{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T20:04:31Z","timestamp":1773259471920,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title><jats:p>Skull base chondrosarcoma is one of the most intractable tumors because of its aggressive biological behavior and involvement of the internal carotid artery and cranial nerves (CNs). One of the most accepted treatment strategies for skull base chondrosarcoma has been surgical removal of the tumor in conjunction with proactive extensive radiation therapy (RT) to the original tumor bed. However, the optimal strategy has not been determined. The goal of this study was to evaluate the early results of endoscopic transnasal surgery (ETS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors retrospectively analyzed 19 consecutive patients who underwent ETS at their institution since 2010. Adjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) was performed only for the small residual tumors that were not resected to avoid critical neurological complications. Histological confirmation and evaluation of the MIB-1 index was performed in all cases. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine the actuarial rate of tumor-free survival.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The median tumor volume and maximal diameter were 14.5 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> (range 1.4\u201388.4 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>) and 3.8 cm (range 1.5\u20136.7 cm), respectively. Nine patients (47%) had intradural extension of the tumor. Gross-total resection was achieved in 15 (78.9%) of the 19 patients, without any disabling complications. In 4 patients, the surgery resulted in subtotal (n = 2, 11%) or partial (n = 2, 11%) resection because the tumors involved critical structures, including the basilar artery or the lower CNs. These 4 patients were additionally treated with SRS. The median follow-up duration was 47, 28, and 27 months after the diagnosis, ETS, and SRS, respectively. In 1 patient with an anterior skull base chondrosarcoma, the tumor relapsed in the optic canal 1 year later and was treated with a second ETS. Favorable tumor control was achieved in all other patients. The actuarial tumor control rate was 93% at 5 years. At the final follow-up, all patients were alive and able to perform independent activities of daily living without continuous neurological sequelae.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>These preliminary results suggest that ETS can achieve sufficient radical tumor removal, resulting in comparative resection rates with fewer neurological complications to those in previous reports. Although the follow-up periods of these cases were relatively short, elective SRS to the small tumor remnant may be rational, achieving successful tumor control in some cases, instead of using proactive extensive RT. Thus, the addition of RT should be discussed with each patient, after due consideration of histological grading and biological behavior. To determine the efficacy of this strategy, a larger case series with a longer follow-up period is essential. However, this strategy may be able to establish evidence in the management of skull base chondrosarcoma, providing less-invasive and effective options as an initial step of treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.1.jns162000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,7]],"date-time":"2017-07-07T13:59:10Z","timestamp":1499435950000},"page":"1438-1447","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Role of endoscopic transnasal surgery for skull base chondrosarcoma: a retrospective analysis of 19 cases at a single institution"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunya","family":"Hanakita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akitake","family":"Mukasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taichi","family":"Kin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuhito","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"431","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal approach to the optic canal: anatomic considerations and surgical relevance","volume":"11","author":"Abhinav K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abhinav K, Acosta Y, Wang WH, Bonilla LR, Koutourousiou M, Wang E, : Endoscopic endonasal approach to the optic canal: anatomic considerations and surgical relevance. Neurosurgery 11 (Suppl 3):431\u2013446, 2015"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Hum Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(96)90341-X","article-title":"Chondrocytic cell differentiation in clear cell chondrosarcoma","volume":"27","author":"Aigner T","year":"1996","unstructured":"Aigner T, Dertinger S, Belke J, Kirchner