerebral tumor in the region of the hypophysis","volume":"90","author":"Farnell","year":"1911"},{"key":"b41-focus1592","series-title":"Wien Klin Rundschau","first-page":"883","article-title":"Ein fall von tumor der hypophysis cerebri ohne akromegalie.","volume":"15","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"1901"},{"key":"b42-focus1592","series-title":"The Hypothalamus and Central Levels of Autonomic Function.","first-page":"722","article-title":"Discussion","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"1940"},{"key":"b43-focus1592","series-title":"Harvey Cushing. A Biography.","first-page":"163","author":"Fulton","year":"1946"},{"key":"b44-focus1592","series-title":"J Nerv Mental Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contribution to the study of tumors in the region of the third ventricle: their diagnosis and relation to pathological sleep","volume":"69","author":"Fulton","year":"1929"},{"key":"b45-focus1592","series-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry","first-page":"417","article-title":"Teratoid cyst of the hypophysis","volume":"9","author":"Globus","year":"1923"},{"key":"b46-focus1592","series-title":"J Mt Sinai Hosp","first-page":"220","article-title":"Craniopharyngeoma and suprasellar adamantinoma","volume":"12","author":"Globus","year":"1945"},{"key":"b47-focus1592","series-title":"Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull","first-page":"190","article-title":"Carbohydrate tolerance and the posterior lobe of the hypophysis cerebri. An experimental and clinical study","volume":"22","author":"Goetsch","year":"1911"},{"key":"b48-focus1592","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol","first-page":"199","article-title":"The ameloblastoma and the craniopharyngioma; their similarities and differences","volume":"12","author":"Gorlin","year":"1959"},{"key":"b49-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"964","article-title":"The crucial decade: modern neurosurgery's definitive development in Harvey Cushing's early research and practice, 1900 to 1910","volume":"87","author":"Greenblatt","year":"1997"},{"key":"b50-focus1592","series-title":"Handbook of Physiology. A critical, comprehensive presentation of physiological knowledge and concepts. Section 7: Endocrinology, Vol IV: The pituitary gland and its neuroendocrine control, Part 1.","first-page":"1","article-title":"History of research on anterior hypophysial hormones","author":"Greep","year":"1974"},{"key":"b51-focus1592","series-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet","first-page":"494","article-title":"Remarks on the operative treatment of tumors of the hypophysis\u2014with the report of two cases operated on by an oronasal method","volume":"10","author":"Halstead","year":"1910"},{"key":"b52-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Epithelial cystic lesions of the sellar and parasellar region: a continuum of ectodermal derivatives?","volume":"80","author":"Harrison","year":"1994"},{"key":"b53-focus1592","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1001","article-title":"A teratoma of the hypophysis","volume":"53","author":"Hecht","year":"1909"},{"key":"b54-focus1592","series-title":"Q J Exp Physiol","first-page":"121","article-title":"The histological appearances of the mammalian pituitary body","volume":"1","author":"Herring","year":"1908"},{"key":"b55-focus1592","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"3","article-title":"Brown Lectures III. Functional nervous disorders due to loss of thyroid gland and pituitary body","volume":"1","author":"Horsley","year":"1886"},{"key":"b56-focus1592","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"553","article-title":"A paper on optic neuritis, choked disc, or papilloedema: treatment, localizing value, and pathology","volume":"1","author":"Horsley","year":"1910"},{"key":"b57-focus1592","series-title":"J Exp Med","first-page":"245","article-title":"The physiological effects of extracts of the hypophysis cerebri and infundibular body","volume":"3","author":"Howell","year":"1898"},{"key":"b58-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"511","article-title":"Cystic teratomas and teratoid tumors of the central nervous system in infancy and childhood","volume":"3","author":"Ingraham","year":"1946"},{"key":"b59-focus1592","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1082","article-title":"Craniopharyngeal