{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:37:11Z","timestamp":1789537031978,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Focused ultrasound (FUS) has been under investigation for neurosurgical applications since the 1940s. Early experiments demonstrated ultrasound as an effective tool for the creation of intracranial lesions; however, they were limited by the need for craniotomy to avoid trajectory damage and wave distortion by the skull, and they also lacked effective techniques for monitoring. Since then, the development and hemispheric distribution of phased arrays has resolved the issue of the skull and allowed for a completely transcranial procedure. Similarly, advances in MR technology have allowed for the real-time guidance of FUS procedures using MR thermometry. MR-guided FUS (MRgFUS) has primarily been investigated for its thermal lesioning capabilities and was recently approved for use in essential tremor. In this capacity, the use of MRgFUS is being investigated for other ablative indications in functional neurosurgery and neurooncology. Other applications of MRgFUS that are under active investigation include opening of the blood-brain barrier to facilitate delivery of therapeutic agents, neuromodulation, and thrombolysis. These recent advances suggest a promising future for MRgFUS as a viable and noninvasive neurosurgical tool, with strong potential for yet-unrealized applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.11.focus17586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T03:37:25Z","timestamp":1517456245000},"page":"E2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Focused ultrasound in neurosurgery: a historical perspective"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Maya","family":"Harary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Segar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin T.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian J.","family":"Tafel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo A.","family":"Valdes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Rees","family":"Cosgrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry","first-page":"457","article-title":"Ultrasonically produced changes in the blood-brain barrier","volume":"76","author":"Bakay L","year":"1956","unstructured":"Bakay L, Ballantine HT Jr, Hueter TF, Sosa D: Ultrasonically produced changes in the blood-brain barrier. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 76:457\u2013467, 1956"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Exp Med","first-page":"337","article-title":"Focal destruction of nervous tissue by focused ultrasound: biophysical factors influencing its application","volume":"104","author":"Ballantine HT Jr","year":"1956","unstructured":"Ballantine HT Jr, Hueter TF, Nauta WJ, Sosa DM: Focal destruction of nervous tissue by focused ultrasound: biophysical factors influencing its application. J Exp Med 104:337\u2013360, 1956"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Ultrasonics","first-page":"213","article-title":"Paul Langevin","volume":"10","author":"Briquard P","year":"1972","unstructured":"Briquard P: Paul Langevin. Ultrasonics 10:213\u2013214, 1972"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e27877","article-title":"Targeted delivery of neural stem cells to the brain using MRI-guided focused ultrasound to disrupt the blood-brain barrier","volume":"6","author":"Burgess A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burgess A, Ayala-Grosso CA, Ganguly M, Jord\u00e3o JF, Aubert I, Hynynen K: Targeted delivery of neural stem cells to the brain using MRI-guided focused ultrasound to disrupt the blood-brain barrier. PLoS One 6:e27877, 2011"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Control Release","first-page":"125","article-title":"Focused ultrasound for targeted delivery of siRNA and efficient knockdown of Htt expression","volume":"163","author":"Burgess A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burgess A, Huang Y, Querbes W, Sah DW, Hynynen K: Focused ultrasound for targeted delivery of siRNA and efficient knockdown of Htt expression. J Control Release 163:125\u2013129, 2012"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"354","article-title":"Focused ultrasound: relevant history and prospects for the addition of mechanical energy to the neurosurgical armamentarium","volume":"82","author":"Christian E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Christian E, Yu C, Apuzzo ML: Focused ultrasound: relevant history and prospects for the addition of mechanical energy to the neurosurgical armamentarium. World Neurosurg 82:354\u2013365, 2014"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Med Phys","first-page":"2017","article-title":"Thermal dosimetry of a focused ultrasound beam in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"26","author":"Chung AH","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chung AH, Jolesz FA, Hynynen K: Thermal dosimetry of a focused ultrasound beam in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging. Med Phys 26:2017\u20132026, 1999"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Phys Med Biol","first-page":"1219","article-title":"A non-invasive method for focusing ultrasound through the human skull","volume":"47","author":"Clement GT","year":"2002","unstructured":"Clement GT, Hynynen K: A non-invasive method for focusing ultrasound through the human skull. Phys Med Biol 47:1219\u20131236, 2002"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","first-page":"628","article-title":"MR temperature mapping of focused ultrasound surgery","volume":"31","author":"Cline HE","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cline HE, Hynynen K, Hardy CJ, Watkins RD, Schenck JF, Jolesz FA: MR temperature mapping of focused ultrasound surgery. Magn Reson Med 31:628\u2013636, 1994"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"731","article-title":"Focused US system for MR imaging-guided tumor ablation","volume":"194","author":"Cline HE","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cline HE, Hynynen K, Watkins RD, Adams WJ, Schenck JF, Ettinger RH, : Focused US system for MR imaging-guided tumor ablation. Radiology 194:731\u2013737, 1995"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","first-page":"98","article-title":"Magnetic resonance-guided thermal surgery","volume":"30","author":"Cline HE","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cline HE, Schenck JF, Watkins RD, Hynynen K, Jolesz FA: Magnetic resonance-guided thermal surgery. Magn Reson Med 30:98\u2013106, 1993"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci","first-page":"291","article-title":"[Crystal physics: Development by pressure of polar electricity in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces.]","volume":"91","author":"Curie PJ","year":"1880","unstructured":"Curie PJ, Curie P: [Crystal physics: Development by pressure of polar electricity in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces.] C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci 91:291, 1880 (Fr)"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Acoust Soc Am","first-page":"1641","article-title":"The effect of various physical parameters on the size and shape of necrosed tissue volume during ultrasound surgery","volume":"95","author":"Damianou C","year":"1994","unstructured":"Damianou C, Hynynen K: The effect of various physical parameters on the size and shape of necrosed tissue volume during ultrasound surgery. J Acoust Soc Am 95:1641\u20131649, 1994"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"640","article-title":"A pilot study of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor","volume":"369","author":"Elias WJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Elias WJ, Huss D, Voss T, Loomba J, Khaled M, Zadicario E, : A pilot study of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor. N Engl J Med 