T: Chondrocytic cell differentiation in clear cell chondrosarcoma. Hum Pathol 27:1301\u20131305, 1996895830210.1016\/S0046-8177(96)90341-X"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.86.2.0182","article-title":"Skull base chordomas: a management challenge","volume":"86","author":"al-Mefty O","year":"1997","unstructured":"al-Mefty O, Borba LA: Skull base chordomas: a management challenge. J Neurosurg 86:182\u2013189, 199710.3171\/jns.1997.86.2.01829010416"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23073","article-title":"Chordoma and chondrosarcoma: similar, but quite different, skull base tumors","volume":"110","author":"Almefty K","year":"2007","unstructured":"Almefty K, Pravdenkova S, Colli BO, Al-Mefty O, Gokden M: Chordoma and chondrosarcoma: similar, but quite different, skull base tumors. Cancer 110:2457\u20132467, 200710.1002\/cncr.2307317894390"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1119414","article-title":"Extended endoscopic endonasal approach to the skull base","volume":"52","author":"Arbolay OL","year":"2009","unstructured":"Arbolay OL, Gonz\u00e1lez JG, Gonz\u00e1lez RH, G\u00e1lvez YH: Extended endoscopic endonasal approach to the skull base. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 52:114\u2013118, 200910.1055\/s-0028-1119414"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1989.70.1.0013","article-title":"Fractionated proton radiation therapy of chordoma and low-grade chondrosarcoma of the base of the skull","volume":"70","author":"Austin-Seymour M","year":"1989","unstructured":"Austin-Seymour M, Munzenrider J, Goitein M, Verhey L, Urie M, Gentry R, : Fractionated proton radiation therapy of chordoma and low-grade chondrosarcoma of the base of the skull. J Neurosurg 70:13\u201317, 1989253587210.3171\/jns.1989.70.1.0013"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.05.003","article-title":"A systematic review of intracranial chondrosarcoma and survival","volume":"16","author":"Bloch OG","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bloch OG, Jian BJ, Yang I, Han SJ, Aranda D, Ahn BJ, : A systematic review of intracranial chondrosarcoma and survival. J Clin Neurosci 16:1547\u20131551, 20091979695210.1016\/j.jocn.2009.05.003"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Skull Base","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1246218","article-title":"Cranial chondrosarcoma and recurrence","volume":"20","author":"Bloch OG","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bloch OG, Jian BJ, Yang I, Han SJ, Aranda D, Ahn BJ, : Cranial chondrosarcoma and recurrence. Skull Base 20:149\u2013156, 201010.1055\/s-0029-124621821318031"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Eye (Lond)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700339","article-title":"Visual complications of proton beam therapy for clival chordoma","volume":"17","author":"Bowyer J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bowyer J, Natha S, Marsh I, Foy P: Visual complications of proton beam therapy for clival chordoma. Eye (Lond) 17:318\u2013323, 200310.1038\/sj.eye.6700339"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Otol Neurotol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mao.0000233812.48800.b4","article-title":"Chondrosarcoma of the skull base: long-term follow-up","volume":"27","author":"Brackmann DE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brackmann DE, Teufert KB: Chondrosarcoma of the skull base: long-term follow-up. Otol Neurotol 27:981\u2013991, 200610.1097\/01.mao.0000233812.48800.b417006349"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b11","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"24","article-title":"Extended endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach to the suprasellar area: anatomic considerations\u2014part 1","volume":"61","author":"Cavallo LM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cavallo LM, de Divitiis O, Aydin S, Messina A, Esposito F, Iaconetta G, : Extended endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach to the suprasellar area: anatomic considerations\u2014part 1. Neurosurgery 61 (3 Suppl):24\u201334, 2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E5","article-title":"Extended endoscopic endonasal approach to the pterygopalatine fossa: anatomical study and clinical considerations","volume":"19","author":"Cavallo LM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cavallo LM, Messina A, Gardner P, Esposito F, Kassam AB, Cappabianca P, : Extended endoscopic endonasal approach to the pterygopalatine fossa: anatomical study and clinical considerations. Neurosurg Focus 19(1):E5, 2005"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-009-0201-9","article-title":"Extended endoscopic