{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T09:23:08Z","timestamp":1789723388867,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The evaluation and management of acute ischemic stroke has primarily relied on the use of conventional CT and MRI techniques as well as lumen imaging sequences such as CT angiography (CTA) and MR angiography (MRA). Several newer or less-established imaging modalities, including vessel wall MRI, transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, and 4D CTA and MRA, are being developed to complement conventional CT and MRI techniques. Vessel wall MRI provides high-resolution analysis of both extracranial and intracranial vasculature to help identify previously occult lesions or characteristics of lesions that may portend a worse natural history. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography can be used in the acute setting as a minimally invasive way of identifying large vessel occlusions or monitoring the response to stroke treatment. It can also be used to assist in the workup for cryptogenic stroke or to diagnose a patent foramen ovale. Four-dimensional CTA and MRA provide a less invasive alternative to digital subtraction angiography to determine the extent of the clot burden and the degree of collateral blood flow in large vessel occlusions. Along with technological advances, these new imaging modalities are improving the diagnosis, workup, and management of acute ischemic stroke\u2014 roles that will continue to expand in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.1.focus16503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,1]],"date-time":"2017-04-01T03:44:48Z","timestamp":1491018288000},"page":"E10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Advanced imaging in acute ischemic stroke"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Craig","family":"Kilburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Scott McNally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"de Havenon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Taussky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Yashar S.","family":"Kalani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min S.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.1.35","article-title":"Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment","volume":"24","author":"Adams HP Jr,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, : Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke 24:35\u201341, 199310.1161\/01.STR.24.1.35"},{"key":"b2-focus16503","series-title":"J Vasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2007.09.064","article-title":"Detection of intraplaque hemorrhage by magnetic resonance imaging in symptomatic patients with mild to moderate carotid stenosis predicts recurrent neurological events","volume":"47","author":"Altaf N,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Altaf N, Daniels L, Morgan PS, Auer D, MacSweeney ST, Moody AR, : Detection of intraplaque hemorrhage by magnetic resonance imaging in symptomatic patients with mild to moderate carotid stenosis predicts recurrent neurological events. J Vasc Surg 47:337\u2013342, 20081816417110.1016\/j.jvs.2007.09.064"},{"key":"b3-focus16503","series-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.05.019","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler ultrasound detection of microemboli as a predictor of cerebral events in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Best LM,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Best LM, Webb AC, Gurusamy KS, Cheng SF, Richards T: Transcranial Doppler ultrasound detection of microemboli as a predictor of cerebral events in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 52:565\u2013580, 201610.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.05.01927397116"},{"key":"b4-focus16503","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.1.JNS142452","article-title":"Contemporary carotid imaging: from degree of stenosis to plaque vulnerability","volume":"124","author":"Brinjikji W,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brinjikji W, Huston J III, Rabinstein AA, Kim GM, Lerman A, Lanzino G: Contemporary carotid imaging: from degree of stenosis to plaque vulnerability. J Neurosurg 124:27\u201342, 20162623047810.3171\/2015.1.JNS142452"},{"key":"b5-focus16503","series-title":"J Neuroimaging","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler as a predictor of ischemic events in carotid artery dissection.","author":"Brunser AM,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brunser AM, Lavados PM, Hoppe A, Mu\u00f1oz-Venturelli P, Sujima E, L\u00f3pez J, : Transcranial Doppler as a predictor of ischemic events in carotid artery dissection.. J Neuroimaging [epub ahead of print]201627491878"},{"key":"b6-focus16503","series-title":"J Neuroimaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12334","article-title":"The role of TCD in the evaluation of acute stroke","volume":"26","author":"Brunser AM,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brunser AM, Mansilla E, Hoppe A, Olavarr\u00eda V, Sujima E, Lavados PM: The role of TCD in the evaluation of acute stroke. J Neuroimaging 26:420\u2013425, 201610.1111\/jon.1233426853093"},{"key":"b7-focus16503","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105335","article-title":"Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis","volume":"365","author":"Chimowitz MI,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Derdeyn CP, Turan TN, Fiorella D, Lane BF, : Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med 365:993\u20131003, 20112189940910.1056\/NEJMoa1105335"},{"key":"b8-focus16503","series-title":"World J Cardiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v8.i7.383","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: From methodology to major clinical applications","volume":"8","author":"D'Andrea A,","year":"2016","unstructured":"D'Andrea A, Conte M, Cavallaro M, Scarafile R, Riegler L, Cocchia R, : Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: From methodology to major clinical applications. World J Cardiol 8:383\u2013400, 201610.4330\/wjc.v8.i7.38327468332"},{"key":"b9-focus16503","series-title":"Neurovascular Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40809-016-0021-6","article-title":"Intracranial vessel wall MRI: a review of current indications and future applications.","volume":"2","author":"de Havenon A,","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Havenon A, Chung L, Park M, Mossa-Basha M: Intracranial vessel wall MRI: a review of current indications and future applications.. Neurovascular Imaging 2:10, 201610.1186\/s40809-016-0021-6"},{"key":"b10-focus16503","series-title":"Transl Stroke Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-015-0414-x","article-title":"Ischemic stroke patients with active malignancy or extracardiac shunts are more likely to have a right-to-left shunt found by TCD than echocardiogram","volume":"6","author":"de Havenon