{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T09:07:12Z","timestamp":1779527232306,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n Respiratory abnormalities are well documented in acute spinal cord injury; however, the literature available for respiratory dysfunction in chronic compressive myelopathy (CCM) is limited. Respiratory dysfunction in CCM is often subtle and subclinical. The authors studied the pattern of respiratory dysfunction in patients with chronic cord compression by using spirometry, and the clinical and surgical implications of this dysfunction. In this study they also attempted to address the postoperative respiratory function in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n A prospective study was done in 30 patients in whom cervical CCM due to either cervical spondylosis or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) was diagnosed. Thirty age-matched healthy volunteers were recruited as controls. None of the patients included in the study had any symptoms or signs of respiratory dysfunction. After clinical and radiological diagnosis, all patients underwent pulmonary function tests (PFTs) performed using a standardized Spirometry Kit Micro before and after surgery. The data were analyzed using Statistical Software SPSS version 13.0. Comparison between the 2 groups was done using the Student t-test. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used for PFT results and Nurick classification scores. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (prolapsed intervertebral disc) was the predominant cause of compression (n = 21, 70%) followed by OPLL (n = 9, 30%). The average patient age was 45.06 years. Degenerative cervical spine disease has a relatively younger onset in the Indian population. The majority of the patients (n = 28, 93.3%) had compression at or above the C-5 level. Ten patients (33.3%) underwent an anterior approach and discectomy, 11 patients (36.7%) underwent decompressive laminectomy, and the remaining 9 underwent either corpectomy with fusion or laminoplasty.<\/jats:p>\n \n The mean preoperative forced vital capacity (FVC) (65%) of the patients was significantly lower than that of the controls (88%) (p < 0.001). The mean postoperative FVC (73.7%) in the patients showed significant improvement compared with the preoperative values (p = 0.003). The mean postoperative FVC was still significantly lower than the control value (p = 0.002). The mean preoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n ) (72%) of the patients was significantly lower than that of the controls (96%) (p < 0.001). The mean postoperative FEV\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n (75.3%) in the cases showed no significant improvement compared with the preoperative values (p = 0.212). The mean postoperative FEV\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n was still significantly lower than the control value (p < 0.001). The mean postoperative FEV\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n \/FVC was not significantly different from the control value (p = 0.204). The mean postoperative peak expiratory flow rate was significantly lower than the control value (p = 0.01). The mean postoperative maximal voluntary ventilation was still significantly lower than the control value (p < 0.001). On correlating the FVC and Nurick scores using the Pearson correlation coefficient, a negative correlation was found.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n There is subclinical respiratory dysfunction and significant impairment of various lung capacities in patients with CCM. The FVC showed significant improvement postoperatively. Respiratory function needs to be evaluated and monitored to avoid potential respiratory complications.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.3.focus1647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]],"date-time":"2016-06-01T03:53:12Z","timestamp":1464753192000},"page":"E3","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Subclinical respiratory dysfunction in chronic cervical cord compression: a pulmonary function test correlation"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Indira Devi","family":"Bhagavatula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhananjaya I.","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gopalakrishnan M.","family":"Sasidharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh Kumar","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praful Suresh","family":"Maste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George C.","family":"Vilanilam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talakkad N.","family":"Sathyaprabha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"24 Suppl","key":"b1-focus1647","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"S27","article-title":"Critical care of spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Ball","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b2-focus1647","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"12","article-title":"Results and risk factors for anterior cervicothoracic junction surgery","volume":"94","author":"Boockvar","year":"2001"},{"key":"b3-focus1647","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"321","article-title":"Spinal cord infarction: etiology and outcome","volume":"47","author":"Cheshire","year":"1996"},{"key":"b4-focus1647","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"266","article-title":"Long-term survival in spinal cord injury: a fifty year investigation","volume":"36","author":"Frankel","year":"1998"},{"key":"b5-focus1647","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"406","article-title":"Breathing and the support of blood pressure after spinal cord injury","volume":"43","author":"Frisbie","year":"2005"},{"key":"b6-focus1647","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E281","article-title":"Bilateral phrenic nerve palsy as a complication of anterior decompression and fusion for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament","volume":"26","author":"Fujibayashi","year":"2001"},{"key":"b7-focus1647","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"43","article-title":"Static respiratory pressures in patients with post-traumatic tetraplegia","volume":"35","author":"Gounden","year":"1997"},{"key":"b8-focus1647","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"479","article-title":"Respiratory involvement in multiple sclerosis","volume":"115","author":"Howard","year":"1992"},{"key":"b9-focus1647","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"2234","article-title":"Respiratory dysfunction in patients with chronic-onset cervical myelopathy","volume":"27","author":"Ishibe","year":"2002"},{"key":"b10-focus1647","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"455","article-title":"Effect of experimental cervical spinal cord injury on respiratory