approaches for midline skull-base lesions","volume":"32","author":"Ceylan S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ceylan S, Koc K, Anik I: Extended endoscopic approaches for midline skull-base lesions. Neurosurg Rev 32:309\u2013319, 20091940802010.1007\/s10143-009-0201-9"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Ann Ophthalmol (Skokie)","first-page":"166","article-title":"Delayed optic nerve complications after proton beam irradiation","volume":"40","author":"Chacko JG","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chacko JG, Schatz NJ, Glaser JS: Delayed optic nerve complications after proton beam irradiation. Ann Ophthalmol (Skokie) 40:166\u2013170, 2008"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Clin Otolaryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.2007.01465.x","article-title":"Endonasal endoscopic approach to the petrous apex: an image-guided quantitative anatomical study","volume":"32","author":"Chatrath P","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chatrath P, Nouraei SA, De Cordova J, Patel M, Saleh HA: Endonasal endoscopic approach to the petrous apex: an image-guided quantitative anatomical study. Clin Otolaryngol 32:255\u2013260, 200710.1111\/j.1365-2273.2007.01465.x"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-007-0099-z","article-title":"Chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base: comparative analysis of clinical results in 30 patients","volume":"31","author":"Cho YH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cho YH, Kim JH, Khang SK, Lee JK, Kim CJ: Chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base: comparative analysis of clinical results in 30 patients. Neurosurg Rev 31:35\u201343, 200810.1007\/s10143-007-0099-z17922295"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"956","article-title":"Chondrosarcoma of the temporal bone in an infant: case report and review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Colak A","year":"1992","unstructured":"Colak A, Berker M, Saglam S, Onol B: Chondrosarcoma of the temporal bone in an infant: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 31:956\u2013957, 1992"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19861215)58:12<2689::AID-CNCR2820581224>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Chondrosarcoma of the temporal bone. Diagnosis and treatment of 13 cases and review of the literature","volume":"58","author":"Coltrera MD","year":"1986","unstructured":"Coltrera MD, Googe PB, Harrist TJ, Hyams VJ, Schiller AL, Goodman ML: Chondrosarcoma of the temporal bone. Diagnosis and treatment of 13 cases and review of the literature. Cancer 58:2689\u20132696, 198610.1002\/1097-0142(19861215)58:12<2689::AID-CNCR2820581224>3.0.CO;2-P3022910"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.95.2.0184","article-title":"A multidisciplinary team approach to skull base chondrosarcomas","volume":"95","author":"Crockard HA","year":"2001","unstructured":"Crockard HA, Cheeseman A, Steel T, Revesz T, Holton JL, Plowman N, : A multidisciplinary team approach to skull base chondrosarcomas. J Neurosurg 95:184\u2013189, 200110.3171\/jns.2001.95.2.018411780886"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-014-0526-x","article-title":"Extended endoscopic endonasal transclival approach to the ventrolateral brainstem and related cisternal spaces: anatomical study","volume":"37","author":"d\u2019Avella E","year":"2014","unstructured":"d\u2019Avella E, Angileri F, de Notaris M, Ense\u00f1at J, Stagno V, Cavallo LM, : Extended endoscopic endonasal transclival approach to the ventrolateral brainstem and related cisternal spaces: anatomical study. Neurosurg Rev 37:253\u2013260, 201410.1007\/s10143-014-0526-x"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.11.JNS111964","article-title":"Extended endoscopic endonasal approach","volume":"116","author":"de Divitiis E","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Divitiis E: Extended endoscopic endonasal approach. J Neurosurg 116:688, 2012 (Letter)2214938010.3171\/2011.11.JNS111964"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2011.09.042","article-title":"Anatomy of the petrous apex as related to the endoscopic endonasal approach","volume":"19","author":"Feng K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Feng K, Qiuhang Z, Wei Z, Jiabin L, Yukui W, Ge C, : Anatomy of the petrous apex as related to the endoscopic endonasal approach. J Clin Neurosci 19:1695\u20131698, 201210.1016\/j.jocn.2011.09.042"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ONS50","article-title":"The endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal approach for the treatment of cranial base chordomas and chondrosarcomas","volume":"59","author":"Frank