{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T11:34:01Z","timestamp":1747740841785,"version":"3.40.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper retraces the fundamental achievements of Geoffrey Knight (1906\u20131994), a British neurosurgeon and a pioneer in the field of psychosurgery. His career developed in the 1950s and 1960s, when\u2014following the unregulated practice of frontal lobotomies\u2014strong criticism arose in the medical community and in the general public against psychosurgery. Geoffrey Knight's clinical research focused on identifying new, selective targets to limit the side effects of psychosurgery while improving the outcome of patients affected by mental disorders. Following the example of William Beecher Scoville, he initially developed restricted orbital undercutting as a less invasive alternative to standard frontal lobotomy. He then developed stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy, with the use of an original stereotactic device. Knight stressed the importance of the anatomy and neurophysiology of the structures targeted in subcaudate tractotomy, with particular regard to the fibers connecting the anterior cingulate region, the amygdala, the orbitofrontal cortex, and the hypothalamus. Of interest, the role of these white matter connections has been recently recognized in deep brain stimulation for major depression and anorexia nervosa. This is perhaps the most enduring legacy of Knight to the field of psychosurgery. He refined frontal leucotomies by selecting a restricted target at the center of a network that plays a crucial role in controlling mood disorders. He then developed a safe, minimally invasive stereotactic operation to reach this target. His work, well ahead of his time, still represents a valid reference on which to build future clinical experience in the modern era of neuromodulation for psychiatric diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.3.jns151756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,17]],"date-time":"2016-06-17T14:01:52Z","timestamp":1466172112000},"page":"1278-1284","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Geoffrey Knight and his contribution to psychosurgery"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Marchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Vergani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London; and"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iacopo","family":"Chiavacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Gullan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keyoumars","family":"Ashkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-jns151756","series-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)","first-page":"320","article-title":"[Treatment of Parkinson tremor by chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus.]","volume":"145","author":"Benabid AL,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Benabid AL, Pollak P, Hommel M, Gaio JM, de Rougemont J, Perret J: [Treatment of Parkinson tremor by chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus.]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 145:320\u2013323, 1989. (Fr)"},{"key":"b2-jns151756","series-title":"Br J Psych Bull","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.18.10.653","article-title":"Geoffrey Cureton Knight","volume":"18","author":"Bridges PK:","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bridges PK: Geoffrey Cureton Knight. Br J Psych Bull 18:653, 199410.1192\/pb.18.10.653"},{"key":"b3-jns151756","series-title":"Postgrad Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.49.578.855","article-title":"The work of a psychosurgical unit","volume":"49","author":"Bridges PK,","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bridges PK, Bartlett JR: The work of a psychosurgical unit. Postgrad Med J 49:855\u2013859, 1973461890410.1136\/pgmj.49.578.855"},{"key":"b4-jns151756","series-title":"Br J Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.165.5.599","article-title":"Psychosurgery: stereotactic subcaudate tractomy. An indispensable treatment","volume":"165","author":"Bridges PK,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bridges PK, Bartlett JR, Hale AS, Poynton AM, Malizia AL, Hodgkiss AD: Psychosurgery: stereotactic subcaudate tractomy. An indispensable treatment. Br J Psychiatry 165:599\u2013613, 1994786667510.1192\/bjp.165.5.599"},{"key":"b5-jns151756","series-title":"Allg Z Psychiat","first-page":"463","article-title":"Ueber Rindenexcisionen, als Beitrag zur operativen Therapie der Psychosen","volume":"47","author":"Burckhardt G:","year":"1891","unstructured":"Burckhardt G: Ueber Rindenexcisionen, als Beitrag zur operativen Therapie der Psychosen. Allg Z Psychiat 47:463\u2013548, 1891"},{"key":"b6-jns151756","series-title":"Br Med Bull","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a073627","article-title":"Anatomical relationships between the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus","volume":"6","author":"Clark WE,","year":"1950","unstructured":"Clark WE, Meyer M: Anatomical relationships between the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus. Br Med Bull 6:341\u2013345, 195010.