369:640\u2013648, 2013"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"730","article-title":"A randomized trial of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor","volume":"375","author":"Elias WJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elias WJ, Lipsman N, Ondo WG, Ghanouni P, Kim YG, Lee W, : A randomized trial of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor. N Engl J Med 375:730\u2013739, 2016"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"86","article-title":"Pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound enhances thrombolysis in an in vitro model","volume":"239","author":"Frenkel V","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frenkel V, Oberoi J, Stone MJ, Park M, Deng C, Wood BJ, : Pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound enhances thrombolysis in an in vitro model. Radiology 239:86\u201393, 2006"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Science","first-page":"83","article-title":"Production of reversible changes in the central nervous system by ultrasound","volume":"127","author":"Fry FJ","year":"1958","unstructured":"Fry FJ, Ades HW, Fry WJ: Production of reversible changes in the central nervous system by ultrasound. Science 127:83\u201384, 1958"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"IRE Trans Med Electron ME","first-page":"166","article-title":"Fundamental neurological research and human neurosurgery using intense ultrasound","volume":"7","author":"Fry WJ","year":"1960","unstructured":"Fry WJ, Fry FJ: Fundamental neurological research and human neurosurgery using intense ultrasound. IRE Trans Med Electron ME-7:166\u2013181, 1960"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"471","article-title":"Production of focal destructive lesions in the central nervous system with ultrasound","volume":"11","author":"Fry WJ","year":"1954","unstructured":"Fry WJ, Mosberg WH Jr, Barnard JW, Fry FJ: Production of focal destructive lesions in the central nervous system with ultrasound. J Neurosurg 11:471\u2013478, 1954"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Z Phys","first-page":"342","article-title":"Piezoelektrischer Kristall mit Ultraschallkonvergenz","volume":"96","author":"Gruetzmacher J","year":"1935","unstructured":"Gruetzmacher J: Piezoelektrischer Kristall mit Ultraschallkonvergenz. Z Phys 96:342\u2013349, 1935"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"J Neurooncol","first-page":"271","article-title":"Treatment of malignant brain tumors with focused ultrasound hyperthermia and radiation: results of a phase I trial","volume":"10","author":"Guthkelch AN","year":"1991","unstructured":"Guthkelch AN, Carter LP, Cassady JR, Hynynen KH, Iacono RP, Johnson PC, : Treatment of malignant brain tumors with focused ultrasound hyperthermia and radiation: results of a phase I trial. J Neurooncol 10:271\u2013284, 1991"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"J Med Sci Biophysics, Japan","article-title":"Einfl\u00fcsse der Ultraschallwellen auf das Wachstum des Rattensarkams","volume":"162","author":"Hayashi S","year":"1938","unstructured":"Hayashi S: Einfl\u00fcsse der Ultraschallwellen auf das Wachstum des Rattensarkams. J Med Sci Biophysics, Japan 162, 1938"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Ultrasound in Medicine","first-page":"273","article-title":"Ultrasound potentiation of chemotherapy for brain malignancy","author":"Heimburger RF","year":"1975","unstructured":"Heimburger RF, Fry FJ, Franklin TD, Eggleton RC: Ultrasound potentiation of chemotherapy for brain malignancy, in White D (ed): Ultrasound in Medicine. New York: Plenum Press, 1975, pp 273\u2013281"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Strahlentherapie","first-page":"279","article-title":"Morphologische Untersuchungen \u00fcber die Wirkung der Ultraschallwellen auf das Karzinomgewebe","volume":"77","author":"Horvath J","year":"1948","unstructured":"Horvath J: Morphologische Untersuchungen \u00fcber die Wirkung der Ultraschallwellen auf das Karzinomgewebe. Strahlentherapie 77:279, 1948"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"J Cancer","first-page":"225","article-title":"Clinical application of high-intensity focused ultrasound in cancer therapy","volume":"7","author":"Hsiao YH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hsiao YH, Kuo SJ, Tsai HD, Chou MC, Yeh GP: Clinical application of high-intensity focused ultrasound in cancer therapy. J Cancer 7:225\u2013231, 2016"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"123","article-title":"Opening the blood-brain barrier with MR imaging-guided focused ultrasound: preclinical testing on a trans-human skull porcine model","volume":"282","author":"Huang Y","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang Y, Alkins R, Schwartz ML, Hynynen K: Opening the blood-brain barrier with MR imaging-guided focused ultrasound: preclinical testing on a trans-human skull porcine model. Radiology 282:123\u2013130, 2017"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","first-page":"100","article-title":"500-element ultrasound phased array system for noninvasive focal surgery of the brain: a preliminary rabbit study with ex vivo human skulls","volume":"52","author":"Hynynen K","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hynynen K, Clement GT, McDannold N, Vykhodtseva N, King R, White PJ, : 500-element ultrasound phased array system for noninvasive focal surgery of the brain: a preliminary rabbit study with ex vivo human skulls. Magn Reson Med 52:100\u2013107, 2004"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Radiographics","first-page":"185","article-title":"A clinical, noninvasive, MR imaging-monitored ultrasound surgery method","volume":"16","author":"Hynynen K","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hynynen K, Freund WR, Cline HE, Chung AH, Watkins RD, Vetro JP, : A clinical, noninvasive, MR imaging-monitored ultrasound surgery method. Radiographics 16:185\u2013195, 1996"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","first-page":"275","article-title":"Demonstration of potential noninvasive ultrasound brain therapy through an intact skull","volume":"24","author":"Hynynen K","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hynynen K, Jolesz FA: Demonstration of potential noninvasive ultrasound brain therapy through an intact skull. Ultrasound Med Biol 24:275\u2013283, 1998"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"12","article-title":"Local and reversible blood-brain barrier disruption by noninvasive focused ultrasound at frequencies suitable for trans-skull sonications","volume":"24","author":"Hynynen K","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hynynen K, McDannold N, Sheikov NA, Jolesz FA, Vykhodtseva N: Local and reversible blood-brain barrier disruption by noninvasive focused ultrasound at frequencies suitable for trans-skull sonications. Neuroimage 24:12\u201320, 2005"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"640","article-title":"Noninvasive MR imaging-guided focal opening of the blood-brain barrier in rabbits","volume":"220","author":"Hynynen K","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hynynen K, McDannold N, Vykhodtseva N, Jolesz FA: Noninvasive MR imaging-guided focal opening of the blood-brain barrier in rabbits. Radiology 220:640\u2013646, 2001"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"247","article-title":"Thermal effects of focused ultrasound on the brain: determination with MR imaging","volume":"204","author":"Hynynen K","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hynynen K, Vykhodtseva NI, Chung AH, Sorrentino V, Colucci V, Jolesz FA: Thermal effects of focused ultrasound on the brain: determination with MR imaging. Radiology 204:247\u2013253, 1997"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"201","article-title":"High-intensity focused ultrasound surgery of the brain: part 1\u2014a historical perspective with modern