duct tumors","volume":"66","author":"Jackson","year":"1916"},{"key":"b60-focus1592","series-title":"A History of Neurological Surgery.","first-page":"152","article-title":"Surgery of the hypophysis","author":"Johnson","year":"1952"},{"key":"b61-focus1592","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol","first-page":"366","article-title":"Calcification and amelogenesis in craniopharyngiomas","volume":"31","author":"Kalnins","year":"1971"},{"key":"b62-focus1592","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1704","article-title":"The removal of tumors of the pituitary body by an infranasal route. A proposed operation with a description of the technic","volume":"53","author":"Kanavel","year":"1909"},{"key":"b63-focus1592","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"181","article-title":"Endosuprasellar teratoma with teeth formation. Case report","volume":"118","author":"Konovalov","year":"1992"},{"key":"b64-focus1592","series-title":"Virchows Arch","first-page":"546","article-title":"\u00dcber ein epignathisches teratom der hypophysengegend","volume":"271","author":"Kraus","year":"1929"},{"key":"b65-focus1592","series-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology","first-page":"335","article-title":"History of neuroendocrinology: The spring of primitive existence","author":"Kreir","year":"2010"},{"key":"b66-focus1592","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"865","article-title":"A century of pituitary surgery: Schloffer's legacy","volume":"61","author":"Lindholm","year":"2007"},{"key":"b67-focus1592","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"171","article-title":"The roentgenological diagnosis of craniopharyngeal pouch tumors","volume":"11","author":"McKenzie","year":"1924"},{"key":"b68-focus1592","series-title":"A History of Endocrinology","author":"Medvei","year":"1982"},{"key":"b69-focus1592","series-title":"J Clin Neuroophthalmol","first-page":"175","article-title":"Adult intrasellar teratoid tumor","volume":"6","author":"Merchut","year":"1986"},{"key":"b70-focus1592","series-title":"Virchows Arch Pathol Anat","first-page":"207","article-title":"Dystrophia adiposo-genitalis bei hypophysengangscyste","volume":"236","author":"Miller","year":"1922"},{"key":"b71-focus1592","series-title":"Munch Med Wochenschr","first-page":"946","article-title":"Hypophysen- und hypophysengegendtumoren","volume":"67","author":"Oberndorfer","year":"1920"},{"key":"b72-focus1592","series-title":"J Physiol","first-page":"277","article-title":"On the physiological action of extracts of pituitary body and certain other glandular organs","volume":"18","author":"Oliver","year":"1895"},{"key":"b73-focus1592","series-title":"Sur un cas d'epith\u00e9lioma (\u00e9tude histologique). Th\u00e8se, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de Paris","author":"Onanoff","year":"1892"},{"key":"b74-focus1592","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"166","article-title":"Ossified adamantinomatous type craniopharyngiomas. A series of 13 patients","volume":"127","author":"Palao\u01e7lu","year":"1994"},{"key":"b75-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1180","article-title":"Craniopharyngioma classification","volume":"109","author":"Pascual","year":"2008"},{"key":"b76-focus1592","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"785","article-title":"Intraventricular craniopharyngiomas: topographical classification and surgical approach selection based on an extensive overview","volume":"146","author":"Pascual","year":"2004"},{"key":"b77-focus1592","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2403","article-title":"Infundibulotuberal or not strictly intraventricular craniopharyngioma: evidence for a major topographical category","volume":"153","author":"Pascual","year":"2011"},{"key":"b78-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"381","article-title":"Displacement of mammillary bodies by craniopharyngiomas involving the third ventricle: surgical-MRI correlation and use in topographical diagnosis","volume":"119","author":"Pascual","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"b79-focus1592","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E13","article-title":"Development of intracranial approaches for craniopharyngiomas: an analysis of the first 160 historical