{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T09:11:56Z","timestamp":1779527516837,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Andr\u00e9 Feil (1884\u20131955) was a French physician best recognized for his description, coauthored with Maurice Klippel, of patients with congenital fusion of cervical vertebrae, a condition currently known as Klippel-Feil syndrome. However, little is known about his background aside from the fact that he was a student of Klippel and a physician who took a keen interest in describing congenital anomalies. Despite the relative lack of information on Feil, his contributions to the fields of spinal disease and teratology extended far beyond science to play an integral role in changing the misguided perception shrouding patients with disfigurements, defects, deformities, and so-called monstrous births. In particular, Feil's 1919 medical school thesis on cervical abnormalities was a critical publication in defying long-held theory and opinion that human \u201cmonstrosities,\u201d anomalies, developmental abnormalities, and altered congenital physicality were a consequence of sinful behavior or a reversion to a primitive state. Indeed, his thesis on a spinal deformity centering on his patient, L. Joseph, was at the vanguard for a new view of a patient as nothing less than fully human, no matter his or her physicality or appearance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.3.focus15488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T05:04:20Z","timestamp":1467349460000},"page":"E3","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Monsters and the case of L. Joseph: Andr\u00e9 Feil's thesis on the origin of the Klippel-Feil syndrome and a social transformation of medicine"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Evgenii","family":"Belykh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix;"},{"name":"Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatology, Irkutsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashif","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Simoneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valley Anesthesiology Consultants, Phoenix, Arizona; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaan","family":"Yagmurlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Cavalcanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vadim A.","family":"Byvaltsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatology, Irkutsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Theodore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark C.","family":"Preul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-focus15488","series-title":"Le Rictus","first-page":"9","article-title":"Biographie du Docteur Maurice Klippel","volume":"9","author":"AF","year":"1913"},{"key":"b2-focus15488","series-title":"Summa Universis Theologiae.","author":"Alexander of Hales","year":"1924\u20131948"},{"key":"b3-focus15488","series-title":"People of the Red Sea","article-title":"Sire, il n'y a pas de Blemmyes: a re-evaluation of historical and archaeological data","author":"Barnard","year":"2005"},{"key":"b4-focus15488","series-title":"Teratology","first-page":"119","article-title":"A brief history of teratology to the early 20th century","volume":"4","author":"Barrow","year":"1971"},{"key":"b5-focus15488","series-title":"Emblematic Monsters: Unnatural Conceptions and Deformed Births in Early Modern Europe. 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