G","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frank G, Sciarretta V, Calbucci F, Farneti G, Mazzatenta D, Pasquini E: The endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal approach for the treatment of cranial base chordomas and chondrosarcomas. Neurosurgery 59:ONS50\u2013ONS57, 200616888551"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.7.JNS081504","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal transclival resection of chordomas: operative technique, clinical outcome, and review of the literature","volume":"112","author":"Fraser JF","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fraser JF, Nyquist GG, Moore N, Anand VK, Schwartz TH: Endoscopic endonasal transclival resection of chordomas: operative technique, clinical outcome, and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 112:1061\u20131069, 201010.3171\/2009.7.JNS08150419698043"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199505000-00001","article-title":"Chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the cranial base: results and follow-up of 60 patients","volume":"36","author":"Gay E","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gay E, Sekhar LN, Rubinstein E, Wright DC, Sen C, Janecka IP, : Chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the cranial base: results and follow-up of 60 patients. Neurosurgery 36:887\u2013897, 1995779197810.1227\/00006123-199505000-00001"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(89)90969-3","article-title":"Neurovisual outcome following proton radiation therapy","volume":"16","author":"Habrand IL","year":"1989","unstructured":"Habrand IL, Austin-Seymour M, Birnbaum S, Wray S, Carroll R, Munzenrider J, : Neurovisual outcome following proton radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 16:1601\u20131606, 1989254219810.1016\/0360-3016(89)90969-3"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19800601)45:11<2769::AID-CNCR2820451111>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Radiotherapy of chondrosarcoma of bone","volume":"45","author":"Harwood AR","year":"1980","unstructured":"Harwood AR, Krajbich JI, Fornasier VL: Radiotherapy of chondrosarcoma of bone. Cancer 45:2769\u20132777, 1980737900810.1002\/1097-0142(19800601)45:11<2769::AID-CNCR2820451111>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.10.JNS09157","article-title":"The endoscopic, endonasal, transmaxillary transpterygoid approach to the pterygopalatine fossa, infratemporal fossa, petrous apex, and the Meckel cave","volume":"113","author":"Hofstetter CP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hofstetter CP, Singh A, Anand VK, Kacker A, Schwartz TH: The endoscopic, endonasal, transmaxillary transpterygoid approach to the pterygopalatine fossa, infratemporal fossa, petrous apex, and the Meckel cave. J Neurosurg 113:967\u2013974, 201010.3171\/2009.10.JNS09157"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Head Neck","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21725","article-title":"Endonasal transpterygoid approach to the infratemporal fossa: correlation of endoscopic and multiplanar CT anatomy","volume":"34","author":"Hosseini SM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hosseini SM, Razfar A, Carrau RL, Prevedello DM, Fernandez-Miranda J, Zanation A, : Endonasal transpterygoid approach to the infratemporal fossa: correlation of endoscopic and multiplanar CT anatomy. Head Neck 34:313\u2013320, 201210.1002\/hed.21725"},{"issue":"3","key":"b30","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E11","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2001.10.3.12","article-title":"Review of skull base chordomas: prognostic factors and long-term results of proton-beam radiotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Hug EB","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hug EB: Review of skull base chordomas: prognostic factors and long-term results of proton-beam radiotherapy. Neurosurg Focus 10(3):E11, 20011673440310.3171\/foc.2001.10.3.12"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1999.91.3.0432","article-title":"Proton radiation therapy for chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base","volume":"91","author":"Hug EB","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hug EB, Loredo LN, Slater JD, DeVries A, Grove RI, Schaefer RA, : Proton radiation therapy for chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base. J Neurosurg 91:432\u2013439, 199910.3171\/jns.1999.91.3.043210470818"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-012-0858-8","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for intracranial chondrosarcoma","volume":"108","author":"Iyer A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iyer A, Kano H, Kondziolka D, Liu X, Niranjan