function","volume":"41","author":"Kadoya","year":"1974"},{"key":"b11-focus1647","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"263","article-title":"Forced vital capacity in two large outpatient populations with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"39","author":"Linn","year":"2001"},{"issue":"24 Suppl","key":"b12-focus1647","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"S31","article-title":"Nonoperative management of acute spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Nockels","year":"2001"},{"key":"b13-focus1647","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1210","article-title":"A subclinical impairment of ventilatory function in cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"85","author":"Nomura","year":"2004"},{"key":"b14-focus1647","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"117","article-title":"Delayed diaphragm recovery in 12 patients after high cervical spinal cord injury. A retrospective review of the diaphragm status of 107 patients ventilated after acute spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"Oo","year":"1999"},{"key":"b15-focus1647","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"949","article-title":"Airway complications associated with surgery on the anterior cervical spine","volume":"27","author":"Sagi","year":"2002"},{"key":"b16-focus1647","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"604","article-title":"Causes of death after spinal cord injury","volume":"38","author":"Soden","year":"2000"},{"key":"b17-focus1647","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"175","article-title":"Does chronic cervical myelopathy affect respiratory function?","volume":"1","author":"Toyoda","year":"2004"},{"key":"b18-focus1647","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"488","article-title":"Laminoplasty improves respiratory function in elderly patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"41","author":"Yanaka","year":"2001"},{"key":"b19-focus1647","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"329","article-title":"Mortality following spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Yeo","year":"1998"},{"issue":"24 Suppl","key":"b1-focus1647","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"S27","article-title":"Critical care of spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Ball","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b2-focus1647","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"12","article-title":"Results and risk factors for anterior cervicothoracic junction surgery","volume":"94","author":"Boockvar","year":"2001"},{"key":"b3-focus1647","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"321","article-title":"Spinal cord infarction: etiology and outcome","volume":"47","author":"Cheshire","year":"1996"},{"key":"b4-focus1647","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"266","article-title":"Long-term survival in spinal cord injury: a fifty year investigation","volume":"36","author":"Frankel","year":"1998"},{"key":"b5-focus1647","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"406","article-title":"Breathing and the support of blood pressure after spinal cord injury","volume":"43","author":"Frisbie","year":"2005"},{"key":"b6-focus1647","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E281","article-title":"Bilateral phrenic nerve palsy as a complication of anterior decompression and fusion for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament","volume":"26","author":"Fujibayashi","year":"2001"},{"key":"b7-focus1647","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"43","article-title":"Static respiratory pressures in patients with post-traumatic tetraplegia","volume":"35","author":"Gounden","year":"1997"},{"key":"b8-focus1647","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"479","article-title":"Respiratory involvement in multiple sclerosis","volume":"115","author":"Howard","year":"1992"},{"key":"b9-focus1647","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"2234","article-title":"Respiratory dysfunction in patients with chronic-onset cervical myelopathy","volume":"27","author":"Ishibe","year":"2002"},{"key":"b10-focus1647","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"455","article-title":"Effect of experimental cervical spinal cord injury on respiratory function","volume":"41","author":"Kadoya","year":"1974"},{"key":"b11-focus1647","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"263","article-title":"Forced vital capacity in two large outpatient populations with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"39","author":"Linn","year":"2001"},{"issue":"24 Suppl","key":"b12-focus1647","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"S31","article-title":"Nonoperative management of acute spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Nockels","year":"2001"},{"key":"b13-focus1647","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1210","article-title":"A subclinical impairment of ventilatory function in cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"85","author":"Nomura","year":"2004"},{"key":"b14-focus1647","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"117","article-title":"Delayed diaphragm recovery in 12 patients after high cervical spinal cord injury. A retrospective review of the diaphragm status of 107 patients ventilated after acute spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"Oo","year":"1999"},{"key":"b15-focus1647","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"949","article-title":"Airway complications associated with surgery on the anterior cervical spine","volume":"27","author":"Sagi","year":"2002"},{"key":"b16-focus1647","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"604","article-title":"Causes of death after spinal cord injury","volume":"38","author":"Soden","year":"2000"},{"key":"b17-focus1647","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"175","article-title":"Does chronic cervical myelopathy affect respiratory function?","volume":"1","author":"Toyoda","year":"2004"},{"key":"b18-focus1647","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"488","article-title":"Laminoplasty improves respiratory function in elderly patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"41","author":"Yanaka","year":"2001"},{"key":"b19-focus1647","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"329","article-title":"Mortality following spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Yeo","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/40\/6\/article-pE3.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/40\/6\/article-pE3.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/40\/6\/article-pE3.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T08:32:10Z","timestamp":1779525130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/40\/6\/article-pE3.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2016.3.focus1647","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}}}