procedures","volume":"36","author":"Pascual","year":"2014"},{"key":"b80-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"39","article-title":"Sir Victor Horsley: pioneer craniopharyngioma surgeon","volume":"123","author":"Pascual","year":"2015"},{"key":"b81-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1156","article-title":"Conquest of third ventricle craniopharyngiomas","volume":"112","author":"Pascual","year":"2010"},{"key":"b82-focus1592","series-title":"L'Hypophyse du Cerveau","author":"Paulescu","year":"1908"},{"key":"b83-focus1592","series-title":"Neuropathology","first-page":"682","article-title":"Craniopharyngiomas with a mixed histological pattern: the missing link to the intriguing pathogenesis of adamantinomatous and squamous-papillary varieties?","volume":"33","author":"Prieto","year":"2013"},{"key":"b84-focus1592","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"500","article-title":"Optic chiasm distortions caused by craniopharyngiomas. Clinical-MRI correlation and influence on visual outcome","volume":"83","author":"Prieto","year":"2015"},{"key":"b85-focus1592","series-title":"Johns Hopkins Hop Bull","first-page":"105","article-title":"Is the pituitary gland essential to the maintenance of life?","volume":"20","author":"Reford","year":"1909"},{"key":"b86-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"448","article-title":"Cushing's legacy to transsphenoidal surgery","volume":"54","author":"Rosegay","year":"1981"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"b87-focus1592","series-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"299","article-title":"Neuroimaging of pediatric craniopharyngiomas: a pictorial essay","volume":"19","author":"Rossi","year":"2006"},{"key":"b88-focus1592","series-title":"WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System","first-page":"238","article-title":"Craniopharyngioma","author":"Rushing","year":"2007"},{"key":"b89-focus1592","series-title":"Trans Path Soc London","first-page":"57","article-title":"Tumour of the base of the brain showing the structure of skin and subcutaneous tissue","volume":"37","author":"Sainsbury","year":"1886"},{"key":"b90-focus1592","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"423","article-title":"Pituitary craniopharyngioma with tooth formation","volume":"29","author":"Seemayer","year":"1972"},{"key":"b91-focus1592","series-title":"Centralblatt Allgem Pathol Pathol Anat","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Demonstration eines tumors des III hirnventrikels.","volume":"21","author":"Stumpf","year":"1910"},{"key":"b92-focus1592","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"1","article-title":"Operations upon the hypophysis","volume":"52","author":"von Eiselsberg","year":"1910"},{"key":"b93-focus1592","series-title":"Neurol Centralb","first-page":"994","article-title":"\u00dcber operative behandlung der tumoren der hypophysengegend","volume":"26","author":"von Eiselsberg","year":"1907"},{"key":"b94-focus1592","series-title":"The Harvey Cushing Brain Tumor Registry: changing scientific and philosophic paradigms and the study and preservation of archives [thesis].","author":"Wahl","year":"1996"},{"key":"b95-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1091","article-title":"Harvey Cushing as a book collector, bibliophile, and archivist: the precedence for the genesis of the Brain Tumor Registry. Historical vignette","volume":"111","author":"Wahl","year":"2009"},{"key":"b96-focus1592","series-title":"Rep Soc Study Dis Child","first-page":"173","article-title":"A case of primary osteoma of the brain","volume":"2","author":"Walker","year":"1902"},{"key":"b97-focus1592","series-title":"J Lab Clin Med","first-page":"73","article-title":"A study of the lipin content of the liver in two cases of dyspituitarism","volume":"2","author":"Warthin","year":"1916"},{"key":"b98-focus1592","series-title":"Trans Pathol Soc London","first-page":"37","article-title":"A myo-neuroma of the pituitary body","volume":"36","author":"White","year":"1885"},{"issue":"4","key":"b99-focus1592","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E4","article-title":"Craniopharyngioma and other cystic epithelial lesions of the sellar region: a review of clinical, imaging, and histopathological relationships","volume":"28","author":"Zada","year":"2010"},{"key":"b100-focus1592","series-title":"Atlas of Gross Neurosurgical