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After exposing the brainstem, white matter dissection was attempted through this endoscopic window, and additional key measurements were taken.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rostral exposure of the brainstem was limited by the sella. The lateral limits of the exposure were the intracavernous carotid arteries at the level of the sellar floor, the intrapetrous carotid arteries at the level of the petrous apex, and the inferior petrosal sinuses toward the basion. Caudal extension necessitated partial resection of the anterior C-1 arch and the odontoid process. The midline pons and medulla were exposed in all specimens. Trigeminal nerves were barely visible without the use of angled endoscopes. Access to the peritrigeminal safe zone for gaining entry into the brainstem is medially limited by the pyramidal tract, with a mean lateral pyramidal distance (LPD) of 4.8 \u00b1 0.8 mm. The mean interpyramidal distance was 3.6 \u00b1 0.5 mm, and it progressively decreased toward the pontomedullary junction. The corticospinal tracts (CSTs) coursed from deep to superficial in a craniocaudal direction. The small caliber of the medulla with very superficial CSTs left no room for a safe ventral dissection. The mean pontobasilar midline index averaged at 0.44 \u00b1 0.1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Endoscopic endonasal approaches are best suited for pontine intraaxial tumors when they are close to the midline and strictly anterior to the CST, or for exophytic lesions. Approaching the medulla is anatomically feasible, but the superficiality of the eloquent tracts and interposed nerves limit the safe entry zones. Pituitary transposition after sellar opening is necessary to access the mesencephalon.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.9.jns161503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,13]],"date-time":"2017-01-13T14:59:40Z","timestamp":1484319580000},"page":"1139-1146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Endoscopic endonasal approach to the ventral brainstem: anatomical feasibility and surgical limitations"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Walid I.","family":"Essayed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harminder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gennaro","family":"Lapadula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York;"},{"name":"Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, and Neurosurgery, \u201cSapienza,\u201d University of Rome, Rome, Italy;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo J.","family":"Almodovar-Mercado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijay K.","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theodore H.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"b1-jns161503","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"472","article-title":"The far lateral transpontomedullary sulcus approach to pontine cavernous malformations: technical report and surgical results","volume":"10","author":"Abla AA,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abla AA, Benet A, Lawton MT: The far lateral transpontomedullary sulcus approach to pontine cavernous malformations: technical report and surgical results. 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