A, Flickinger JC, : Stereotactic radiosurgery for intracranial chondrosarcoma. J Neurooncol 108:535\u2013542, 20122249224510.1007\/s11060-012-0858-8"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Skull Base","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1253574","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal approaches to management of cholesterol granuloma of the petrous apex","volume":"20","author":"Jaberoo MC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jaberoo MC, Hassan A, Pulido MA, Saleh HA: Endoscopic endonasal approaches to management of cholesterol granuloma of the petrous apex. Skull Base 20:375\u2013379, 201010.1055\/s-0030-125357421359004"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.12.JNS132580","article-title":"Skull base chondrosarcoma radiosurgery: report of the North American Gamma Knife Consortium","volume":"123","author":"Kano H","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kano H, Sheehan J, Sneed PK, McBride HL, Young B, Duma C, : Skull base chondrosarcoma radiosurgery: report of the North American Gamma Knife Consortium. J Neurosurg 123:1268\u20131275, 20152611546810.3171\/2014.12.JNS132580"},{"issue":"1","key":"b35","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2005.19.1.7","article-title":"Expanded endonasal approach: fully endoscopic, completely transnasal approach to the middle third of the clivus, petrous bone, middle cranial fossa, and infratemporal fossa","volume":"19","author":"Kassam AB","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kassam AB, Gardner P, Snyderman C, Mintz A, Carrau R: Expanded endonasal approach: fully endoscopic, completely transnasal approach to the middle third of the clivus, petrous bone, middle cranial fossa, and infratemporal fossa. Neurosurg Focus 19(1):E6, 200510.3171\/foc.2005.19.1.7"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b36","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ons71","article-title":"The front door to Meckel\u2019s cave: an anteromedial corridor via expanded endoscopic endonasal approach- technical considerations and clinical series","volume":"64","author":"Kassam AB","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kassam AB, Prevedello DM, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, Gardner P, Osawa S, : The front door to Meckel\u2019s cave: an anteromedial corridor via expanded endoscopic endonasal approach- technical considerations and clinical series. Neurosurgery 64 (3 Suppl):ons71\u2013ons73, 200919240575"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b37","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.GKS141213","article-title":"Gamma Knife surgery for intracranial chordoma and chondrosarcoma: radiosurgical perspectives and treatment outcomes","volume":"121","author":"Kim JH","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim JH, Jung HH, Chang JH, Chang JW, Park YG, Chang WS: Gamma Knife surgery for intracranial chordoma and chondrosarcoma: radiosurgical perspectives and treatment outcomes. J Neurosurg 121 Suppl:188\u2013197, 20142543495210.3171\/2014.7.GKS141213"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Head Neck","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0347(200007)22:4<408::AID-HED15>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"National cancer database report on chondrosarcoma of the head and neck","volume":"22","author":"Koch BB","year":"2000","unstructured":"Koch BB, Karnell LH, Hoffman HT, Apostolakis LW, Robinson RA, Zhen W, : National cancer database report on chondrosarcoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 22:408\u2013425, 20001086202610.1002\/1097-0347(200007)22:4<408::AID-HED15>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-010-0184-y","article-title":"Treatment with high marginal dose is mandatory to achieve long-term control of skull base chordomas and chondrosarcomas by means of stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"98","author":"Koga T","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koga T, Shin M, Saito N: Treatment with high marginal dose is mandatory to achieve long-term control of skull base chordomas and chondrosarcomas by means of stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurooncol 98:233\u2013238, 20102041938810.1007\/s11060-010-0184-y"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000156789.10394.F5","article-title":"Radiosurgery for cranial base chordomas and chondrosarcomas","volume":"56","author":"Krishnan S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Krishnan S, Foote RL, Brown PD, Pollock BE, Link MJ, Garces YI: Radiosurgery for cranial base chordomas and chondrosarcomas. Neurosurgery 56:777\u2013784, 20051579251610.1227\/01.NEU.0000156789.10394.F5"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1312706","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal management of recurrent petrous apex cholesterol granuloma","volume":"73","author":"McLaughlin N","year":"2012","unstructured":"McLaughlin N, Kelly DF, Prevedello DM, Shahlaie K, Carrau RL, Kassam AB: Endoscopic endonasal management of recurrent petrous apex cholesterol granuloma. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 73:190\u2013196, 20122373054810.1055\/s-0032-1312706"},{"issue":"4","key":"b42","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.FOCUS14349","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal surgical management of chondrosarcomas with cerebellopontine angle extension","volume":"37","author":"Mesquita Filho PM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mesquita Filho PM, Ditzel Filho LF, Prevedello DM, Martinez CA, Fiore ME, Dolci RL, : Endoscopic endonasal surgical management of chondrosarcomas with cerebellopontine angle extension. Neurosurg Focus 37(4):E13, 201410.3171\/2014.7.FOCUS1434925270132"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(99)00376-4","article-title":"Neurocognitive effects of therapeutic irradiation for base of skull tumors","volume":"46","author":"Meyers CA","year":"2000","unstructured":"Meyers CA, Geara F, Wong PF, Morrison WH: Neurocognitive effects of therapeutic irradiation for base of skull tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46:51\u201355, 200010.1016\/S0360-3016(99)00376-410656372"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.11.JNS14827","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal resection of skull base chondrosarcomas: technique and early results","volume":"122","author":"Moussazadeh N","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moussazadeh N, Kulwin C, Anand VK, Ting JY, Gamss C, Iorgulescu JB, : Endoscopic endonasal resection of skull base chondrosarcomas: technique and early results. J Neurosurg 122:735\u2013742, 201510.3171\/2014.11.JNS1482725594323"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Laryngoscope","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200201000-00023","article-title":"Chondrosarcoma of the skull base","volume":"112","author":"Neff B","year":"2002","unstructured":"Neff B, Sataloff RT, Storey L, Hawkshaw M, Spiegel JR: Chondrosarcoma of the skull base. Laryngoscope 112:134\u2013139, 20021180205110.1097\/00005537-200201000-00023"},{"issue":"5 Suppl 2","key":"b46","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"385","article-title":"Microsurgical and endoscopic anatomy of the vidian canal","volume":"64","author":"Osawa S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Osawa S, Rhoton AL Jr, Seker A, Shimizu S, Fujii K, Kassam AB: Microsurgical and endoscopic anatomy of the vidian canal. Neurosurgery 64 (5 Suppl 2):385\u2013412, 200919404118"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.11.JNS111077","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal approach to cholesterol granulomas of the petrous apex: a series of 17 patients: clinical article","volume":"116","author":"Paluzzi A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Paluzzi A, Gardner P, Fernandez-Miranda JC, Pinheiro-Neto CD, Scopel TF, Koutourousiou M, : Endoscopic endonasal approach to cholesterol granulomas of the petrous apex: a series of 17 patients: clinical article. J Neurosurg 116:792\u2013798, 20122222478810.3171\/2011.11.JNS111077"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199911000-00007","article-title":"Chondrosarcoma of the base of the skull: a clinicopathologic study of 200 cases with emphasis on its distinction from chordoma","volume":"23","author":"Rosenberg AE","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rosenberg AE, Nielsen GP, Keel SB, Renard LG, Fitzek MM, Munzenrider JE, : Chondrosarcoma of the base of the skull: a clinicopathologic study of 200 cases with emphasis on its distinction from chordoma. Am J Surg Pathol 23:1370\u20131378, 199910.1097\/00000478-199911000-0000710555005"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou347","article-title":"Image-guided, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IG-IMRT) for skull base chordoma and chondrosarcoma: preliminary outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Sahgal A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sahgal A, Chan MW, Atenafu EG, Masson-Cote L, Bahl G, Yu E, : Image-guided, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IG-IMRT) for skull base chordoma and chondrosarcoma: preliminary outcomes. Neuro Oncol 17:889\u2013894, 201510.1093\/neuonc\/nou34725543126"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS-07\/08\/0319","article-title":"Chordomas of the skull base: surgical management and outcome","volume":"107","author":"Samii A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Samii A, Gerganov VM, Herold C, Hayashi N, Naka T, Mirzayan MJ, : Chordomas of the skull base: surgical management and outcome. J Neurosurg 107:319\u2013324, 200710.3171\/JNS-07\/08\/031917695386"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1177\/000348941312201206","article-title":"Skull base chondrosarcomas: surgical treatment and results","volume":"122","author":"Sbaihat A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sbaihat A, Bacciu A, Pasanisi E, Sanna M: Skull base chondrosarcomas: surgical treatment and results. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 122:763\u2013770, 201310.1177\/00034894131220120624592579"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2010.03.001","article-title":"Temporal lobe reactions after radiotherapy with carbon ions: incidence and estimation of the relative biological effectiveness by the local effect model","volume":"80","author":"Schlampp I","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schlampp I, Karger CP, J\u00e4kel O, Scholz M, Didinger B, Nikoghosyan A, : Temporal lobe reactions after radiotherapy with carbon ions: incidence and estimation of the relative biological effectiveness by the local effect model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 80:815\u2013823, 201110.1016\/j.ijrobp.2010.03.00120638186"},{"issue":"3","key":"b53","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2001.10.3.3","article-title":"Chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base: results and complications of surgical management","volume":"10","author":"Sekhar LN","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sekhar LN, Pranatartiharan R, Chanda A, Wright DC: Chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base: results and complications of surgical management. Neurosurg Focus 10(3):E2, 200110.3171\/foc.2001.10.3.316734405"},{"key":"b54","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198912000-00013","article-title":"Chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the cranial base: an 8-year experience","volume":"25","author":"Sen CN","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sen CN, Sekhar LN, Schramm VL, Janecka IP: Chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the cranial base: an 8-year experience. Neurosurgery 25:931\u2013941, 1989260182510.1227\/00006123-198912000-00013"},{"key":"b55","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.oa.2014-0280","article-title":"Endoscopic transnasal interseptal approach for invasive clival tumors: development of an approach method regarding maximal preservation of the nasal anatomy","volume":"55","author":"Shin M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shin M, Kondo K, Kin T, Suzukawa K, Saito N: Endoscopic transnasal interseptal approach for invasive clival tumors: development of an approach method regarding maximal preservation of the nasal anatomy. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 55:336\u2013344, 201510.2176\/nmc.oa.2014-0280"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.1.JNS151979","article-title":"Endoscopic transsphenoidal anterior petrosal approach for locally aggressive tumors involving the internal auditory canal, jugular fossa, and cavernous sinus","volume":"126","author":"Shin M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shin M, Kondo K, Hanakita S, Hasegawa H, Yoshino M, Teranishi Y, : Endoscopic transsphenoidal anterior petrosal approach for locally aggressive tumors involving the internal auditory canal, jugular fossa, and cavernous sinus. J Neurosurg 126:212\u2013221, 20172703517310.3171\/2016.1.JNS151979"},{"key":"b57","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.52.697","article-title":"Neuroendoscopic transnasal surgery for skull base tumors: basic approaches, avoidance of pitfalls, and recent innovations","volume":"52","author":"Shin M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shin M, Kondo K, Saito N: Neuroendoscopic transnasal surgery for skull base tumors: basic approaches, avoidance of pitfalls, and recent innovations. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 52:697\u2013703, 201210.2176\/nmc.52.697"},{"key":"b58","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(88)90301-X","article-title":"Endocrine function following high dose proton therapy for tumors of the upper clivus","volume":"15","author":"Slater JD","year":"1988","unstructured":"Slater JD, Austin-Seymour M, Munzenrider J, Birnbaum S, Carroll R, Klibanski A, : Endocrine function following high dose proton therapy for tumors of the upper clivus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 15:607\u2013611, 198810.1016\/0360-3016(88)90301-X3138212"},{"key":"b59","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.1.JNS142526","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal translacerum approach to the inferior petrous apex","volume":"124","author":"Taniguchi M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taniguchi M, Akutsu N, Mizukawa K, Kohta M, Kimura H, Kohmura E: Endoscopic endonasal translacerum approach to the inferior petrous apex. J Neurosurg 124:1032\u20131038, 201610.3171\/2015.1.JNS142526"},{"key":"b60","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-011-1225-9","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal removal of laterally extended clival chordoma using side-viewing scopes","volume":"154","author":"Taniguchi M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Taniguchi M, Kohmura E: Endoscopic endonasal removal of laterally extended clival chordoma using side-viewing scopes. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 154:627\u2013632, 201210.1007\/s00701-011-1225-9"},{"key":"b61","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000215892.65663.54","article-title":"Patient outcome at long-term follow-up after aggressive microsurgical resection of cranial base chondrosarcomas","volume":"58","author":"Tzortzidis F","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tzortzidis F, Elahi F, Wright DC, Temkin N, Natarajan SK, Sekhar LN: Patient outcome at long-term follow-up after aggressive microsurgical resection of cranial base chondrosarcomas. Neurosurgery 58:1090\u20131098, 20061672388810.1227\/01.NEU.0000215892.65663.54"},{"key":"b62","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.19.5.604","article-title":"Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients","volume":"19","author":"van Swieten JC","year":"1988","unstructured":"van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Visser MC, Schouten HJ, van Gijn J: Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke 19:604\u2013607, 198810.1161\/01.STR.19.5.6043363593"},{"key":"b63","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nov154","article-title":"Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors of skull-base chondrosarcoma patients treated with pencil-beam scanning proton therapy at the Paul Scherrer Institute","volume":"18","author":"Weber DC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weber DC, Badiyan S, Malyapa R, Albertini F, Bolsi A, Lomax AJ, : Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors of skull-base chondrosarcoma patients treated with pencil-beam scanning proton therapy at the Paul Scherrer Institute. Neuro Oncol 18:236\u2013243, 20162632360810.1093\/neuonc\/nov154"},{"key":"b64","series-title":"Radiother Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2016.05.011","article-title":"Long term outcomes of patients with skull-base low-grade chondrosarcoma and chordoma patients treated with pencil beam scanning proton therapy","volume":"120","author":"Weber DC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weber DC, Malyapa R, Albertini F, Bolsi A, Kliebsch U, Walser M, : Long term outcomes of patients with skull-base low-grade chondrosarcoma and chordoma patients treated with pencil beam scanning proton therapy. Radiother Oncol 120:169\u2013174, 201610.1016\/j.radonc.2016.05.01127247057"},{"key":"b65","series-title":"Laryngoscope","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20027","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal surgery for petrous apex lesions","volume":"119","author":"Zanation AM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zanation AM, Snyderman CH, Carrau RL, Gardner PA, Prevedello DM, Kassam AB: Endoscopic endonasal surgery for petrous apex lesions. Laryngoscope 119:19\u201325, 200910.1002\/lary.2002719117306"},{"key":"b66","series-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1159\/000114536","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal surgery for clival chordoma and chondrosarcoma","volume":"70","author":"Zhang Q","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Kong F, Yan B, Ni Z, Liu H: Endoscopic endonasal surgery for clival chordoma and chondrosarcoma. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 70:124\u2013129, 200810.1159\/00011453618408411"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/128\/5\/article-p1438.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/128\/5\/article-p1438.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/128\/5\/article-p1438.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T06:06:33Z","timestamp":1743401193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/128\/5\/article-p1438.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2017.1.jns162000","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}}}