Pathology.","first-page":"161","author":"Z\u00fclch","year":"1975"},{"key":"b1-focus1592","series-title":"The Hypothalamus","first-page":"1","article-title":"Earlier ideas of hypothalamic function, including irrelevant concepts","author":"Anderson","year":"1969"},{"key":"b2-focus1592","series-title":"Integrative Hypothalamic Activity","first-page":"1","article-title":"Breakthroughs in hypothalamic and pituitary research","author":"Anderson","year":"1974"},{"key":"b3-focus1592","series-title":"Pflugers Arch","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u00dcber die function der hypophyse","volume":"146","author":"Aschner","year":"1912"},{"key":"b4-focus1592","series-title":"Rev Neurol","first-page":"531","article-title":"Tumeur du corps pituitaire sans acrom\u00e9galie et avec arr\u00e8t de d\u00e9veloppement des organs g\u00e9nitaux","volume":"8","author":"Babinski","year":"1900"},{"key":"b5-focus1592","series-title":"The Hypothalamus and Central Levels of Autonomic Function","first-page":"713","article-title":"Tumors involving the hypothalamus and their clinical manifestations","author":"Bailey","year":"1940"},{"key":"b6-focus1592","series-title":"Arch Intern Med","first-page":"773","article-title":"Experimental diabetes insipidus","volume":"28","author":"Bailey","year":"1921"},{"key":"b7-focus1592","series-title":"Trans Pathol Soc London","first-page":"172","article-title":"Malignant disease at the base of the skull, involving the pituitary fossa (two cases)","volume":"46","author":"Beadles","year":"1895"},{"key":"b8-focus1592","series-title":"Zeitschrift Heilkunde","first-page":"393","article-title":"Ueber ein teratom der hypophysis cerebri","volume":"4","author":"Beck","year":"1883"},{"key":"b9-focus1592","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"127","article-title":"A clinical study of twenty-one cases of tumors of the hypophyseal stalk","volume":"52","author":"Beckmann","year":"1929"},{"key":"b10-focus1592","series-title":"Berl Klin Wochenschr","first-page":"1205","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur normalen und pathologischen Histologie der menschlichen Hypophysis Cerebri","volume":"37","author":"Benda","year":"1900"},{"key":"b11-focus1592","series-title":"Innere Sekretion. Ihre Physiologischen Grundlagen und Ihre Bedeutung f\u00fcr die Pathologie.","author":"Biedl","year":"1913"},{"key":"b12-focus1592","series-title":"Harvey Cushing. A Life in Surgery.","author":"Bliss","year":"2005"},{"key":"b13-focus1592","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"934","article-title":"Classification of tumors of the pituitary body","volume":"2","author":"Bonin","year":"1913"},{"key":"b14-focus1592","series-title":"Trans Pathol Soc London","first-page":"35","article-title":"Tumour of the pituitary body","volume":"36","author":"Bowlby","year":"1885"},{"key":"b15-focus1592","series-title":"J Pathol Bacteriol","first-page":"359","article-title":"A further contribution to the study of the pathology of the hypophysis cerebri","volume":"1","author":"Boyce","year":"1893"},{"key":"b16-focus1592","series-title":"Intracranial Tumors","author":"Bramwell","year":"1888"},{"key":"b17-focus1592","series-title":"Am J Dis Child","first-page":"1282","article-title":"The Fr\u00f6hlich syndrome. Report of the original case","volume":"58","author":"Bruch","year":"1939"},{"key":"b18-focus1592","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"185","article-title":"Intracranial dermoid cysts with nasal dermal sinuses","volume":"118","author":"Brydon","year":"1992"},{"key":"b19-focus1592","series-title":"C R Seances Soc Biol Fil","first-page":"628","article-title":"Polyurie exp\u00e9rimentale par l\u00e9sions de la base du cerveau. La polyurie dite hypophysaire","volume":"75","author":"Camus","year":"1913"},{"key":"b20-focus1592","series-title":"Pituitary","first-page":"642","article-title":"The infund\u00edbulo-tuberal s\u00edndrome caused by craniopharyngiomas: clinic-pathological evidence from an historical French cohort (1705\u20131973)","volume":"18","author":"Castro-Dufourny","year":"2015"},{"key":"b21-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"372","article-title":"The evolution of Harvey Cushing's surgical approach to pituitary tumors from transsphenoidal to transfrontal","volume":"103","author":"Cohen-Gadol","year":"2005"},{"key":"b22-focus1592","series-title":"The Legacy of Harvey Cushing. Profiles of Patient