applications","volume":"64","author":"Jagannathan J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jagannathan J, Sanghvi NT, Crum LA, Yen CP, Medel R, Dumont AS, : High-intensity focused ultrasound surgery of the brain: part 1\u2014a historical perspective with modern applications. Neurosurgery 64:201\u2013211, 2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"b34","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound: noninvasive central lateral thalamotomy for chronic neuropathic pain","volume":"32","author":"Jeanmonod D","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jeanmonod D, Werner B, Morel A, Michels L, Zadicario E, Schiff G, : Transcranial magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound: noninvasive central lateral thalamotomy for chronic neuropathic pain. Neurosurg Focus 32(1):E1, 2012"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Annu Rev Med","first-page":"417","article-title":"MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgery","volume":"60","author":"Jolesz FA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jolesz FA: MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgery. Annu Rev Med 60:417\u2013430, 2009"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e10549","article-title":"Antibodies targeted to the brain with image-guided focused ultrasound reduces amyloid-beta plaque load in the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Jord\u00e3o JF","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jord\u00e3o JF, Ayala-Grosso CA, Markham K, Huang Y, Chopra R, McLaurin J, : Antibodies targeted to the brain with image-guided focused ultrasound reduces amyloid-beta plaque load in the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PLoS One 5:e10549, 2010"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Mol Psychiatry","first-page":"1205","article-title":"Bilateral thermal capsulotomy with MR-guided focused ultrasound for patients with treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"20","author":"Jung HH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jung HH, Kim SJ, Roh D, Chang JG, Chang WS, Kweon EJ, : Bilateral thermal capsulotomy with MR-guided focused ultrasound for patients with treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a proof-of-concept study. Mol Psychiatry 20:1205\u20131211, 2015"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"11719","article-title":"Noninvasive localized delivery of Herceptin to the mouse brain by MRI-guided focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier disruption","volume":"103","author":"Kinoshita M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kinoshita M, McDannold N, Jolesz FA, Hynynen K: Noninvasive localized delivery of Herceptin to the mouse brain by MRI-guided focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier disruption. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:11719\u201311723, 2006"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry","first-page":"399","article-title":"Prefrontal ultrasonic irradiation\u2014a substitute for lobotomy","volume":"72","author":"Lindstrom PA","year":"1954","unstructured":"Lindstrom PA: Prefrontal ultrasonic irradiation\u2014a substitute for lobotomy. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 72:399\u2013425, 1954"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"462","article-title":"MR-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"12","author":"Lipsman N","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lipsman N, Schwartz ML, Huang Y, Lee L, Sankar T, Chapman M, : MR-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor: a proof-of-concept study. Lancet Neurol 12:462\u2013468, 2013"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"415","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier disruption with focused ultrasound enhances delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs for glioblastoma treatment","volume":"255","author":"Liu HL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu HL, Hua MY, Chen PY, Chu PC, Pan CH, Yang HW, : Blood-brain barrier disruption with focused ultrasound enhances delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs for glioblastoma treatment. Radiology 255:415\u2013425, 2010"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Am J Pathol","first-page":"637","article-title":"Histology of cerebral lesions produced by focused ultrasound","volume":"20","author":"Lynn JG","year":"1944","unstructured":"Lynn JG, Putnam TJ: Histology of cerebral lesions produced by focused ultrasound. Am J Pathol 20:637\u2013649, 1944"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"J Gen Physiol","first-page":"179","article-title":"A new method for the generation and use of focused ultrasound in experimental biology","volume":"26","author":"Lynn JG","year":"1942","unstructured":"Lynn JG, Zwemer RL, Chick AJ, Miller AE: A new method for the generation and use of focused ultrasound in experimental biology. J Gen Physiol 26:179\u2013193, 1942"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"J Ther Ultrasound","first-page":"11","article-title":"First experience with MR-guided focused ultrasound in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Magara A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Magara A, B\u00fchler R, Moser D, Kowalski M, Pourtehrani P, Jeanmonod D: First experience with MR-guided focused ultrasound in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Ther Ultrasound 2:11, 2014"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"3652","article-title":"Temporary disruption of the blood-brain barrier by use of ultrasound and microbubbles: safety and efficacy evaluation in rhesus macaques","volume":"72","author":"McDannold N","year":"2012","unstructured":"McDannold N, Arvanitis CD, Vykhodtseva N, Livingstone MS: Temporary disruption of the blood-brain barrier by use of ultrasound and microbubbles: safety and efficacy evaluation in rhesus macaques. Cancer Res 72:3652\u20133663, 2012"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"323","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic resonance imaging- guided focused ultrasound surgery of brain tumors: initial findings in 3 patients","volume":"66","author":"McDannold N","year":"2010","unstructured":"McDannold N, Clement GT, Black P, Jolesz F, Hynynen K: Transcranial magnetic resonance imaging- guided focused ultrasound surgery of brain tumors: initial findings in 3 patients. Neurosurgery 66:323\u2013332, 2010"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging","first-page":"421","article-title":"MRI monitoring of the thermal ablation of tissue: effects of long exposure times","volume":"13","author":"McDannold N","year":"2001","unstructured":"McDannold N, Hynynen K, Jolesz F: MRI monitoring of the thermal ablation of tissue: effects of long exposure times. J Magn Reson Imaging 13:421\u2013427, 2001"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","first-page":"913","article-title":"MRI investigation of the threshold for thermally induced blood-brain barrier disruption and brain tissue damage in the rabbit brain","volume":"51","author":"McDannold N","year":"2004","unstructured":"McDannold N, Vykhodtseva N, Jolesz FA, Hynynen K: MRI investigation of the threshold for thermally induced blood-brain barrier disruption and brain tissue damage in the rabbit brain. Magn Reson Med 51:913\u2013923, 2004"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"328","article-title":"The effects of hyperthermia on normal mesenchymal tissues. Application of a histologic grading system","volume":"107","author":"Meshorer A","year":"1983","unstructured":"Meshorer A, Prionas SD, Fajardo LF, Meyer JL, Hahn GM, Martinez AA: The effects of hyperthermia on normal mesenchymal tissues. Application of a histologic grading system. Arch Pathol Lab Med 107:328\u2013334, 1983"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","first-page":"389","article-title":"High-intensity