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a07362715420400"},{"key":"b7-jns151756","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200103000-00041","article-title":"Psychosurgery: a historical overview","volume":"48","author":"Feldman RP,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Feldman RP, Goodrich JT: Psychosurgery: a historical overview. Neurosurgery 48:647\u2013659, 20011127055610.1097\/00006123-200103000-00041"},{"key":"b8-jns151756","series-title":"Bull N Y Acad Med","first-page":"794","article-title":"Prefrontal lobotomy: the surgical relief of mental pain","volume":"18","author":"Freeman W,","year":"1942","unstructured":"Freeman W, Watts JW: Prefrontal lobotomy: the surgical relief of mental pain. Bull N Y Acad Med 18:794\u2013812, 194219312295"},{"key":"b9-jns151756","series-title":"Psychosurgery: In the Treatment of Mental Disorders and Intractable Pain","author":"Freeman W,","year":"1950","unstructured":"Freeman W, Watts JW: Psychosurgery: In the Treatment of Mental Disorders and Intractable Pain Springfield, IL, Charles C Thomas, 1950"},{"key":"b10-jns151756","series-title":"Frontal Lobotomy and Affective Behaviour: A Neurophysiological Analysis","author":"Fulton JF:","year":"1951","unstructured":"Fulton JF: Frontal Lobotomy and Affective Behaviour: A Neurophysiological Analysis New York, W. W. Norton, 1951"},{"key":"b11-jns151756","series-title":"Abstracts of the Second International Neurological Congress","first-page":"70","article-title":"The functions of the frontal lobes: A comparative study in monkeys, chimpanzees, and man","author":"Fulton JF,","year":"1935","unstructured":"Fulton JF, Jacobsen CF: The functions of the frontal lobes: A comparative study in monkeys, chimpanzees, and man. Abstracts of the Second International Neurological Congress London, 1935. 70\u201371"},{"key":"b12-jns151756","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.13.3.178","article-title":"The effects of lesions in the cingular gyrus and adjacent areas in monkeys","volume":"13","author":"Glees P,","year":"1950","unstructured":"Glees P, Cole J, Whitty CWM, Cairns H: The effects of lesions in the cingular gyrus and adjacent areas in monkeys. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 13:178\u2013190, 195010.1136\/jnnp.13.3.17814774740"},{"key":"b13-jns151756","series-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301165","article-title":"Three-year outcomes in deep brain stimulation for highly resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"31","author":"Greenberg BD,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Greenberg BD, Malone DA, Friehs GM, Rezai AR, Kubu CS, Malloy PF, : Three-year outcomes in deep brain stimulation for highly resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:2384\u20132393, 200610.1038\/sj.npp.130116516855529"},{"key":"b14-jns151756","series-title":"Biol Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.09.021","article-title":"A tractography analysis of two deep brain stimulation white matter targets for depression","volume":"65","author":"Gutman DA,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gutman DA, Holtzheimer PE, Behrens TE, Johansen-Berg H, Mayberg HS: A tractography analysis of two deep brain stimulation white matter targets for depression. Biol Psychiatry 65:276\u2013282, 20091901355410.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.09.021"},{"key":"b15-jns151756","series-title":"Biol Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.09.034","article-title":"The subcallosal cingulate gyrus in the context of major depression","volume":"69","author":"Hamani C,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hamani C, Mayberg H, Stone S, Laxton A, Haber S, Lozano AM: The subcallosal cingulate gyrus in the context of major depression. Biol Psychiatry 69:301\u2013308, 201110.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.09.03421145043"},{"key":"b16-jns151756","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000240227.72514.27","article-title":"Surgery of the mind and mood: a mosaic of issues in time and evolution","volume":"59","author":"Heller AC,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Heller AC, Amar AP, Liu CY, Apuzzo ML: Surgery of the mind and mood: a mosaic of issues in time and evolution. Neurosurgery 59:720\u2013739, 200610.1227\/01.NEU.0000240227.72514.2717038938"},{"key":"b17-jns151756","series-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.7.2.230","article-title":"Outcome after the psychosurgical operation of stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy, 1979\u20131991","volume":"7","author":"Hodgkiss AD,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hodgkiss AD, Malizia AL, Bartlett JR, Bridges PK: Outcome after the psychosurgical operation of stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy, 1979\u20131991. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 7:230\u2013234, 199510.1176\/jnp.7.2.2307626968"},{"key":"b18-jns151756","series-title":"Biol Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.11.016","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in the subgenual cingulate cortex for an intractable eating disorder","volume":"67","author":"Isra\u00ebl M,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Isra\u00ebl M, Steiger H, Kolivakis T, McGregor L, Sadikot AF: Deep brain stimulation in the subgenual cingulate cortex for an intractable eating disorder. Biol Psychiatry 67:e53\u2013e54, 201010.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.11.01620044072"},{"key":"b19-jns151756","series-title":"Brain Lang","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1993.1061","article-title":"From theory to practice: the unconventional contribution of Gottlieb Burckhardt to psychosurgery","volume":"45","author":"Joanette Y,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Joanette Y, Stemmer B, Assal G, Whitaker H: From theory to practice: the unconventional contribution of Gottlieb Burckhardt to psychosurgery. Brain Lang 45:572\u2013587, 199310.1006\/brln.1993.10618118674"},{"key":"b20-jns151756","series-title":"Cereb Cortex","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm167","article-title":"Anatomical connectivity of the subgenual cingulate region targeted with deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"18","author":"Johansen-Berg H,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johansen-Berg H, Gutman DA, Behrens TE, Matthews PM, Rushworth MF, Katz E, : Anatomical connectivity of the subgenual cingulate region targeted with deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Cereb Cortex 18:1374\u20131383, 20081792833210.1093\/cercor\/bhm167"},{"key":"b21-jns151756","series-title":"Postgrad Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.49.578.845","article-title":"Further observations from an experience of 660 cases of stereotactic tractotomy","volume":"49","author":"Knight G:","year":"1973","unstructured":"Knight G: Further observations from an experience of 660 cases of stereotactic tractotomy. Postgrad Med J 49:845\u2013854, 197310.1136\/pgmj.49.578.8454618903"},{"key":"b22-jns151756","series-title":"Br J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800510207","article-title":"The orbital cortex as an objective in the surgical treatment of mental illness. The results of 450 cases of open operation and the results of development of the stereotactic approach","volume":"51","author":"Knight G:","year":"1964","unstructured":"Knight G: The orbital cortex as an objective in the surgical treatment of mental illness. The results of 450 cases of open operation and the results of development of the stereotactic approach. Br J Surg 51:114\u2013124, 196410.1002\/bjs.180051020714117767"},{"key":"b23-jns151756","series-title":"Postgrad Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.45.519.1","article-title":"Stereotactic surgery for the relief of suicidal and severe depression and intractable psychoneurosis","volume":"45","author":"Knight G:","year":"1969","unstructured":"Knight G: Stereotactic surgery for the relief of suicidal and severe depression and intractable psychoneurosis. Postgrad Med J 45:1\u201313, 196910.1136\/pgmj.45.519.14892936"},{"key":"b24-jns151756","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.28.4.304","article-title":"Stereotactic tractotomy in the surgical treatment of mental illness","volume":"28","author":"Knight G:","year":"1965","unstructured":"Knight G: Stereotactic tractotomy in the surgical treatment of mental illness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 28:304\u2013310, 196510.1136\/jnnp.28.4.30414338119"},{"key":"b25-jns151756","series-title":"Proc R Soc Med","first-page":"728","article-title":"330 cases of restricted orbital cortex undercutting","volume":"53","author":"Knight G:","year":"1960","unstructured":"Knight G: 330 cases of restricted orbital cortex undercutting. Proc R Soc Med 53:728\u2013732, 196013757111"},{"key":"b26-jns151756","series-title":"Surgical Approaches in Psychiatry","first-page":"101","article-title":"Additional stereotactic lesions in the cingulum following failed tractotomy in the subcaudate region","author":"Knight GC,","year":"1973","unstructured":"Knight GC, Additional stereotactic lesions in the cingulum following failed tractotomy in the subcaudate region. Laitinen LV, Livingston KE: Surgical Approaches in Psychiatry Lancaster, UK, Medical and Technical Publishing, 1973. 101\u2013106"},{"key":"b27-jns151756","series-title":"Psychosurgery: Proceedings","first-page":"267","article-title":"Bilateral stereotactic tractotomy: an experience of 450 cases","author":"Knight GC,","year":"1972","unstructured":"Knight GC, Bilateral stereotactic tractotomy: an experience of 450 cases. Hitchcock ER, Laitinen L, Vaernet K: Psychosurgery: Proceedings Springfield, IL, Charles C Thomas, 1972. 