A,","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Havenon A, Moore A, Sultan-Qurraie A, Majersik JJ, Stoddard G, Tirschwell D: Ischemic stroke patients with active malignancy or extracardiac shunts are more likely to have a right-to-left shunt found by TCD than echocardiogram. Transl Stroke Res 6:361\u2013364, 201510.1007\/s12975-015-0414-x"},{"key":"b11-focus16503","series-title":"Case Rep Radiol","first-page":"356582","article-title":"Nonstenotic culprit plaque: the utility of high-resolution vessel wall MRI of intracranial vessels after ischemic stroke.","volume":"2015","author":"de Havenon A,","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Havenon A, Yuan C, Tirschwell D, Hatsukami T, Anzai Y, Becker K, : Nonstenotic culprit plaque: the utility of high-resolution vessel wall MRI of intracranial vessels after ischemic stroke.. Case Rep Radiol 2015:356582, 2015"},{"key":"b12-focus16503","series-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2012.10.022","article-title":"Current status of clinical magnetic resonance imaging for plaque characterisation in patients with carotid artery stenosis","volume":"45","author":"den Hartog AG,","year":"2013","unstructured":"den Hartog AG, Bovens SM, Koning W, Hendrikse J, Luijten PR, Moll FL, : Current status of clinical magnetic resonance imaging for plaque characterisation in patients with carotid artery stenosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 45:7\u201321, 201310.1016\/j.ejvs.2012.10.022"},{"key":"b13-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.668889","article-title":"Antegrade flow across incomplete vessel occlusions can be distinguished from retrograde collateral flow using 4-dimensional computed tomographic angiography","volume":"43","author":"Fr\u00f6lich AM,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fr\u00f6lich AM, Psychogios MN, Klotz E, Schramm R, Knauth M, Schramm P: Antegrade flow across incomplete vessel occlusions can be distinguished from retrograde collateral flow using 4-dimensional computed tomographic angiography. Stroke 43:2974\u20132979, 201210.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.66888922961960"},{"key":"b14-focus16503","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3533","article-title":"4D CT angiography more closely defines intracranial thrombus burden than single-phase CT angiography","volume":"34","author":"Fr\u00f6lich AM,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fr\u00f6lich AM, Schrader D, Klotz E, Schramm R, Wasser K, Knauth M, : 4D CT angiography more closely defines intracranial thrombus burden than single-phase CT angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 34:1908\u20131913, 20132362007310.3174\/ajnr.A3533"},{"key":"b15-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.002551","article-title":"Carotid plaque MRI and stroke risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Gupta A,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gupta A, Baradaran H, Schweitzer AD, Kamel H, Pandya A, Delgado D, : Carotid plaque MRI and stroke risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 44:3071\u20133077, 201310.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.002551"},{"key":"b16-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.010748","article-title":"Dynamic magnetic resonance angiography provides collateral circulation and hemodynamic information in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"47","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez M,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez M, Puig J, Blasco G, P\u00e9rez de la Ossa N, Dorado L, D\u00e1valos A, : Dynamic magnetic resonance angiography provides collateral circulation and hemodynamic information in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 47:531\u2013534, 20162665844510.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.010748"},{"key":"b17-focus16503","series-title":"Ann Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23876","article-title":"Carotid plaque hemorrhage on magnetic resonance imaging strongly predicts recurrent ischemia and stroke","volume":"73","author":"Hosseini AA,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hosseini AA, Kandiyil N, MacSweeney STS, Altaf N, Auer DP: Carotid plaque hemorrhage on magnetic resonance imaging strongly predicts recurrent ischemia and stroke. Ann Neurol 73:774\u2013784, 20132346357910.1002\/ana.23876"},{"key":"b18-focus16503","series-title":"Clin Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2015.05.002","article-title":"Collateral circulation via the circle of Willis in patients with carotid artery steno-occlusive disease: evaluation on 3-T 4D MRA using arterial spin labelling","volume":"70","author":"Iryo Y,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iryo Y, Hirai T, Nakamura M, Inoue Y, Watanabe M, Ando Y, : Collateral circulation via the circle of Willis in patients with carotid artery steno-occlusive disease: evaluation on 3-T 4D MRA using arterial spin labelling. Clin Radiol 70:960\u2013965, 20152605927010.1016\/j.crad.2015.05.002"},{"key":"b19-focus16503","series-title":"Magn Reson Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.tn.2015-0081","article-title":"Evaluation of intracranial vasculatures in healthy subjects with arterial-spin-labeling-based 4D-MR angiography at 3T","volume":"15","author":"Iryo Y,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iryo Y, Hirai T, Nakamura M, Tateishi M, Hayashida E, Azuma M, : Evaluation of intracranial vasculatures in healthy subjects with arterial-spin-labeling-based 4D-MR angiography at 3T. Magn Reson Med Sci 15:335\u2013339, 20162670169610.2463\/mrms.tn.2015-0081"},{"key":"b20-focus16503","series-title":"Ann Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24609","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler versus transthoracic echocardiography for the detection of patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic cerebral ischemia: A systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Katsanos AH,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Katsanos AH, Psaltopoulou T, Sergentanis TN, Frogoudaki A, Vrettou AR, Ikonomidis I, : Transcranial Doppler versus transthoracic echocardiography for the detection of patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic cerebral ischemia: A systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. Ann Neurol 79:625\u2013635, 201610.1002\/ana.2460926833864"},{"key":"b21-focus16503","series-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25365","article-title":"Motion-insensitive carotid intraplaque hemorrhage imaging using 3D inversion recovery preparation stack of stars (IR-prep SOS) technique","volume":"45","author":"Kim SE,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim SE, Roberts JA, Eisenmenger LB, Aldred BW, Jamil O, Bolster BD, : Motion-insensitive carotid intraplaque hemorrhage imaging using 3D inversion recovery preparation stack of stars (IR-prep SOS) technique. J Magn Reson Imaging 45:410\u2013417, 201710.1002\/jmri.2536527383756"},{"key":"b22-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.563056","article-title":"Doppler embolic signals in cerebrovascular disease and prediction of stroke risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"King A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"King A, Markus HS: Doppler embolic signals in cerebrovascular disease and prediction of stroke risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 40:3711\u20133717, 200910.