Care","first-page":"1","year":"2007"},{"key":"b23-focus1592","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"437","article-title":"The pituitary adamantinomata","volume":"49","author":"Critchley","year":"1926"},{"key":"b24-focus1592","series-title":"Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull","first-page":"127","article-title":"Experimental hypophysectomy","volume":"21","author":"Crowe","year":"1910"},{"key":"b25-focus1592","series-title":"Arch Ophtalmol (Paris)","first-page":"505","article-title":"The chiasmal syndrome of primary optic atrophy and bitemporal field defects in adults with normal sella turcica","volume":"3","author":"Cushing","year":"1930"},{"key":"b26-focus1592","series-title":"Arch Intern Med (Chic)","first-page":"487","article-title":"\u201cDyspituitarism\u201d: twenty years later: with special consideration of the pituitary adenomas","volume":"51","author":"Cushing","year":"1933"},{"key":"b27-focus1592","series-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet","first-page":"297","article-title":"The establishment of cerebral hernia as a decompressive measure for inaccessible brain tumors; with the description of intermuscular methods of making the bone defect in temporal and occipital regions","volume":"1","author":"Cushing","year":"1905"},{"key":"b28-focus1592","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"249","article-title":"The hypophysis cerebri: clinical aspects of hyperpituitarism and of hypopituitarism","volume":"53","author":"Cushing","year":"1909"},{"key":"b29-focus1592","series-title":"Intracranial Tumors. Notes upon a series of two thousand verified cases with surgical mortality percentages pertaining thereto.","first-page":"93","author":"Cushing","year":"1932"},{"key":"b30-focus1592","series-title":"Papers relating to the pituitary body, hypothalamus and parasympathetic nervous system.","author":"Cushing","year":"1932"},{"key":"b31-focus1592","series-title":"The Pituitary Body and Its Disorders.","author":"Cushing","year":"1912"},{"key":"b32-focus1592","series-title":"Am J Insanity","first-page":"965","article-title":"Psychic disturbances associated with disorders of the ductless glands","volume":"69","author":"Cushing","year":"1913"},{"key":"b33-focus1592","series-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis","first-page":"704","article-title":"Sexual infantilism with optic atrophy in cases of tumor affecting the hypophysis cerebri","volume":"33","author":"Cushing","year":"1906"},{"key":"b34-focus1592","series-title":"Surgery. Its Principles and Practice","first-page":"17","article-title":"Surgery of the head","author":"Cushing","year":"1911"},{"key":"b35-focus1592","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1515","article-title":"Surgical experiences with pituitary disorders","volume":"63","author":"Cushing","year":"1914"},{"key":"b36-focus1592","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"60","article-title":"Concerning the secretion of the infundibular lobe of the pituitary body and its presence in the cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"27","author":"Cushing","year":"1910"},{"key":"b37-focus1592","series-title":"Sitzungsb Kais Akad Wissen Math Naturw Klin","first-page":"537","article-title":"\u00dcber Hypophysengangsgeschwulste und Hirmcholesteatome","volume":"113","author":"Erdheim","year":"1904"},{"key":"b38-focus1592","series-title":"Munch Med Wochenschr","first-page":"1987","article-title":"Demonstration eines papilloms an der basis des 3. Hirnventrikels.","volume":"50","author":"Fahr","year":"1903"},{"key":"b39-focus1592","series-title":"The Ductless Glandular Diseases","author":"Falta","year":"1916"},{"key":"b40-focus1592","series-title":"N Y Med J","first-page":"462","article-title":"An extracerebral tumor in the region of the hypophysis","volume":"90","author":"Farnell","year":"1911"},{"key":"b41-focus1592","series-title":"Wien Klin Rundschau","first-page":"883","article-title":"Ein fall von tumor der hypophysis cerebri ohne akromegalie.","volume":"15","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"1901"},{"key":"b42-focus1592","series-title":"The Hypothalamus and Central Levels of Autonomic Function.","first-page":"722","article-title":"Discussion","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"1940"},{"key":"b43-focus1592","series-title":"Harvey Cushing. A