focused ultrasound selectively disrupts the blood-brain barrier in vivo","volume":"28","author":"Mesiwala AH","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mesiwala AH, Farrell L, Wenzel HJ, Silbergeld DL, Crum LA, Winn HR, : High-intensity focused ultrasound selectively disrupts the blood-brain barrier in vivo. Ultrasound Med Biol 28:389\u2013400, 2002"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"32","article-title":"Early experiences with ultrasonic irradiation of the pallidofugal and nigral complexes in hyperkinetic and hypertonic disorders","volume":"16","author":"Meyers R","year":"1959","unstructured":"Meyers R, Fry WJ, Fry FJ, Dreyer LL, Schultz DF, Noyes RF: Early experiences with ultrasonic irradiation of the pallidofugal and nigral complexes in hyperkinetic and hypertonic disorders. J Neurosurg 16:32\u201354, 1959"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"BMC Neurosci","first-page":"23","article-title":"Focused ultrasound-mediated suppression of chemically-induced acute epileptic EEG activity","volume":"12","author":"Min BK","year":"2011","unstructured":"Min BK, Bystritsky A, Jung KI, Fischer K, Zhang Y, Maeng LS, : Focused ultrasound-mediated suppression of chemically-induced acute epileptic EEG activity. BMC Neurosci 12:23, 2011"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"137","article-title":"Origins of intraoperative MRI","volume":"20","author":"Mislow JM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mislow JM, Golby AJ, Black PM: Origins of intraoperative MRI. Neurosurg Clin N Am 20:137\u2013146, 2009"},{"issue":"5","key":"b54","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E14","article-title":"Transcranial MR-guided focused ultrasound sonothrombolysis in the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"34","author":"Monteith SJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Monteith SJ, Kassell NF, Goren O, Harnof S: Transcranial MR-guided focused ultrasound sonothrombolysis in the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurg Focus 34(5):E14, 2013"},{"key":"b55","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"319","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery for trigeminal neuralgia: a cadaveric and laboratory feasibility study","volume":"118","author":"Monteith SJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Monteith SJ, Medel R, Kassell NF, Wintermark M, Eames M, Snell J, : Transcranial magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery for trigeminal neuralgia: a cadaveric and laboratory feasibility study. J Neurosurg 118:319\u2013328, 2013"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"Die Ultraschalltherapie, Praktische Anwendung des Ultraschalls in der Medizin","author":"Pohlman R","year":"1951","unstructured":"Pohlman R: Die Ultraschalltherapie, Praktische Anwendung des Ultraschalls in der Medizin. Bern: Hans Huber, 1951"},{"key":"b57","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"949","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging-guided, high-intensity focused ultrasound for brain tumor therapy","volume":"59","author":"Ram Z","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ram Z, Cohen ZR, Harnof S, Tal S, Faibel M, Nass D, : Magnetic resonance imaging-guided, high-intensity focused ultrasound for brain tumor therapy. Neurosurgery 59:949\u2013956, 2006"},{"key":"b58","series-title":"Parkinsons Dis","first-page":"2015","article-title":"MRI guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for moderate-to-severe tremor in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"219149","author":"Schlesinger I","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schlesinger I, Eran A, Sinai A, Erikh I, Nassar M, Goldsher D, : MRI guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for moderate-to-severe tremor in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsons Dis 2015:219149, 2015"},{"key":"b59","series-title":"IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control","first-page":"706","article-title":"Dynamic focusing in ultrasound hyperthermia treatments using implantable hydrophone arrays","volume":"41","author":"Seip R","year":"1994","unstructured":"Seip R, Vanbaren P, Ebbini ES: Dynamic focusing in ultrasound hyperthermia treatments using implantable hydrophone arrays. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 41:706\u2013713, 1994"},{"key":"b60","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","first-page":"979","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of the blood-brain barrier opening induced by ultrasound in presence of microbubbles","volume":"30","author":"Sheikov N","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sheikov N, McDannold N, Vykhodtseva N, Jolesz F, Hynynen K: Cellular mechanisms of the blood-brain barrier opening induced by ultrasound in presence of microbubbles. Ultrasound Med Biol 30:979\u2013989, 2004"},{"key":"b61","series-title":"Thromb Res","first-page":"193","article-title":"Pulsed-high intensity focused ultrasound enhanced tPA mediated thrombolysis in a novel in vivo clot model, a pilot study","volume":"121","author":"Stone MJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stone MJ, Frenkel V, Dromi S, Thomas P, Lewis RP, Li KC, : Pulsed-high intensity focused ultrasound enhanced tPA mediated thrombolysis in a novel in vivo clot model, a pilot study. Thromb Res 121:193\u2013202, 2007"},{"key":"b62","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"39","article-title":"Focused ultrasound surgery in oncology: overview and principles","volume":"259","author":"Tempany CM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tempany CM, McDannold NJ, Hynynen K, Jolesz FA: Focused ultrasound surgery in oncology: overview and principles. Radiology 259:39\u201356, 2011"},{"key":"b63","series-title":"Int J Cancer","first-page":"901","article-title":"Targeted delivery of doxorubicin to the rat brain at therapeutic levels using MRI-guided focused ultrasound","volume":"121","author":"Treat LH","year":"2007","unstructured":"Treat LH, McDannold N, Vykhodtseva N, Zhang Y, Tam K, Hynynen K: Targeted delivery of doxorubicin to the rat brain at therapeutic levels using MRI-guided focused ultrasound. Int J Cancer 121:901\u2013907, 2007"},{"key":"b64","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","first-page":"1716","article-title":"Improved anti-tumor effect of liposomal doxorubicin after targeted blood-brain barrier disruption by MRI-guided focused ultrasound in rat glioma","volume":"38","author":"Treat LH","year":"2012","unstructured":"Treat LH, McDannold N, Zhang Y, Vykhodtseva N, Hynynen K: Improved anti-tumor effect of liposomal doxorubicin after targeted blood-brain barrier disruption by MRI-guided focused ultrasound in rat glioma. Ultrasound Med Biol 38:1716\u20131725, 2012"},{"key":"b65","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"280","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized studies","volume":"41","author":"Tsivgoulis G","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsivgoulis G, Eggers J, Ribo M, Perren F, Saqqur M, Rubiera M, : Safety and efficacy of ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized studies. Stroke 41:280\u2013287, 2010"},{"key":"b66","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","first-page":"871","article-title":"MRI detection of the thermal effects of focused ultrasound on the brain","volume":"26","author":"Vykhodtseva N","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vykhodtseva N, Sorrentino V, Jolesz FA, Bronson RT, Hynynen K: MRI detection of the thermal effects of focused ultrasound on the brain. Ultrasound Med Biol 26:871\u2013880, 2000"},{"key":"b67","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","first-page":"969","article-title":"Histologic effects of high intensity pulsed ultrasound exposure with subharmonic emission in rabbit brain in vivo","volume":"21","author":"Vykhodtseva NI","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vykhodtseva NI, Hynynen K, Damianou C: Histologic effects of high intensity pulsed ultrasound exposure with subharmonic emission in rabbit brain in vivo. Ultrasound Med Biol 21:969\u2013979, 1995"},{"key":"b68","series-title":"J Neurosurg","article-title":"Magnetic resonance\u2013guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for tremor: a report of 30 Parkinson\u2019s disease and essential tremor cases","author":"Zaaroor M","unstructured":"Zaaroor M, Sinai A, Goldsher D, Eran A, Nassar M, Schlesinger I: Magnetic resonance\u2013guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for tremor: a report of 30 Parkinson\u2019s disease and essential tremor cases. J Neurosurg [epub ahead of print February 24, 2017; DOI: 10.3171\/2016.10.JNS16758]"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry","first-page":"457","article-title":"Ultrasonically produced changes in the blood-brain barrier","volume":"76","author":"Bakay L","year":"1956","unstructured":"Bakay L, Ballantine HT Jr, Hueter TF, Sosa D: Ultrasonically produced changes in the blood-brain barrier. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 76:457\u2013467, 1956"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Exp Med","first-page":"337","article-title":"Focal destruction of nervous tissue by focused ultrasound: biophysical factors influencing its application","volume":"104","author":"Ballantine HT Jr","year":"1956","unstructured":"Ballantine HT Jr, Hueter TF, Nauta WJ, Sosa DM: Focal destruction of nervous tissue by focused ultrasound: biophysical factors influencing its application. J Exp Med 104:337\u2013360, 1956"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Ultrasonics","first-page":"213","article-title":"Paul Langevin","volume":"10","author":"Briquard P","year":"1972","unstructured":"Briquard P: Paul Langevin. Ultrasonics 10:213\u2013214, 1972"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e27877","article-title":"Targeted delivery of neural stem cells to the brain using MRI-guided focused ultrasound to disrupt the blood-brain barrier","volume":"6","author":"Burgess A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burgess A, Ayala-Grosso CA, Ganguly M, Jord\u00e3o JF, Aubert I, Hynynen K: Targeted delivery of neural stem cells to the brain using MRI-guided focused ultrasound to disrupt the blood-brain barrier. PLoS One 6:e27877, 2011"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Control Release","first-page":"125","article-title":"Focused ultrasound for targeted delivery of siRNA and efficient knockdown of Htt expression","volume":"163","author":"Burgess A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burgess A, Huang Y, Querbes W, Sah DW, Hynynen K: Focused ultrasound for targeted delivery of siRNA and efficient knockdown of Htt expression. J Control Release 163:125\u2013129, 2012"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"354","article-title":"Focused ultrasound: relevant history and prospects for the addition of mechanical energy to the neurosurgical armamentarium","volume":"82","author":"Christian E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Christian E, Yu C, Apuzzo ML: Focused ultrasound: relevant history and prospects for the addition of mechanical energy to the neurosurgical armamentarium. World Neurosurg 82:354\u2013365, 2014"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Med Phys","first-page":"2017","article-title":"Thermal dosimetry of a focused ultrasound beam in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"26","author":"Chung AH","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chung AH, Jolesz FA, Hynynen K: Thermal dosimetry of a focused ultrasound beam in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging. Med Phys 26:2017\u20132026, 1999"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Phys Med Biol","first-page":"1219","article-title":"A non-invasive method for focusing ultrasound through the human skull","volume":"47","author":"Clement GT","year":"2002","unstructured":"Clement GT, Hynynen K: A non-invasive method for focusing ultrasound through the human skull. Phys Med Biol 47:1219\u20131236, 2002"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","first-page":"628","article-title":"MR temperature mapping of focused ultrasound surgery","volume":"31","author":"Cline HE","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cline HE, Hynynen K, Hardy CJ, Watkins RD, Schenck JF, Jolesz FA: MR temperature mapping of focused ultrasound surgery. Magn Reson Med 31:628\u2013636, 1994"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"731","article-title":"Focused US system for MR imaging-guided tumor ablation","volume":"194","author":"Cline HE","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cline HE, Hynynen K, Watkins RD, Adams WJ, Schenck JF, Ettinger RH, : Focused US system for MR imaging-guided tumor ablation. Radiology 194:731\u2013737, 1995"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","first-page":"98","article-title":"Magnetic resonance-guided thermal surgery","volume":"30","author":"Cline HE","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cline HE, Schenck JF, Watkins RD, Hynynen K, Jolesz FA: Magnetic resonance-guided thermal surgery. Magn Reson Med 30:98\u2013106, 1993"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci","first-page":"291","article-title":"[Crystal physics: Development by pressure of polar electricity in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces.]","volume":"91","author":"Curie PJ","year":"1880","unstructured":"Curie PJ, Curie P: [Crystal physics: Development by pressure of polar electricity in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces.] C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci 91:291, 1880 (Fr)"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Acoust Soc Am","first-page":"1641","article-title":"The effect of various physical parameters on the size and shape of necrosed tissue volume during ultrasound surgery","volume":"95","author":"Damianou C","year":"1994","unstructured":"Damianou C, Hynynen K: The effect of various physical parameters on the size and shape of necrosed tissue volume during ultrasound surgery. J Acoust Soc Am 95:1641\u20131649, 1994"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"640","article-title":"A pilot study of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor","volume":"369","author":"Elias WJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Elias WJ, Huss D, Voss T, Loomba J, Khaled M, Zadicario E, : A pilot study of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor. N Engl J Med 369:640\u2013648, 2013"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"730","article-title":"A randomized trial of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor","volume":"375","author":"Elias WJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elias WJ, Lipsman N, Ondo WG, Ghanouni P, Kim YG, Lee W, : A randomized trial of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor. N Engl J Med 375:730\u2013739, 2016"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"86","article-title":"Pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound enhances thrombolysis in an in vitro model","volume":"239","author":"Frenkel V","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frenkel V, Oberoi J, Stone MJ, Park M, Deng C, Wood BJ, : Pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound enhances thrombolysis in an in vitro model. Radiology 239:86\u201393, 2006"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Science","first-page":"83","article-title":"Production of reversible changes in the central nervous system by ultrasound","volume":"127","author":"Fry FJ","year":"1958","unstructured":"Fry FJ, Ades HW, Fry WJ: Production of reversible changes in the central nervous system by ultrasound. Science 127:83\u201384, 1958"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"IRE