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.563056"},{"key":"b23-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.583534","article-title":"Basilar artery atherosclerotic plaques in paramedian and lacunar pontine infarctions: a high-resolution MRI study","volume":"41","author":"Klein IF,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Klein IF, Lavall\u00e9e PC, Mazighi M, Schouman-Claeys E, Labreuche J, Amarenco P: Basilar artery atherosclerotic plaques in paramedian and lacunar pontine infarctions: a high-resolution MRI study. Stroke 41:1405\u20131409, 201010.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.58353420538696"},{"key":"b24-focus16503","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4162","article-title":"4D-CTA in neurovascular disease: a review","volume":"36","author":"Kortman HG,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kortman HG, Smit EJ, Oei MT, Manniesing R, Prokop M, Meijer FJ: 4D-CTA in neurovascular disease: a review. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 36:1026\u20131033, 20152535581210.3174\/ajnr.A4162"},{"key":"b25-focus16503","series-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1159\/000135649","article-title":"Vessel wall contrast enhancement: a diagnostic sign of cerebral vasculitis","volume":"26","author":"K\u00fcker W,","year":"2008","unstructured":"K\u00fcker W, Gaertner S, Nagele T, Dopfer C, Schoning M, Fiehler J, : Vessel wall contrast enhancement: a diagnostic sign of cerebral vasculitis. Cerebrovasc Dis 26:23\u201329, 20081851186810.1159\/000135649"},{"key":"b26-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.626184","article-title":"Vessel wall MRI to differentiate between reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and central nervous system vasculitis: preliminary results","volume":"43","author":"Mandell DM,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mandell DM, Matouk CC, Farb RI, Krings T, Agid R, ter-Brugge K, : Vessel wall MRI to differentiate between reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and central nervous system vasculitis: preliminary results. Stroke 43:860\u2013862, 201210.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.62618422156692"},{"key":"b27-focus16503","series-title":"Circulation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000163561.90680.1C","article-title":"Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin in symptomatic carotid stenosis evaluated using Doppler embolic signal detection: the Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis (CARESS) trial","volume":"111","author":"Markus HS,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Markus HS, Droste DW, Kaps M, Larrue V, Lees KR, Siebler M, : Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin in symptomatic carotid stenosis evaluated using Doppler embolic signal detection: the Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis (CARESS) trial. Circulation 111:2233\u20132240, 20051585160110.1161\/01.CIR.0000163561.90680.1C"},{"key":"b28-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006286","article-title":"Intraluminal thrombus, intraplaque hemorrhage, plaque thickness, and current smoking optimally predict carotid stroke","volume":"46","author":"McNally JS,","year":"2015","unstructured":"McNally JS, McLaughlin MS, Hinckley PJ, Treiman SM, Stoddard GJ, Parker DL, : Intraluminal thrombus, intraplaque hemorrhage, plaque thickness, and current smoking optimally predict carotid stroke. Stroke 46:84\u201390, 201510.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.00628625406146"},{"key":"b29-focus16503","series-title":"J Neuroimaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12146","article-title":"Carotid MRI Detection of Intraplaque Hemorrhage at 3T and 1.5T","volume":"25","author":"McNally JS,","year":"2015","unstructured":"McNally JS, Yoon HC, Kim SE, Narra KK, McLaughlin MS, Parker DL, : Carotid MRI Detection of Intraplaque Hemorrhage at 3T and 1.5T. J Neuroimaging 25:390\u2013396, 201510.1111\/jon.12146"},{"key":"b30-focus16503","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24354","article-title":"Reduced blood flow artifact in intraplaque hemorrhage imaging using Cin-eMPRAGE","volume":"69","author":"Mendes J,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mendes J, Parker DL, Kim SE, Treiman GS: Reduced blood flow artifact in intraplaque hemorrhage imaging using Cin-eMPRAGE. Magn Reson Med 69:1276\u20131284, 201310.1002\/mrm.2435422760825"},{"key":"b31-focus16503","series-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1159\/000343227","article-title":"Plaque characteristics of asymptomatic carotid stenosis and risk of stroke","volume":"34","author":"Mono ML,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mono ML, Karameshev A, Slotboom J, Remonda L, Galimanis A, Jung S, : Plaque characteristics of asymptomatic carotid stenosis and risk of stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 34:343\u2013350, 201210.1159\/00034322723154753"},{"key":"b32-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.009037","article-title":"Multicontrast high-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging and its value in differentiating intracranial vasculopathic processes","volume":"46","author":"Mossa-Basha M,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mossa-Basha M, Hwang WD, De Havenon A, Hippe D, Balu N, Becker KJ, : Multicontrast high-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging and its value in differentiating intracranial vasculopathic processes. Stroke 46:1567\u20131573, 201510.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.00903725953365"},{"key":"b33-focus16503","series-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.06.025","article-title":"Evaluating middle cerebral artery atherosclerotic lesions in acute ischemic stroke using magnetic resonance T1-weighted 3-dimensional vessel wall imaging","volume":"23","author":"Natori T,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Natori T, Sasaki M, Miyoshi M, Ohba H, Katsura N, Yamaguchi M, : Evaluating middle cerebral artery atherosclerotic lesions in acute ischemic stroke using magnetic resonance T1-weighted 3-dimensional vessel wall imaging. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 23:706\u2013711, 20142387172810.