Biography.","first-page":"163","author":"Fulton","year":"1946"},{"key":"b44-focus1592","series-title":"J Nerv Mental Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contribution to the study of tumors in the region of the third ventricle: their diagnosis and relation to pathological sleep","volume":"69","author":"Fulton","year":"1929"},{"key":"b45-focus1592","series-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry","first-page":"417","article-title":"Teratoid cyst of the hypophysis","volume":"9","author":"Globus","year":"1923"},{"key":"b46-focus1592","series-title":"J Mt Sinai Hosp","first-page":"220","article-title":"Craniopharyngeoma and suprasellar adamantinoma","volume":"12","author":"Globus","year":"1945"},{"key":"b47-focus1592","series-title":"Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull","first-page":"190","article-title":"Carbohydrate tolerance and the posterior lobe of the hypophysis cerebri. An experimental and clinical study","volume":"22","author":"Goetsch","year":"1911"},{"key":"b48-focus1592","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol","first-page":"199","article-title":"The ameloblastoma and the craniopharyngioma; their similarities and differences","volume":"12","author":"Gorlin","year":"1959"},{"key":"b49-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"964","article-title":"The crucial decade: modern neurosurgery's definitive development in Harvey Cushing's early research and practice, 1900 to 1910","volume":"87","author":"Greenblatt","year":"1997"},{"key":"b50-focus1592","series-title":"Handbook of Physiology. A critical, comprehensive presentation of physiological knowledge and concepts. Section 7: Endocrinology, Vol IV: The pituitary gland and its neuroendocrine control, Part 1.","first-page":"1","article-title":"History of research on anterior hypophysial hormones","author":"Greep","year":"1974"},{"key":"b51-focus1592","series-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet","first-page":"494","article-title":"Remarks on the operative treatment of tumors of the hypophysis\u2014with the report of two cases operated on by an oronasal method","volume":"10","author":"Halstead","year":"1910"},{"key":"b52-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Epithelial cystic lesions of the sellar and parasellar region: a continuum of ectodermal derivatives?","volume":"80","author":"Harrison","year":"1994"},{"key":"b53-focus1592","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1001","article-title":"A teratoma of the hypophysis","volume":"53","author":"Hecht","year":"1909"},{"key":"b54-focus1592","series-title":"Q J Exp Physiol","first-page":"121","article-title":"The histological appearances of the mammalian pituitary body","volume":"1","author":"Herring","year":"1908"},{"key":"b55-focus1592","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"3","article-title":"Brown Lectures III. Functional nervous disorders due to loss of thyroid gland and pituitary body","volume":"1","author":"Horsley","year":"1886"},{"key":"b56-focus1592","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"553","article-title":"A paper on optic neuritis, choked disc, or papilloedema: treatment, localizing value, and pathology","volume":"1","author":"Horsley","year":"1910"},{"key":"b57-focus1592","series-title":"J Exp Med","first-page":"245","article-title":"The physiological effects of extracts of the hypophysis cerebri and infundibular body","volume":"3","author":"Howell","year":"1898"},{"key":"b58-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"511","article-title":"Cystic teratomas and teratoid tumors of the central nervous system in infancy and childhood","volume":"3","author":"Ingraham","year":"1946"},{"key":"b59-focus1592","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1082","article-title":"Craniopharyngeal duct tumors","volume":"66","author":"Jackson","year":"1916"},{"key":"b60-focus1592","series-title":"A History of Neurological Surgery.","first-page":"152","article-title":"Surgery of the hypophysis","author":"Johnson","year":"1952"},{"key":"b61-focus1592","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol","first-page":"366","article-title":"Calcification and amelogenesis in craniopharyngiomas","volume":"31","author":"Kalnins","year":"1971"},{"key":"b62-focus1592","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1704","article-title":"The removal of tumors of the pituitary