Trans Med Electron ME","first-page":"166","article-title":"Fundamental neurological research and human neurosurgery using intense ultrasound","volume":"7","author":"Fry WJ","year":"1960","unstructured":"Fry WJ, Fry FJ: Fundamental neurological research and human neurosurgery using intense ultrasound. IRE Trans Med Electron ME-7:166\u2013181, 1960"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"471","article-title":"Production of focal destructive lesions in the central nervous system with ultrasound","volume":"11","author":"Fry WJ","year":"1954","unstructured":"Fry WJ, Mosberg WH Jr, Barnard JW, Fry FJ: Production of focal destructive lesions in the central nervous system with ultrasound. J Neurosurg 11:471\u2013478, 1954"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Z Phys","first-page":"342","article-title":"Piezoelektrischer Kristall mit Ultraschallkonvergenz","volume":"96","author":"Gruetzmacher J","year":"1935","unstructured":"Gruetzmacher J: Piezoelektrischer Kristall mit Ultraschallkonvergenz. Z Phys 96:342\u2013349, 1935"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"J Neurooncol","first-page":"271","article-title":"Treatment of malignant brain tumors with focused ultrasound hyperthermia and radiation: results of a phase I trial","volume":"10","author":"Guthkelch AN","year":"1991","unstructured":"Guthkelch AN, Carter LP, Cassady JR, Hynynen KH, Iacono RP, Johnson PC, : Treatment of malignant brain tumors with focused ultrasound hyperthermia and radiation: results of a phase I trial. J Neurooncol 10:271\u2013284, 1991"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"J Med Sci Biophysics, Japan","article-title":"Einfl\u00fcsse der Ultraschallwellen auf das Wachstum des Rattensarkams","volume":"162","author":"Hayashi S","year":"1938","unstructured":"Hayashi S: Einfl\u00fcsse der Ultraschallwellen auf das Wachstum des Rattensarkams. J Med Sci Biophysics, Japan 162, 1938"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Ultrasound in Medicine","first-page":"273","article-title":"Ultrasound potentiation of chemotherapy for brain malignancy","author":"Heimburger RF","year":"1975","unstructured":"Heimburger RF, Fry FJ, Franklin TD, Eggleton RC: Ultrasound potentiation of chemotherapy for brain malignancy, in White D (ed): Ultrasound in Medicine. New York: Plenum Press, 1975, pp 273\u2013281"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Strahlentherapie","first-page":"279","article-title":"Morphologische Untersuchungen \u00fcber die Wirkung der Ultraschallwellen auf das Karzinomgewebe","volume":"77","author":"Horvath J","year":"1948","unstructured":"Horvath J: Morphologische Untersuchungen \u00fcber die Wirkung der Ultraschallwellen auf das Karzinomgewebe. Strahlentherapie 77:279, 1948"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"J Cancer","first-page":"225","article-title":"Clinical application of high-intensity focused ultrasound in cancer therapy","volume":"7","author":"Hsiao YH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hsiao YH, Kuo SJ, Tsai HD, Chou MC, Yeh GP: Clinical application of high-intensity focused ultrasound in cancer therapy. J Cancer 7:225\u2013231, 2016"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"123","article-title":"Opening the blood-brain barrier with MR imaging-guided focused ultrasound: preclinical testing on a trans-human skull porcine model","volume":"282","author":"Huang Y","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang Y, Alkins R, Schwartz ML, Hynynen K: Opening the blood-brain barrier with MR imaging-guided focused ultrasound: preclinical testing on a trans-human skull porcine model. Radiology 282:123\u2013130, 2017"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","first-page":"100","article-title":"500-element ultrasound phased array system for noninvasive focal surgery of the brain: a preliminary rabbit study with ex vivo human skulls","volume":"52","author":"Hynynen K","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hynynen K, Clement GT, McDannold N, Vykhodtseva N, King R, White PJ, : 500-element ultrasound phased array system for noninvasive focal surgery of the brain: a preliminary rabbit study with ex vivo human skulls. Magn Reson Med 52:100\u2013107, 2004"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Radiographics","first-page":"185","article-title":"A clinical, noninvasive, MR imaging-monitored ultrasound surgery method","volume":"16","author":"Hynynen K","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hynynen K, Freund WR, Cline HE, Chung AH, Watkins RD, Vetro JP, : A clinical, noninvasive, MR imaging-monitored ultrasound surgery method. Radiographics 16:185\u2013195, 1996"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","first-page":"275","article-title":"Demonstration of potential noninvasive ultrasound brain therapy through an intact skull","volume":"24","author":"Hynynen K","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hynynen K, Jolesz FA: Demonstration of potential noninvasive ultrasound brain therapy through an intact skull. Ultrasound Med Biol 24:275\u2013283, 1998"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"12","article-title":"Local and reversible blood-brain barrier disruption by noninvasive focused ultrasound at frequencies suitable for trans-skull sonications","volume":"24","author":"Hynynen K","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hynynen K, McDannold N, Sheikov NA, Jolesz FA, Vykhodtseva N: Local and reversible blood-brain barrier disruption by noninvasive focused ultrasound at frequencies suitable for trans-skull sonications. Neuroimage 24:12\u201320, 2005"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"640","article-title":"Noninvasive MR imaging-guided focal opening of the blood-brain barrier in rabbits","volume":"220","author":"Hynynen K","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hynynen K, McDannold N, Vykhodtseva N, Jolesz FA: Noninvasive MR imaging-guided focal opening of the blood-brain barrier in rabbits. Radiology 220:640\u2013646, 2001"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"247","article-title":"Thermal effects of focused ultrasound on the brain: determination with MR imaging","volume":"204","author":"Hynynen K","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hynynen K, Vykhodtseva NI, Chung AH, Sorrentino V, Colucci V, Jolesz FA: Thermal effects of focused ultrasound on the brain: determination with MR imaging. Radiology 204:247\u2013253, 1997"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"201","article-title":"High-intensity focused ultrasound surgery of the brain: part 1\u2014a historical perspective with modern applications","volume":"64","author":"Jagannathan J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jagannathan J, Sanghvi NT, Crum LA, Yen CP, Medel R, Dumont AS, : High-intensity focused ultrasound surgery of the brain: part 1\u2014a historical perspective with modern applications. Neurosurgery 64:201\u2013211, 2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"b34","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound: noninvasive central lateral thalamotomy for chronic neuropathic pain","volume":"32","author":"Jeanmonod D","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jeanmonod D, Werner B, Morel A, Michels L, Zadicario E, Schiff G, : Transcranial magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound: noninvasive central lateral thalamotomy for chronic neuropathic pain. Neurosurg Focus 32(1):E1, 2012"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Annu Rev Med","first-page":"417","article-title":"MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgery","volume":"60","author":"Jolesz FA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jolesz FA: MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgery. Annu Rev Med 60:417\u2013430, 2009"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e10549","article-title":"Antibodies targeted to the brain with