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.06.025"},{"key":"b34-focus16503","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.09090535","article-title":"Carotid intraplaque hemorrhage imaging at 3.0-T MR imaging: comparison of the diagnostic performance of three T1-weighted sequences","volume":"254","author":"Ota H,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ota H, Yarnykh VL, Ferguson MS, Underhill HR, Demarco JK, Zhu DC, : Carotid intraplaque hemorrhage imaging at 3.0-T MR imaging: comparison of the diagnostic performance of three T1-weighted sequences. Radiology 254:551\u2013563, 201010.1148\/radiol.0909053520093526"},{"key":"b35-focus16503","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2863","article-title":"Carotid plaque neovascularization and hemorrhage detected by MR imaging are associated with recent cerebrovascular ischemic events","volume":"33","author":"Qiao Y,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Qiao Y, Etesami M, Astor BC, Zeiler SR, Trout HH III, Wasserman BA: Carotid plaque neovascularization and hemorrhage detected by MR imaging are associated with recent cerebrovascular ischemic events. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 33:755\u2013760, 201210.3174\/ajnr.A286322194363"},{"key":"b36-focus16503","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13122812","article-title":"Intracranial plaque enhancement in patients with cerebrovascular events on high-spatial-resolution MR images","volume":"271","author":"Qiao Y,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Qiao Y, Zeiler SR, Mirbagheri S, Leigh R, Urrutia V, Wityk R, : Intracranial plaque enhancement in patients with cerebrovascular events on high-spatial-resolution MR images. Radiology 271:534\u2013542, 201410.1148\/radiol.1312281224475850"},{"key":"b37-focus16503","series-title":"J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0638-8","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic impact of microembolic signals in arterial sources of embolism. A systematic review of the literature","volume":"255","author":"Ritter MA,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ritter MA, Dittrich R, Thoenissen N, Ringelstein EB, Nabavi DG: Prevalence and prognostic impact of microembolic signals in arterial sources of embolism. A systematic review of the literature. J Neurol 255:953\u2013961, 200810.1007\/s00415-008-0638-818458865"},{"key":"b38-focus16503","series-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1159\/000209238","article-title":"High resolution wall and lumen MRI of the middle cerebral arteries at 3 tesla","volume":"27","author":"Ryu CW,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ryu CW, Jahng GH, Kim EJ, Choi WS, Yang DM: High resolution wall and lumen MRI of the middle cerebral arteries at 3 tesla. Cerebrovasc Dis 27:433\u2013442, 200910.1159\/000209238"},{"key":"b39-focus16503","series-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.06.015","article-title":"Meta-analysis and systematic review of the predictive value of carotid plaque hemorrhage on cerebrovascular events by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"62","author":"Saam T,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saam T, Hetterich H, Hoffmann V, Yuan C, Dichgans M, Poppert H, : Meta-analysis and systematic review of the predictive value of carotid plaque hemorrhage on cerebrovascular events by magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 62:1081\u20131091, 201310.1016\/j.jacc.2013.06.01523850912"},{"key":"b40-focus16503","series-title":"Springerplus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2953-3","article-title":"Feasibility of non-contrast-enhanced four dimensional (4D) MRA in head and neck tumors, comparison with contrast-enhanced 4D MRA.","volume":"5","author":"Sakai M,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sakai M, Illies T, Jerusel N, Tateishi S, Uchikoshi M, Fiehler J, : Feasibility of non-contrast-enhanced four dimensional (4D) MRA in head and neck tumors, comparison with contrast-enhanced 4D MRA.. Springerplus 5:1282, 20162754765710.1186\/s40064-016-2953-3"},{"key":"b41-focus16503","series-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25118","article-title":"Optimized 4D time-of-flight MR angiography using saturation pulse","volume":"43","author":"Shibukawa S,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shibukawa S, Nishio H, Niwa T, Obara M, Miyati T, Hara T, : Optimized 4D time-of-flight MR angiography using saturation pulse. J Magn Reson Imaging 43:1320\u20131326, 20162666667010.1002\/jmri.25118"},{"key":"b42-focus16503","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2522080792","article-title":"Moderate carotid artery stenosis: MR imaging-depicted intraplaque hemorrhage predicts risk of cerebrovascular ischemic events in asymptomatic men","volume":"252","author":"Singh N,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Singh N, Moody AR, Gladstone DJ, Leung G, Ravikumar R, Zhan J, : Moderate carotid artery stenosis: MR imaging-depicted intraplaque hemorrhage predicts risk of cerebrovascular ischemic events in asymptomatic men. Radiology 252:502\u2013508, 200910.1148\/radiol.252208079219508983"},{"key":"b43-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000185922.49809.46","article-title":"Absence of microemboli on transcranial Doppler identifies low-risk patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis","volume":"36","author":"Spence JD,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Spence JD, Tamayo A, Lownie SP, Ng WP, Ferguson GG: Absence of microemboli on transcranial Doppler identifies low-risk patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke 36:2373\u20132378, 200510.1161\/01.STR.0000185922.49809.4616224084"},{"key":"b44-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000204638.91099.91","article-title":"Association between carotid plaque characteristics and subsequent ischemic cerebrovascular events: a prospective assessment with MRI--initial results","volume":"37","author":"Takaya N,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Takaya N, Yuan C, Chu B, Saam T, Underhill H, Cai J, : Association between carotid plaque characteristics and subsequent ischemic cerebrovascular events: a prospective assessment with MRI--initial results. Stroke 37:818\u2013823, 20061646995710.1161\/01.STR.0000204638.91099.91"},{"key":"b45-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000259712.64772.85","article-title":"Validation of transcranial Doppler with computed tomography angiography in acute cerebral ischemia","volume":"38","author":"Tsivgoulis G,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tsivgoulis G, Sharma VK, Lao AY, Malkoff MD, Alexandrov AV: Validation of transcranial Doppler with computed tomography angiography in acute cerebral ischemia. Stroke 38:1245\u20131249, 200710.1161\/01.STR.0000259712.64772.8517332465"},{"key":"b46-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.26.2.210","article-title":"Detection of cerebral microemboli by means of transcranial Doppler monitoring before and after carotid endarterectomy","volume":"26","author":"van Zuilen EV,","year":"1995","unstructured":"van Zuilen EV, Moll FL, Vermeulen