body by an infranasal route. A proposed operation with a description of the technic","volume":"53","author":"Kanavel","year":"1909"},{"key":"b63-focus1592","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"181","article-title":"Endosuprasellar teratoma with teeth formation. Case report","volume":"118","author":"Konovalov","year":"1992"},{"key":"b64-focus1592","series-title":"Virchows Arch","first-page":"546","article-title":"\u00dcber ein epignathisches teratom der hypophysengegend","volume":"271","author":"Kraus","year":"1929"},{"key":"b65-focus1592","series-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology","first-page":"335","article-title":"History of neuroendocrinology: The spring of primitive existence","author":"Kreir","year":"2010"},{"key":"b66-focus1592","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"865","article-title":"A century of pituitary surgery: Schloffer's legacy","volume":"61","author":"Lindholm","year":"2007"},{"key":"b67-focus1592","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"171","article-title":"The roentgenological diagnosis of craniopharyngeal pouch tumors","volume":"11","author":"McKenzie","year":"1924"},{"key":"b68-focus1592","series-title":"A History of Endocrinology","author":"Medvei","year":"1982"},{"key":"b69-focus1592","series-title":"J Clin Neuroophthalmol","first-page":"175","article-title":"Adult intrasellar teratoid tumor","volume":"6","author":"Merchut","year":"1986"},{"key":"b70-focus1592","series-title":"Virchows Arch Pathol Anat","first-page":"207","article-title":"Dystrophia adiposo-genitalis bei hypophysengangscyste","volume":"236","author":"Miller","year":"1922"},{"key":"b71-focus1592","series-title":"Munch Med Wochenschr","first-page":"946","article-title":"Hypophysen- und hypophysengegendtumoren","volume":"67","author":"Oberndorfer","year":"1920"},{"key":"b72-focus1592","series-title":"J Physiol","first-page":"277","article-title":"On the physiological action of extracts of pituitary body and certain other glandular organs","volume":"18","author":"Oliver","year":"1895"},{"key":"b73-focus1592","series-title":"Sur un cas d'epith\u00e9lioma (\u00e9tude histologique). Th\u00e8se, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de Paris","author":"Onanoff","year":"1892"},{"key":"b74-focus1592","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"166","article-title":"Ossified adamantinomatous type craniopharyngiomas. A series of 13 patients","volume":"127","author":"Palao\u01e7lu","year":"1994"},{"key":"b75-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1180","article-title":"Craniopharyngioma classification","volume":"109","author":"Pascual","year":"2008"},{"key":"b76-focus1592","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"785","article-title":"Intraventricular craniopharyngiomas: topographical classification and surgical approach selection based on an extensive overview","volume":"146","author":"Pascual","year":"2004"},{"key":"b77-focus1592","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2403","article-title":"Infundibulotuberal or not strictly intraventricular craniopharyngioma: evidence for a major topographical category","volume":"153","author":"Pascual","year":"2011"},{"key":"b78-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"381","article-title":"Displacement of mammillary bodies by craniopharyngiomas involving the third ventricle: surgical-MRI correlation and use in topographical diagnosis","volume":"119","author":"Pascual","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"b79-focus1592","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E13","article-title":"Development of intracranial approaches for craniopharyngiomas: an analysis of the first 160 historical procedures","volume":"36","author":"Pascual","year":"2014"},{"key":"b80-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"39","article-title":"Sir Victor Horsley: pioneer craniopharyngioma surgeon","volume":"123","author":"Pascual","year":"2015"},{"key":"b81-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1156","article-title":"Conquest of third ventricle craniopharyngiomas","volume":"112","author":"Pascual","year":"2010"},{"key":"b82-focus1592","series-title":"L'Hypophyse du Cerveau","author":"Paulescu","year":"1908"},{"key":"b83-focus1592","series-title":"Neuropathology","first-page":"682","article-title":"Craniopharyngiomas with a mixed