image-guided focused ultrasound reduces amyloid-beta plaque load in the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Jord\u00e3o JF","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jord\u00e3o JF, Ayala-Grosso CA, Markham K, Huang Y, Chopra R, McLaurin J, : Antibodies targeted to the brain with image-guided focused ultrasound reduces amyloid-beta plaque load in the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PLoS One 5:e10549, 2010"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Mol Psychiatry","first-page":"1205","article-title":"Bilateral thermal capsulotomy with MR-guided focused ultrasound for patients with treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"20","author":"Jung HH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jung HH, Kim SJ, Roh D, Chang JG, Chang WS, Kweon EJ, : Bilateral thermal capsulotomy with MR-guided focused ultrasound for patients with treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a proof-of-concept study. Mol Psychiatry 20:1205\u20131211, 2015"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"11719","article-title":"Noninvasive localized delivery of Herceptin to the mouse brain by MRI-guided focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier disruption","volume":"103","author":"Kinoshita M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kinoshita M, McDannold N, Jolesz FA, Hynynen K: Noninvasive localized delivery of Herceptin to the mouse brain by MRI-guided focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier disruption. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:11719\u201311723, 2006"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry","first-page":"399","article-title":"Prefrontal ultrasonic irradiation\u2014a substitute for lobotomy","volume":"72","author":"Lindstrom PA","year":"1954","unstructured":"Lindstrom PA: Prefrontal ultrasonic irradiation\u2014a substitute for lobotomy. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 72:399\u2013425, 1954"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"462","article-title":"MR-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"12","author":"Lipsman N","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lipsman N, Schwartz ML, Huang Y, Lee L, Sankar T, Chapman M, : MR-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor: a proof-of-concept study. Lancet Neurol 12:462\u2013468, 2013"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"415","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier disruption with focused ultrasound enhances delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs for glioblastoma treatment","volume":"255","author":"Liu HL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu HL, Hua MY, Chen PY, Chu PC, Pan CH, Yang HW, : Blood-brain barrier disruption with focused ultrasound enhances delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs for glioblastoma treatment. Radiology 255:415\u2013425, 2010"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Am J Pathol","first-page":"637","article-title":"Histology of cerebral lesions produced by focused ultrasound","volume":"20","author":"Lynn JG","year":"1944","unstructured":"Lynn JG, Putnam TJ: Histology of cerebral lesions produced by focused ultrasound. Am J Pathol 20:637\u2013649, 1944"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"J Gen Physiol","first-page":"179","article-title":"A new method for the generation and use of focused ultrasound in experimental biology","volume":"26","author":"Lynn JG","year":"1942","unstructured":"Lynn JG, Zwemer RL, Chick AJ, Miller AE: A new method for the generation and use of focused ultrasound in experimental biology. J Gen Physiol 26:179\u2013193, 1942"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"J Ther Ultrasound","first-page":"11","article-title":"First experience with MR-guided focused ultrasound in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Magara A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Magara A, B\u00fchler R, Moser D, Kowalski M, Pourtehrani P, Jeanmonod D: First experience with MR-guided focused ultrasound in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Ther Ultrasound 2:11, 2014"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"3652","article-title":"Temporary disruption of the blood-brain barrier by use of ultrasound and microbubbles: safety and efficacy evaluation in rhesus macaques","volume":"72","author":"McDannold N","year":"2012","unstructured":"McDannold N, Arvanitis CD, Vykhodtseva N, Livingstone MS: Temporary disruption of the blood-brain barrier by use of ultrasound and microbubbles: safety and efficacy evaluation in rhesus macaques. Cancer Res 72:3652\u20133663, 2012"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"323","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic resonance imaging- guided focused ultrasound surgery of brain tumors: initial findings in 3 patients","volume":"66","author":"McDannold N","year":"2010","unstructured":"McDannold N, Clement GT, Black P, Jolesz F, Hynynen K: Transcranial magnetic resonance imaging- guided focused ultrasound surgery of brain tumors: initial findings in 3 patients. Neurosurgery 66:323\u2013332, 2010"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging","first-page":"421","article-title":"MRI monitoring of the thermal ablation of tissue: effects of long exposure times","volume":"13","author":"McDannold N","year":"2001","unstructured":"McDannold N, Hynynen K, Jolesz F: MRI monitoring of the thermal ablation of tissue: effects of long exposure times. J Magn Reson Imaging 13:421\u2013427, 2001"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","first-page":"913","article-title":"MRI investigation of the threshold for thermally induced blood-brain barrier disruption and brain tissue damage in the rabbit brain","volume":"51","author":"McDannold N","year":"2004","unstructured":"McDannold N, Vykhodtseva N, Jolesz FA, Hynynen K: MRI investigation of the threshold for thermally induced blood-brain barrier disruption and brain tissue damage in the rabbit brain. Magn Reson Med 51:913\u2013923, 2004"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"328","article-title":"The effects of hyperthermia on normal mesenchymal tissues. Application of a histologic grading system","volume":"107","author":"Meshorer A","year":"1983","unstructured":"Meshorer A, Prionas SD, Fajardo LF, Meyer JL, Hahn GM, Martinez AA: The effects of hyperthermia on normal mesenchymal tissues. Application of a histologic grading system. Arch Pathol Lab Med 107:328\u2013334, 1983"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","first-page":"389","article-title":"High-intensity focused ultrasound selectively disrupts the blood-brain barrier in vivo","volume":"28","author":"Mesiwala AH","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mesiwala AH, Farrell L, Wenzel HJ, Silbergeld DL, Crum LA, Winn HR, : High-intensity focused ultrasound selectively disrupts the blood-brain barrier in vivo. Ultrasound Med Biol 28:389\u2013400, 2002"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"32","article-title":"Early experiences with ultrasonic irradiation of the pallidofugal and nigral complexes in hyperkinetic and hypertonic disorders","volume":"16","author":"Meyers R","year":"1959","unstructured":"Meyers R, Fry WJ, Fry FJ, Dreyer LL, Schultz DF, Noyes RF: Early experiences with ultrasonic irradiation of the pallidofugal and nigral complexes in hyperkinetic and hypertonic disorders. J Neurosurg 16:32\u201354, 1959"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"BMC Neurosci","first-page":"23","article-title":"Focused ultrasound-mediated suppression of chemically-induced acute epileptic EEG activity","volume":"12","author":"Min BK","year":"2011","unstructured":"Min BK, Bystritsky A, Jung KI, Fischer K, Zhang Y, Maeng LS, : Focused ultrasound-mediated suppression of chemically-induced acute epileptic EEG activity. BMC Neurosci 12:23, 