FE, Mauser HW, van Gijn J, Ackerstaff RG: Detection of cerebral microemboli by means of transcranial Doppler monitoring before and after carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 26:210\u2013213, 199510.1161\/01.STR.26.2.210"},{"key":"b47-focus16503","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2014.10.018","article-title":"High-resolution MRI of the vessel wall in patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic stenosis of the middle cerebral artery","volume":"22","author":"Zhao DL,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao DL, Deng G, Xie B, Ju S, Yang M, Chen XH, : High-resolution MRI of the vessel wall in patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic stenosis of the middle cerebral artery. J Clin Neurosci 22:700\u2013704, 201510.1016\/j.jocn.2014.10.01825744074"},{"key":"b1-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.1.35","article-title":"Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment","volume":"24","author":"Adams HP Jr,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, : Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke 24:35\u201341, 199310.1161\/01.STR.24.1.35"},{"key":"b2-focus16503","series-title":"J Vasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2007.09.064","article-title":"Detection of intraplaque hemorrhage by magnetic resonance imaging in symptomatic patients with mild to moderate carotid stenosis predicts recurrent neurological events","volume":"47","author":"Altaf N,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Altaf N, Daniels L, Morgan PS, Auer D, MacSweeney ST, Moody AR, : Detection of intraplaque hemorrhage by magnetic resonance imaging in symptomatic patients with mild to moderate carotid stenosis predicts recurrent neurological events. J Vasc Surg 47:337\u2013342, 20081816417110.1016\/j.jvs.2007.09.064"},{"key":"b3-focus16503","series-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.05.019","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler ultrasound detection of microemboli as a predictor of cerebral events in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Best LM,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Best LM, Webb AC, Gurusamy KS, Cheng SF, Richards T: Transcranial Doppler ultrasound detection of microemboli as a predictor of cerebral events in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 52:565\u2013580, 201610.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.05.01927397116"},{"key":"b4-focus16503","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.1.JNS142452","article-title":"Contemporary carotid imaging: from degree of stenosis to plaque vulnerability","volume":"124","author":"Brinjikji W,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brinjikji W, Huston J III, Rabinstein AA, Kim GM, Lerman A, Lanzino G: Contemporary carotid imaging: from degree of stenosis to plaque vulnerability. J Neurosurg 124:27\u201342, 20162623047810.3171\/2015.1.JNS142452"},{"key":"b5-focus16503","series-title":"J Neuroimaging","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler as a predictor of ischemic events in carotid artery dissection.","author":"Brunser AM,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brunser AM, Lavados PM, Hoppe A, Mu\u00f1oz-Venturelli P, Sujima E, L\u00f3pez J, : Transcranial Doppler as a predictor of ischemic events in carotid artery dissection.. J Neuroimaging [epub ahead of print]201627491878"},{"key":"b6-focus16503","series-title":"J Neuroimaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12334","article-title":"The role of TCD in the evaluation of acute stroke","volume":"26","author":"Brunser AM,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brunser AM, Mansilla E, Hoppe A, Olavarr\u00eda V, Sujima E, Lavados PM: The role of TCD in the evaluation of acute stroke. J Neuroimaging 26:420\u2013425, 201610.1111\/jon.1233426853093"},{"key":"b7-focus16503","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105335","article-title":"Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis","volume":"365","author":"Chimowitz MI,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Derdeyn CP, Turan TN, Fiorella D, Lane BF, : Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med 365:993\u20131003, 20112189940910.1056\/NEJMoa1105335"},{"key":"b8-focus16503","series-title":"World J Cardiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v8.i7.383","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: From methodology to major clinical applications","volume":"8","author":"D'Andrea A,","year":"2016","unstructured":"D'Andrea A, Conte M, Cavallaro M, Scarafile R, Riegler L, Cocchia R, : Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: From methodology to major clinical applications. World J Cardiol 8:383\u2013400, 201610.4330\/wjc.v8.i7.38327468332"},{"key":"b9-focus16503","series-title":"Neurovascular Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40809-016-0021-6","article-title":"Intracranial vessel wall MRI: a review of current indications and future applications.","volume":"2","author":"de Havenon A,","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Havenon A, Chung L, Park M, Mossa-Basha M: Intracranial vessel wall MRI: a review of current indications and future applications.. Neurovascular Imaging 2:10, 201610.1186\/s40809-016-0021-6"},{"key":"b10-focus16503","series-title":"Transl Stroke Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-015-0414-x","article-title":"Ischemic stroke patients with active malignancy or extracardiac shunts are more likely to have a right-to-left shunt found by TCD than echocardiogram","volume":"6","author":"de Havenon A,","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Havenon A, Moore A, Sultan-Qurraie A, Majersik JJ, Stoddard G, Tirschwell D: Ischemic stroke patients with active malignancy or extracardiac shunts are more likely to have a right-to-left shunt found by TCD than echocardiogram. Transl Stroke Res 6:361\u2013364, 201510.1007\/s12975-015-0414-x"},{"key":"b11-focus16503","series-title":"Case Rep Radiol","first-page":"356582","article-title":"Nonstenotic culprit plaque: the utility of high-resolution vessel wall MRI of intracranial vessels after ischemic stroke.","volume":"2015","author":"de Havenon A,","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Havenon A, Yuan C, Tirschwell D, Hatsukami T, Anzai Y, Becker K, : Nonstenotic culprit plaque: the utility of high-resolution vessel wall MRI of intracranial vessels after ischemic stroke.. Case Rep Radiol 2015:356582, 2015"},{"key":"b12-focus16503","series-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2012.10.022","article-title":"Current status of clinical magnetic resonance imaging for plaque characterisation in patients with carotid artery stenosis","volume":"45","author":"den Hartog AG,","year":"2013","unstructured":"den Hartog AG, Bovens SM, Koning W, Hendrikse J, Luijten PR, Moll FL, : Current status of clinical magnetic resonance imaging for plaque characterisation in patients with carotid artery stenosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 45:7\u201321, 201310.1016\/j.ejvs.2012.10.022"},{"key":"b13-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.668889","article-title":"Antegrade flow across incomplete vessel occlusions can be distinguished from retrograde collateral flow using 4-dimensional computed tomographic angiography","volume":"43","author":"Fr\u00f6lich AM,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fr\u00f6lich AM, Psychogios MN, Klotz E, Schramm R, Knauth M, Schramm P: Antegrade flow across incomplete vessel occlusions can be distinguished from retrograde collateral flow using 4-dimensional computed tomographic angiography. Stroke 43:2974\u20132979, 201210.