histological pattern: the missing link to the intriguing pathogenesis of adamantinomatous and squamous-papillary varieties?","volume":"33","author":"Prieto","year":"2013"},{"key":"b84-focus1592","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"500","article-title":"Optic chiasm distortions caused by craniopharyngiomas. Clinical-MRI correlation and influence on visual outcome","volume":"83","author":"Prieto","year":"2015"},{"key":"b85-focus1592","series-title":"Johns Hopkins Hop Bull","first-page":"105","article-title":"Is the pituitary gland essential to the maintenance of life?","volume":"20","author":"Reford","year":"1909"},{"key":"b86-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"448","article-title":"Cushing's legacy to transsphenoidal surgery","volume":"54","author":"Rosegay","year":"1981"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"b87-focus1592","series-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"299","article-title":"Neuroimaging of pediatric craniopharyngiomas: a pictorial essay","volume":"19","author":"Rossi","year":"2006"},{"key":"b88-focus1592","series-title":"WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System","first-page":"238","article-title":"Craniopharyngioma","author":"Rushing","year":"2007"},{"key":"b89-focus1592","series-title":"Trans Path Soc London","first-page":"57","article-title":"Tumour of the base of the brain showing the structure of skin and subcutaneous tissue","volume":"37","author":"Sainsbury","year":"1886"},{"key":"b90-focus1592","series-title":"Cancer","first-page":"423","article-title":"Pituitary craniopharyngioma with tooth formation","volume":"29","author":"Seemayer","year":"1972"},{"key":"b91-focus1592","series-title":"Centralblatt Allgem Pathol Pathol Anat","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Demonstration eines tumors des III hirnventrikels.","volume":"21","author":"Stumpf","year":"1910"},{"key":"b92-focus1592","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"1","article-title":"Operations upon the hypophysis","volume":"52","author":"von Eiselsberg","year":"1910"},{"key":"b93-focus1592","series-title":"Neurol Centralb","first-page":"994","article-title":"\u00dcber operative behandlung der tumoren der hypophysengegend","volume":"26","author":"von Eiselsberg","year":"1907"},{"key":"b94-focus1592","series-title":"The Harvey Cushing Brain Tumor Registry: changing scientific and philosophic paradigms and the study and preservation of archives [thesis].","author":"Wahl","year":"1996"},{"key":"b95-focus1592","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1091","article-title":"Harvey Cushing as a book collector, bibliophile, and archivist: the precedence for the genesis of the Brain Tumor Registry. Historical vignette","volume":"111","author":"Wahl","year":"2009"},{"key":"b96-focus1592","series-title":"Rep Soc Study Dis Child","first-page":"173","article-title":"A case of primary osteoma of the brain","volume":"2","author":"Walker","year":"1902"},{"key":"b97-focus1592","series-title":"J Lab Clin Med","first-page":"73","article-title":"A study of the lipin content of the liver in two cases of dyspituitarism","volume":"2","author":"Warthin","year":"1916"},{"key":"b98-focus1592","series-title":"Trans Pathol Soc London","first-page":"37","article-title":"A myo-neuroma of the pituitary body","volume":"36","author":"White","year":"1885"},{"issue":"4","key":"b99-focus1592","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E4","article-title":"Craniopharyngioma and other cystic epithelial lesions of the sellar region: a review of clinical, imaging, and histopathological relationships","volume":"28","author":"Zada","year":"2010"},{"key":"b100-focus1592","series-title":"Atlas of Gross Neurosurgical Pathology.","first-page":"161","author":"Z\u00fclch","year":"1975"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/41\/1\/article-pE6.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/41\/1\/article-pE6.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/41\/1\/article-pE6.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T08:59:28Z","timestamp":1779526768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/41\/1\/article-pE6.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"references-count":200,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2016.2.focus1592","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}}}