2011"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"137","article-title":"Origins of intraoperative MRI","volume":"20","author":"Mislow JM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mislow JM, Golby AJ, Black PM: Origins of intraoperative MRI. Neurosurg Clin N Am 20:137\u2013146, 2009"},{"issue":"5","key":"b54","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E14","article-title":"Transcranial MR-guided focused ultrasound sonothrombolysis in the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"34","author":"Monteith SJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Monteith SJ, Kassell NF, Goren O, Harnof S: Transcranial MR-guided focused ultrasound sonothrombolysis in the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurg Focus 34(5):E14, 2013"},{"key":"b55","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"319","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery for trigeminal neuralgia: a cadaveric and laboratory feasibility study","volume":"118","author":"Monteith SJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Monteith SJ, Medel R, Kassell NF, Wintermark M, Eames M, Snell J, : Transcranial magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery for trigeminal neuralgia: a cadaveric and laboratory feasibility study. J Neurosurg 118:319\u2013328, 2013"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"Die Ultraschalltherapie, Praktische Anwendung des Ultraschalls in der Medizin","author":"Pohlman R","year":"1951","unstructured":"Pohlman R: Die Ultraschalltherapie, Praktische Anwendung des Ultraschalls in der Medizin. Bern: Hans Huber, 1951"},{"key":"b57","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"949","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging-guided, high-intensity focused ultrasound for brain tumor therapy","volume":"59","author":"Ram Z","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ram Z, Cohen ZR, Harnof S, Tal S, Faibel M, Nass D, : Magnetic resonance imaging-guided, high-intensity focused ultrasound for brain tumor therapy. Neurosurgery 59:949\u2013956, 2006"},{"key":"b58","series-title":"Parkinsons Dis","first-page":"2015","article-title":"MRI guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for moderate-to-severe tremor in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"219149","author":"Schlesinger I","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schlesinger I, Eran A, Sinai A, Erikh I, Nassar M, Goldsher D, : MRI guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for moderate-to-severe tremor in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsons Dis 2015:219149, 2015"},{"key":"b59","series-title":"IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control","first-page":"706","article-title":"Dynamic focusing in ultrasound hyperthermia treatments using implantable hydrophone arrays","volume":"41","author":"Seip R","year":"1994","unstructured":"Seip R, Vanbaren P, Ebbini ES: Dynamic focusing in ultrasound hyperthermia treatments using implantable hydrophone arrays. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 41:706\u2013713, 1994"},{"key":"b60","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","first-page":"979","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of the blood-brain barrier opening induced by ultrasound in presence of microbubbles","volume":"30","author":"Sheikov N","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sheikov N, McDannold N, Vykhodtseva N, Jolesz F, Hynynen K: Cellular mechanisms of the blood-brain barrier opening induced by ultrasound in presence of microbubbles. Ultrasound Med Biol 30:979\u2013989, 2004"},{"key":"b61","series-title":"Thromb Res","first-page":"193","article-title":"Pulsed-high intensity focused ultrasound enhanced tPA mediated thrombolysis in a novel in vivo clot model, a pilot study","volume":"121","author":"Stone MJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stone MJ, Frenkel V, Dromi S, Thomas P, Lewis RP, Li KC, : Pulsed-high intensity focused ultrasound enhanced tPA mediated thrombolysis in a novel in vivo clot model, a pilot study. Thromb Res 121:193\u2013202, 2007"},{"key":"b62","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"39","article-title":"Focused ultrasound surgery in oncology: overview and principles","volume":"259","author":"Tempany CM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tempany CM, McDannold NJ, Hynynen K, Jolesz FA: Focused ultrasound surgery in oncology: overview and principles. Radiology 259:39\u201356, 2011"},{"key":"b63","series-title":"Int J Cancer","first-page":"901","article-title":"Targeted delivery of doxorubicin to the rat brain at therapeutic levels using MRI-guided focused ultrasound","volume":"121","author":"Treat LH","year":"2007","unstructured":"Treat LH, McDannold N, Vykhodtseva N, Zhang Y, Tam K, Hynynen K: Targeted delivery of doxorubicin to the rat brain at therapeutic levels using MRI-guided focused ultrasound. Int J Cancer 121:901\u2013907, 2007"},{"key":"b64","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","first-page":"1716","article-title":"Improved anti-tumor effect of liposomal doxorubicin after targeted blood-brain barrier disruption by MRI-guided focused ultrasound in rat glioma","volume":"38","author":"Treat LH","year":"2012","unstructured":"Treat LH, McDannold N, Zhang Y, Vykhodtseva N, Hynynen K: Improved anti-tumor effect of liposomal doxorubicin after targeted blood-brain barrier disruption by MRI-guided focused ultrasound in rat glioma. Ultrasound Med Biol 38:1716\u20131725, 2012"},{"key":"b65","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"280","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized studies","volume":"41","author":"Tsivgoulis G","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsivgoulis G, Eggers J, Ribo M, Perren F, Saqqur M, Rubiera M, : Safety and efficacy of ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized studies. Stroke 41:280\u2013287, 2010"},{"key":"b66","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","first-page":"871","article-title":"MRI detection of the thermal effects of focused ultrasound on the brain","volume":"26","author":"Vykhodtseva N","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vykhodtseva N, Sorrentino V, Jolesz FA, Bronson RT, Hynynen K: MRI detection of the thermal effects of focused ultrasound on the brain. Ultrasound Med Biol 26:871\u2013880, 2000"},{"key":"b67","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","first-page":"969","article-title":"Histologic effects of high intensity pulsed ultrasound exposure with subharmonic emission in rabbit brain in vivo","volume":"21","author":"Vykhodtseva NI","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vykhodtseva NI, Hynynen K, Damianou C: Histologic effects of high intensity pulsed ultrasound exposure with subharmonic emission in rabbit brain in vivo. Ultrasound Med Biol 21:969\u2013979, 1995"},{"key":"b68","series-title":"J Neurosurg","article-title":"Magnetic resonance\u2013guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for tremor: a report of 30 Parkinson\u2019s disease and essential tremor cases","author":"Zaaroor M","unstructured":"Zaaroor M, Sinai A, Goldsher D, Eran A, Nassar M, Schlesinger I: Magnetic resonance\u2013guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for tremor: a report of 30 Parkinson\u2019s disease and essential tremor cases. J Neurosurg [epub ahead of print February 24, 2017; DOI: 10.3171\/2016.10.JNS16758]"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/44\/2\/article-pE2.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/44\/2\/article-pE2.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/44\/2\/article-pE2.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:24:30Z","timestamp":1780129470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/44\/2\/article-pE2.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2017.11.focus17586","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}}}