267"},{"key":"b28-jns151756","series-title":"Br J Geriatr Pract","first-page":"7","article-title":"Intractable psychoneurosis in the elderly and infirm. Treatment by stereotactic tractotomy","volume":"3","author":"Knight GC:","year":"1966","unstructured":"Knight GC: Intractable psychoneurosis in the elderly and infirm. Treatment by stereotactic tractotomy. Br J Geriatr Pract 3:7\u201315, 1966"},{"key":"b29-jns151756","series-title":"Proc R Soc Med","first-page":"1099","article-title":"Neurosurgical aspects of psychosurgery","volume":"65","author":"Knight GC:","year":"1972","unstructured":"Knight GC: Neurosurgical aspects of psychosurgery. Proc R Soc Med 65:1099\u20131104, 19724568539"},{"key":"b30-jns151756","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(55)91963-2","article-title":"Orbital leucotomy; a review of 52 cases","volume":"268","author":"Knight GC,","year":"1955","unstructured":"Knight GC, Tredgold RF: Orbital leucotomy; a review of 52 cases. Lancet 268:981\u2013986, 195510.1016\/S0140-6736(55)91963-214368930"},{"key":"b31-jns151756","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(48)90216-5","article-title":"The connections of the frontal lobes of the brain","volume":"254","author":"Le Gros Clark WE:","year":"1948","unstructured":"Le Gros Clark WE: The connections of the frontal lobes of the brain. Lancet 254:353\u2013356, 194810.1016\/S0140-6736(48)90216-5"},{"key":"b32-jns151756","series-title":"Am J Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.129.3.356","article-title":"In memoriam, Walter Freeman. 1895\u20131972","volume":"129","author":"Lebensohn ZM:","year":"1972","unstructured":"Lebensohn ZM: In memoriam, Walter Freeman. 1895\u20131972. Am J Psychiatry 129:356\u2013357, 197210.1176\/ajp.129.3.356"},{"key":"b33-jns151756","series-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.244","article-title":"Targeting emotion circuits with deep brain stimulation in refractory anorexia nervosa","volume":"39","author":"Lipsman N,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lipsman N, Lozano AM: Targeting emotion circuits with deep brain stimulation in refractory anorexia nervosa. Neuropsychopharmacology 39:250\u2013251, 201410.1038\/npp.2013.24424317325"},{"key":"b34-jns151756","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62188-6","article-title":"Subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory anorexia nervosa: a phase 1 pilot trial","volume":"381","author":"Lipsman N,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lipsman N, Woodside DB, Giacobbe P, Hamani C, Carter JC, Norwood SJ, : Subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory anorexia nervosa: a phase 1 pilot trial. Lancet 381:1361\u20131370, 201310.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62188-623473846"},{"key":"b35-jns151756","series-title":"Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis","first-page":"421","article-title":"Stimulation of orbital surface of man prior to frontal lobotomy","volume":"27","author":"Livingston RB,","year":"1948","unstructured":"Livingston RB, Chapman WP, Livingston KE, Kraintz L: Stimulation of orbital surface of man prior to frontal lobotomy. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 27:421\u2013432, 194818106861"},{"key":"b36-jns151756","series-title":"Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis","first-page":"405","article-title":"Stimulation and regional ablation of orbital surface of frontal lobe","volume":"27","author":"Livingston RB,","year":"1948","unstructured":"Livingston RB, Fulton JF, Delgardo JMR, Sachs E Jr, Brendler SJ, Davis GD: Stimulation and regional ablation of orbital surface of frontal lobe. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 27:405\u2013420, 194818106860"},{"key":"b37-jns151756","series-title":"Biol Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.05.034","article-title":"Subcallosal cingulate gyrus deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"64","author":"Lozano AM,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lozano AM, Mayberg HS, Giacobbe P, Hamani C, Craddock RC, Kennedy SH: Subcallosal cingulate gyrus deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 64:461\u2013467, 20081863923410.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.05.034"},{"key":"b38-jns151756","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0708514","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"359","author":"Mallet L,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mallet L, Polosan M, Jaafari N, Baup N, Welter ML, Fontaine D, : Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. N Engl J Med 359:2121\u20132134, 20081900519610.1056\/NEJMoa0708514"},{"key":"b39-jns151756","series-title":"Neuron","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.02.014","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"45","author":"Mayberg HS,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mayberg HS, Lozano AM, Voon V, McNeely HE, Seminowicz D, Hamani C, : Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Neuron 45:651\u2013660, 20051574884110.1016\/j.neuron.2005.02.014"},{"key":"b40-jns151756","series-title":"Bull Acad Med","first-page":"385","article-title":"Essai d'un traitement chirurgical de certaine psychoses","volume":"115","author":"Moniz E:","year":"1936","unstructured":"Moniz E: Essai d'un traitement chirurgical de certaine psychoses. Bull Acad Med 115:385\u2013392, 1936"},{"key":"b41-jns151756","series-title":"Proc R Soc Med","first-page":"740","article-title":"The past and the future","volume":"53","author":"Northfield DWC:","year":"1960","unstructured":"Northfield DWC: The past