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.66888922961960"},{"key":"b14-focus16503","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3533","article-title":"4D CT angiography more closely defines intracranial thrombus burden than single-phase CT angiography","volume":"34","author":"Fr\u00f6lich AM,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fr\u00f6lich AM, Schrader D, Klotz E, Schramm R, Wasser K, Knauth M, : 4D CT angiography more closely defines intracranial thrombus burden than single-phase CT angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 34:1908\u20131913, 20132362007310.3174\/ajnr.A3533"},{"key":"b15-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.002551","article-title":"Carotid plaque MRI and stroke risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Gupta A,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gupta A, Baradaran H, Schweitzer AD, Kamel H, Pandya A, Delgado D, : Carotid plaque MRI and stroke risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 44:3071\u20133077, 201310.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.002551"},{"key":"b16-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.010748","article-title":"Dynamic magnetic resonance angiography provides collateral circulation and hemodynamic information in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"47","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez M,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez M, Puig J, Blasco G, P\u00e9rez de la Ossa N, Dorado L, D\u00e1valos A, : Dynamic magnetic resonance angiography provides collateral circulation and hemodynamic information in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 47:531\u2013534, 20162665844510.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.010748"},{"key":"b17-focus16503","series-title":"Ann Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23876","article-title":"Carotid plaque hemorrhage on magnetic resonance imaging strongly predicts recurrent ischemia and stroke","volume":"73","author":"Hosseini AA,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hosseini AA, Kandiyil N, MacSweeney STS, Altaf N, Auer DP: Carotid plaque hemorrhage on magnetic resonance imaging strongly predicts recurrent ischemia and stroke. Ann Neurol 73:774\u2013784, 20132346357910.1002\/ana.23876"},{"key":"b18-focus16503","series-title":"Clin Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2015.05.002","article-title":"Collateral circulation via the circle of Willis in patients with carotid artery steno-occlusive disease: evaluation on 3-T 4D MRA using arterial spin labelling","volume":"70","author":"Iryo Y,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iryo Y, Hirai T, Nakamura M, Inoue Y, Watanabe M, Ando Y, : Collateral circulation via the circle of Willis in patients with carotid artery steno-occlusive disease: evaluation on 3-T 4D MRA using arterial spin labelling. Clin Radiol 70:960\u2013965, 20152605927010.1016\/j.crad.2015.05.002"},{"key":"b19-focus16503","series-title":"Magn Reson Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.tn.2015-0081","article-title":"Evaluation of intracranial vasculatures in healthy subjects with arterial-spin-labeling-based 4D-MR angiography at 3T","volume":"15","author":"Iryo Y,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iryo Y, Hirai T, Nakamura M, Tateishi M, Hayashida E, Azuma M, : Evaluation of intracranial vasculatures in healthy subjects with arterial-spin-labeling-based 4D-MR angiography at 3T. Magn Reson Med Sci 15:335\u2013339, 20162670169610.2463\/mrms.tn.2015-0081"},{"key":"b20-focus16503","series-title":"Ann Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24609","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler versus transthoracic echocardiography for the detection of patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic cerebral ischemia: A systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Katsanos AH,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Katsanos AH, Psaltopoulou T, Sergentanis TN, Frogoudaki A, Vrettou AR, Ikonomidis I, : Transcranial Doppler versus transthoracic echocardiography for the detection of patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic cerebral ischemia: A systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. Ann Neurol 79:625\u2013635, 201610.1002\/ana.2460926833864"},{"key":"b21-focus16503","series-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25365","article-title":"Motion-insensitive carotid intraplaque hemorrhage imaging using 3D inversion recovery preparation stack of stars (IR-prep SOS) technique","volume":"45","author":"Kim SE,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim SE, Roberts JA, Eisenmenger LB, Aldred BW, Jamil O, Bolster BD, : Motion-insensitive carotid intraplaque hemorrhage imaging using 3D inversion recovery preparation stack of stars (IR-prep SOS) technique. J Magn Reson Imaging 45:410\u2013417, 201710.1002\/jmri.2536527383756"},{"key":"b22-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.563056","article-title":"Doppler embolic signals in cerebrovascular disease and prediction of stroke risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"King A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"King A, Markus HS: Doppler embolic signals in cerebrovascular disease and prediction of stroke risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 40:3711\u20133717, 200910.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.563056"},{"key":"b23-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.583534","article-title":"Basilar artery atherosclerotic plaques in paramedian and lacunar pontine infarctions: a high-resolution MRI study","volume":"41","author":"Klein IF,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Klein IF, Lavall\u00e9e PC, Mazighi M, Schouman-Claeys E, Labreuche J, Amarenco P: Basilar artery atherosclerotic plaques in paramedian and lacunar pontine infarctions: a high-resolution MRI study. Stroke 41:1405\u20131409, 201010.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.58353420538696"},{"key":"b24-focus16503","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4162","article-title":"4D-CTA in neurovascular disease: a review","volume":"36","author":"Kortman HG,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kortman HG, Smit EJ, Oei MT, Manniesing R, Prokop M, Meijer FJ: 4D-CTA in neurovascular disease: a review. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 36:1026\u20131033, 20152535581210.3174\/ajnr.A4162"},{"key":"b25-focus16503","series-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1159\/000135649","article-title":"Vessel wall contrast enhancement: a diagnostic sign of cerebral vasculitis","volume":"26","author":"K\u00fcker W,","year":"2008","unstructured":"K\u00fcker W, Gaertner S, Nagele T, Dopfer C, Schoning M, Fiehler J, : Vessel wall contrast enhancement: a diagnostic sign of cerebral vasculitis. Cerebrovasc Dis 26:23\u201329, 20081851186810.1159\/000135649"},{"key":"b26-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.626184","article-title":"Vessel wall MRI to differentiate between reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and central nervous system vasculitis: preliminary results","volume":"43","author":"Mandell DM,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mandell DM, Matouk CC, Farb RI, Krings T, Agid R, ter-Brugge K, : Vessel wall MRI to differentiate between reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and central nervous system vasculitis: preliminary results. Stroke 43:860\u2013862, 201210.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.62618422156692"},{"key":"b27-focus16503","series-title":"Circulation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000163561.90680.1C","article-title":"Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin in symptomatic carotid stenosis evaluated using Doppler embolic signal detection: the Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis (CARESS) trial","volume":"111","author":"Markus HS,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Markus HS, Droste DW, Kaps M, Larrue V, Lees KR, Siebler M, : Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin in symptomatic carotid stenosis evaluated using Doppler embolic signal detection: the Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis (CARESS) trial. Circulation 111:2233\u20132240, 20051585160110.1161\/01.CIR.0000163561.90680.1C"},{"key":"b28-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006286","article-title":"Intraluminal thrombus, intraplaque hemorrhage, plaque thickness, and current smoking optimally predict carotid stroke","volume":"46","author":"McNally JS,","year":"2015","unstructured":"McNally JS, McLaughlin MS, Hinckley PJ, Treiman SM, Stoddard GJ, Parker DL, : Intraluminal thrombus, intraplaque hemorrhage, plaque thickness, and current smoking optimally predict carotid stroke. Stroke 46:84\u201390, 201510.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.00628625406146"},{"key":"b29-focus16503","series-title":"J Neuroimaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12146","article-title":"Carotid MRI Detection of Intraplaque Hemorrhage at 3T and 1.5T","volume":"25","author":"McNally JS,","year":"2015","unstructured":"McNally JS, Yoon HC, Kim SE, Narra KK, McLaughlin MS, Parker DL, : Carotid MRI Detection of Intraplaque Hemorrhage at 3T and 1.5T. J Neuroimaging 25:390\u2013396, 201510.1111\/jon.12146"},{"key":"b30-focus16503","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24354","article-title":"Reduced blood flow artifact in intraplaque hemorrhage imaging using Cin-eMPRAGE","volume":"69","author":"Mendes J,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mendes J, Parker DL, Kim SE, Treiman GS: Reduced blood flow artifact in intraplaque hemorrhage imaging using Cin-eMPRAGE. Magn Reson Med 69:1276\u20131284, 201310.1002\/mrm.2435422760825"},{"key":"b31-focus16503","series-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1159\/000343227","article-title":"Plaque characteristics of asymptomatic carotid stenosis and risk of stroke","volume":"34","author":"Mono ML,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mono ML, Karameshev A, Slotboom J, Remonda L, Galimanis A, Jung S, : Plaque characteristics of asymptomatic carotid stenosis and risk of stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 34:343\u2013350, 201210.1159\/00034322723154753"},{"key":"b32-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.009037","article-title":"Multicontrast high-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging and its value in differentiating intracranial vasculopathic processes","volume":"46","author":"Mossa-Basha M,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mossa-Basha M, Hwang WD, De Havenon A, Hippe D, Balu N, Becker KJ, : Multicontrast high-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging and its value in differentiating intracranial vasculopathic processes. Stroke 46:1567\u20131573, 201510.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.00903725953365"},{"key":"b33-focus16503","series-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.06.025","article-title":"Evaluating middle cerebral artery atherosclerotic lesions in acute ischemic stroke using magnetic resonance T1-weighted 3-dimensional vessel wall imaging","volume":"23","author":"Natori T,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Natori T, Sasaki M, Miyoshi M, Ohba H, Katsura N, Yamaguchi M, : Evaluating middle cerebral artery atherosclerotic lesions in acute ischemic stroke using magnetic resonance T1-weighted 3-dimensional vessel wall imaging. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 23:706\u2013711, 20142387172810.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.06.025"},{"key":"b34-focus16503","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.09090535","article-title":"Carotid intraplaque hemorrhage imaging at 3.0-T MR imaging: comparison of the diagnostic performance of three T1-weighted sequences","volume":"254","author":"Ota H,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ota H, Yarnykh VL, Ferguson MS, Underhill HR, Demarco JK, Zhu DC, : Carotid intraplaque hemorrhage imaging at 3.0-T MR imaging: comparison of the diagnostic performance of three T1-weighted sequences. Radiology 254:551\u2013563, 201010.1148\/radiol.0909053520093526"},{"key":"b35-focus16503","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2863","article-title":"Carotid plaque neovascularization and hemorrhage detected by MR imaging are associated with recent cerebrovascular ischemic events","volume":"33","author":"Qiao Y,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Qiao Y, Etesami M, Astor BC, Zeiler SR, Trout HH III, Wasserman BA: Carotid plaque neovascularization and hemorrhage detected by MR imaging are associated with recent cerebrovascular ischemic events. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 33:755\u2013760, 201210.3174\/ajnr.A286322194363"},{"key":"b36-focus16503","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13122812","article-title":"Intracranial plaque enhancement in patients with cerebrovascular events on high-spatial-resolution MR images","volume":"271","author":"Qiao Y,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Qiao Y, Zeiler SR, Mirbagheri S, Leigh R, Urrutia V, Wityk R, : Intracranial plaque enhancement in patients with cerebrovascular events on high-spatial-resolution MR images. Radiology 271:534\u2013542, 201410.1148\/radiol.1312281224475850"},{"key":"b37-focus16503","series-title":"J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0638-8","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic impact of microembolic signals in arterial sources of embolism. A systematic review of the literature","volume":"255","author":"Ritter MA,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ritter MA, Dittrich R, Thoenissen N, Ringelstein EB, Nabavi DG: Prevalence and prognostic impact of microembolic signals in arterial sources of embolism. A systematic review of the literature. J Neurol 255:953\u2013961, 200810.1007\/s00415-008-0638-818458865"},{"key":"b38-focus16503","series-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1159\/000209238","article-title":"High resolution wall and lumen MRI of the middle cerebral arteries at 3 tesla","volume":"27","author":"Ryu CW,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ryu CW, Jahng GH, Kim EJ, Choi WS, Yang DM: High resolution wall and lumen MRI of the middle cerebral arteries at 3 tesla. Cerebrovasc Dis 27:433\u2013442, 200910.1159\/000209238"},{"key":"b39-focus16503","series-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.06.015","article-title":"Meta-analysis and systematic review of the predictive value of carotid plaque hemorrhage on cerebrovascular events by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"62","author":"Saam T,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saam T, Hetterich H, Hoffmann V, Yuan C, Dichgans M, Poppert H, : Meta-analysis and systematic review of the predictive value of carotid plaque hemorrhage on cerebrovascular events by magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 62:1081\u20131091, 201310.1016\/j.jacc.2013.06.01523850912"},{"key":"b40-focus16503","series-title":"Springerplus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2953-3","article-title":"Feasibility of non-contrast-enhanced four dimensional (4D) MRA in head and neck tumors, comparison with contrast-enhanced 4D MRA.","volume":"5","author":"Sakai M,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sakai M, Illies T, Jerusel N, Tateishi S, Uchikoshi M, Fiehler J, : Feasibility of non-contrast-enhanced four dimensional (4D) MRA in head and neck tumors, comparison with contrast-enhanced 4D MRA.. Springerplus 5:1282, 20162754765710.1186\/s40064-016-2953-3"},{"key":"b41-focus16503","series-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25118","article-title":"Optimized 4D time-of-flight MR angiography using saturation pulse","volume":"43","author":"Shibukawa S,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shibukawa S, Nishio H, Niwa T, Obara M, Miyati T, Hara T, : Optimized 4D time-of-flight MR angiography using saturation pulse. J Magn Reson Imaging 43:1320\u20131326, 20162666667010.1002\/jmri.25118"},{"key":"b42-focus16503","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2522080792","article-title":"Moderate carotid artery stenosis: MR imaging-depicted intraplaque hemorrhage predicts risk of cerebrovascular ischemic events in asymptomatic men","volume":"252","author":"Singh N,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Singh N, Moody AR, Gladstone DJ, Leung G, Ravikumar R, Zhan J, : Moderate carotid artery stenosis: MR imaging-depicted intraplaque hemorrhage predicts risk of cerebrovascular ischemic events in asymptomatic men. Radiology 252:502\u2013508, 200910.1148\/radiol.252208079219508983"},{"key":"b43-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000185922.49809.46","article-title":"Absence of microemboli on transcranial Doppler identifies low-risk patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis","volume":"36","author":"Spence JD,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Spence JD, Tamayo A, Lownie SP, Ng WP, Ferguson GG: Absence of microemboli on transcranial Doppler identifies low-risk patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke 36:2373\u20132378, 200510.1161\/01.STR.0000185922.49809.4616224084"},{"key":"b44-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000204638.91099.91","article-title":"Association between carotid plaque characteristics and subsequent ischemic cerebrovascular events: a prospective assessment with MRI--initial results","volume":"37","author":"Takaya N,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Takaya N, Yuan C, Chu B, Saam T, Underhill H, Cai J, : Association between carotid plaque characteristics and subsequent ischemic cerebrovascular events: a prospective assessment with MRI--initial results. Stroke 37:818\u2013823, 20061646995710.1161\/01.STR.0000204638.91099.91"},{"key":"b45-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000259712.64772.85","article-title":"Validation of transcranial Doppler with computed tomography angiography in acute cerebral ischemia","volume":"38","author":"Tsivgoulis G,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tsivgoulis G, Sharma VK, Lao AY, Malkoff MD, Alexandrov AV: Validation of transcranial Doppler with computed tomography angiography in acute cerebral ischemia. Stroke 38:1245\u20131249, 200710.1161\/01.STR.0000259712.64772.8517332465"},{"key":"b46-focus16503","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.26.2.210","article-title":"Detection of cerebral microemboli by means of transcranial Doppler monitoring before and after carotid endarterectomy","volume":"26","author":"van Zuilen EV,","year":"1995","unstructured":"van Zuilen EV, Moll FL, Vermeulen FE, Mauser HW, van Gijn J, Ackerstaff RG: Detection of cerebral microemboli by means of transcranial Doppler monitoring before and after carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 26:210\u2013213, 199510.1161\/01.STR.26.2.210"},{"key":"b47-focus16503","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2014.10.018","article-title":"High-resolution MRI of the vessel wall in patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic stenosis of the middle cerebral artery","volume":"22","author":"Zhao DL,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao DL, Deng G, Xie B, Ju S, Yang M, Chen XH, : High-resolution MRI of the vessel wall in patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic stenosis of the middle cerebral artery. J Clin Neurosci 22:700\u2013704, 201510.1016\/j.jocn.2014.10.01825744074"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/42\/4\/article-pE10.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/42\/4\/article-pE10.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/42\/4\/article-pE10.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T08:19:08Z","timestamp":1780733948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/42\/4\/article-pE10.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2017.1.focus16503","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}}}