and the future. Proc R Soc Med 53:740, 1960"},{"key":"b42-jns151756","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000064565.49299.9A","article-title":"Long-term electrical capsular stimulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"52","author":"Nuttin BJ,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nuttin BJ, Gabri\u00ebls LA, Cosyns PR, Meyerson BA, Andr\u00e9ewitch S, Sunaert SG, : Long-term electrical capsular stimulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurosurgery 52:1263\u20131274, 200310.1227\/01.NEU.0000064565.49299.9A12762871"},{"key":"b43-jns151756","series-title":"Bull Hist Med","first-page":"1","article-title":"Richard H. Shryock medal essay. Sufficient promise: John F. Fulton and the origins of psychosurgery","volume":"62","author":"Pressman JD:","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pressman JD: Richard H. Shryock medal essay. Sufficient promise: John F. Fulton and the origins of psychosurgery. Bull Hist Med 62:1\u201322, 1988"},{"key":"b44-jns151756","series-title":"G Accad Med Torino","first-page":"3","article-title":"Alcune considerazioni sugli interventi chirurgici nelle malattie mentali","volume":"100","author":"Puusepp L:","year":"1937","unstructured":"Puusepp L: Alcune considerazioni sugli interventi chirurgici nelle malattie mentali. G Accad Med Torino 100:3\u201316, 1937"},{"key":"b45-jns151756","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.03.005","article-title":"Surgery of the mind, mood, and conscious state: an idea in evolution","volume":"77","author":"Robison RA,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Robison RA, Taghva A, Liu CY, Apuzzo MLJ: Surgery of the mind, mood, and conscious state: an idea in evolution. World Neurosurg 77:662\u2013686, 201210.1016\/j.wneu.2012.03.00522446082"},{"key":"b46-jns151756","series-title":"Front Integr Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2011.00042","article-title":"Origin and evolution of deep brain stimulation","volume":"5","author":"Sironi VA:","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sironi VA: Origin and evolution of deep brain stimulation. Front Integr Neurosci 5:42, 20112188713510.3389\/fnint.2011.00042"},{"key":"b47-jns151756","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1945.8.4.241","article-title":"The functional significance of the rostral cingular cortex as revealed by its responses to electrical excitation","volume":"8","author":"Smith WK:","year":"1945","unstructured":"Smith WK: The functional significance of the rostral cingular cortex as revealed by its responses to electrical excitation. J Neurophysiol 8:241\u2013255, 194510.1152\/jn.1945.8.4.241"},{"key":"b48-jns151756","series-title":"Brain Mechanisms and Behaviour","author":"Smythies JR:","year":"1970","unstructured":"Smythies JR: Brain Mechanisms and Behaviour Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1970"},{"key":"b49-jns151756","series-title":"Br J Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.118.543.141","article-title":"Bi-frontal stereotactic tractotomy. A follow-up study of its effects on 210 patients","volume":"118","author":"Str\u00f6m-Olsen R,","year":"1971","unstructured":"Str\u00f6m-Olsen R, Carlisle S: Bi-frontal stereotactic tractotomy. A follow-up study of its effects on 210 patients. Br J Psychiatry 118:141\u2013154, 197110.1192\/bjp.118.543.1414930549"},{"key":"b50-jns151756","series-title":"Leucotomy in England and Wales 1942\u20131954: Report on Public Health and Medical Subjects No. 104","author":"Tooth JC,","year":"1961","unstructured":"Tooth JC, Newton MP: Leucotomy in England and Wales 1942\u20131954: Report on Public Health and Medical Subjects No. 104 London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1961"},{"key":"b51-jns151756","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.900730106","article-title":"A cytoarchitectural study of the prefrontal area of the macaque monkey","volume":"73","author":"Walker AE:","year":"1940","unstructured":"Walker AE: A cytoarchitectural study of the prefrontal area of the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 73:59\u201386, 194010.1002\/cne.900730106"},{"key":"b52-jns151756","series-title":"Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis","first-page":"438","article-title":"The anterior cingulate gyrus and personality","volume":"27","author":"Ward AA Jr:","year":"1948","unstructured":"Ward AA Jr: The anterior cingulate gyrus and personality. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 27:438\u2013445, 194818106863"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/126\/4\/article-p1278.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/126\/4\/article-p1278.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/126\/4\/article-p1278.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T03:11:27Z","timestamp":1742699487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/126\/4\/article-p1278.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2016.3.jns151756","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-3085"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1933-0693"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}}}