{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:57:19Z","timestamp":1788368239782,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnetic resonance\u2013guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) has been used extensively to ablate brain tissue in movement disorders, such as essential tremor. At a lower energy, MRgFUS can disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to allow passage of drugs. This focal disruption of the BBB can target systemic medications to specific portions of the brain, such as for brain tumors. Current methods to bypass the BBB are invasive, as the BBB is relatively impermeable to systemically delivered antineoplastic agents. Multiple healthy and brain tumor animal models have suggested that MRgFUS disrupts the BBB and focally increases the concentration of systemically delivered antitumor chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy. In animal tumor models, combining MRgFUS with systemic drug delivery increases median survival times and delays tumor progression. Liposomes, modified microbubbles, and magnetic nanoparticles, combined with MRgFUS, more effectively deliver chemotherapy to brain tumors. MRgFUS has great potential to enhance brain tumor drug delivery, while limiting treatment toxicity to the healthy brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.11.focus17620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T03:37:25Z","timestamp":1517456245000},"page":"E10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["A review of potential applications of MR-guided focused ultrasound for targeting brain tumor therapy"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Layton","family":"Lamsam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian D.","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Wintermark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Hayden Gephart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci","first-page":"41","article-title":"Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Abbott NJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abbott NJ, R\u00f6nnb\u00e4ck L, Hansson E: Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:41\u201353, 2006"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","first-page":"974","article-title":"Early treatment of HER2-amplified brain tumors with targeted NK-92 cells and focused ultrasound improves survival","volume":"18","author":"Alkins R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alkins R, Burgess A, Kerbel R, Wels WS, Hynynen K: Early treatment of HER2-amplified brain tumors with targeted NK-92 cells and focused ultrasound improves survival. Neuro Oncol 18:974\u2013981, 2016"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Control Release","first-page":"103","article-title":"Multiple treatments with liposomal doxorubicin and ultrasound-induced disruption of blood-tumor and blood-brain barriers improve outcomes in a rat glioma model","volume":"169","author":"Aryal M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aryal M, Vykhodtseva N, Zhang YZ, Park J, McDannold N: Multiple treatments with liposomal doxorubicin and ultrasound-induced disruption of blood-tumor and blood-brain barriers improve outcomes in a rat glioma model. J Control Release 169:103\u2013111, 2013"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Neurobiol Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier: an overview: structure, regulation, and clinical implications","volume":"16","author":"Ballabh P","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ballabh P, Braun A, Nedergaard M: The blood-brain barrier: an overview: structure, regulation, and clinical implications. Neurobiol Dis 16:1\u201313, 2004"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b5","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"S197","article-title":"Noninvasive functional neurosurgery using transcranial MR imaging-guided focused ultrasound","volume":"20","author":"Bauer R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bauer R, Martin E, Haegele-Link S, Kaegi G, von Specht M, Werner B: Noninvasive functional neurosurgery using transcranial MR imaging-guided focused ultrasound. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 20 (Suppl 1):S197\u2013S199, 2014"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther","first-page":"1453","article-title":"The role of Gliadel wafers in the treatment of high-grade gliomas","volume":"13","author":"Bregy A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bregy A, Shah AH, Diaz MV, Pierce HE, Ames PL, Diaz D, : The role of Gliadel wafers in the treatment of high-grade gliomas. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 13:1453\u20131461, 2013"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv","first-page":"711","article-title":"Drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier using focused ultrasound","volume":"11","author":"Burgess A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Burgess A, Hynynen K: Drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier using focused ultrasound. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 11:711\u2013721, 2014"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Control Release","first-page":"164","article-title":"Angiogenesis-targeting microbubbles combined with ultrasound-mediated gene therapy in brain tumors","volume":"255","author":"Chang EL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chang EL, Ting CY, Hsu PH, Lin YC, Liao EC, Huang CY, : Angiogenesis-targeting microbubbles combined with ultrasound-mediated gene therapy in brain tumors. J Control Release 255:164\u2013175, 2017"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Transl Med","first-page":"93","article-title":"Focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening to enhance interleukin-12 delivery for brain tumor immunotherapy: a preclinical feasibility study","volume":"13","author":"Chen PY","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen PY, Hsieh HY, Huang CY, Lin CY, Wei KC, Liu HL: Focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening to enhance interleukin-12 delivery for brain tumor immunotherapy: a preclinical feasibility study. J Transl Med 13:93, 2015"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","first-page":"1050","article-title":"Novel magnetic\/ultrasound focusing system enhances nanoparticle drug delivery for glioma treatment","volume":"12","author":"Chen PY","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen PY, Liu HL, Hua MY, Yang HW, Huang CY, Chu PC, : Novel magnetic\/ultrasound focusing system enhances nanoparticle drug delivery for glioma treatment. Neuro Oncol 12:1050\u20131060, 2010"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Biomaterials","first-page":"487","article-title":"Iron oxide nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle for MRI monitored magnetic targeting of brain tumors","volume":"29","author":"Chertok B","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chertok B, Moffat BA, David AE, Yu F, Bergemann C, Ross BD, : Iron oxide nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle for MRI monitored magnetic targeting of brain tumors. Biomaterials 29:487\u2013496, 2008"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"J Ther Ultrasound","first-page":"17","article-title":"First noninvasive thermal ablation of a brain tumor with MR-guided focused ultrasound","volume":"2","author":"Coluccia D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coluccia D, Fandino J, Schwyzer L, O\u2019Gorman R, Remonda L, Anon J, : First noninvasive thermal ablation of a brain tumor with MR-guided focused ultrasound. J Ther Ultrasound 2:17, 2014"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Prog Neurobiol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Endothelial calcium dynamics, connexin channels and blood-brain barrier function","volume":"108","author":"De Bock M","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Bock M, Wang N, Decrock E, Bol M, Gadicherla AK, Culot M, : Endothelial calcium dynamics, connexin channels and blood-brain barrier function. Prog Neurobiol 108:1\u201320, 2013"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Expert Rev Neurother","first-page":"1519","article-title":"Convection-enhanced delivery for the treatment of brain tumors","volume":"9","author":"Debinski W","year":"2009","unstructured":"Debinski W, Tatter SB: Convection-enhanced delivery for the treatment of brain tumors. Expert Rev Neurother 9:1519\u20131527, 2009"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0125911","article-title":"Long-term safety of repeated blood-brain barrier opening via focused ultrasound with microbubbles in non-human primates performing a cognitive task","volume":"10","author":"Downs ME","year":"2015","unstructured":"Downs ME, Buch A, Sierra C, Karakatsani ME, Teichert T, Chen S, : Long-term safety of repeated blood-brain barrier opening via focused ultrasound with microbubbles in non-human primates performing a cognitive task. PLoS One 10:e0125911, 2015 (Erratum in PLoS One 10:e0130860, 2015)"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Biomaterials","first-page":"46","article-title":"Folate-conjugated gene-carrying microbubbles with focused ultrasound for concurrent blood-brain barrier opening and local gene delivery","volume":"106","author":"Fan CH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fan CH, Chang EL, Ting CY, Lin YC, Liao EC, Huang CY, : Folate-conjugated gene-carrying microbubbles with focused ultrasound for concurrent blood-brain barrier opening and local gene delivery. Biomaterials 106:46\u201357, 2016"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Theranostics","first-page":"1542","article-title":"Ultrasound\/magnetic targeting with SPIO-DOX-microbubble complex for image-guided drug delivery in brain tumors","volume":"6","author":"Fan CH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fan CH, Cheng YH, Ting CY, Ho YJ, Hsu PH, Liu HL, : Ultrasound\/magnetic targeting with SPIO-DOX-microbubble complex for image-guided drug delivery in brain tumors. Theranostics 6:1542\u20131556, 2016"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Acta Biomater","first-page":"89","article-title":"Drug-loaded bubbles with matched focused ultrasound excitation for concurrent blood-brain barrier opening and brain-tumor drug delivery","volume":"15","author":"Fan CH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fan CH, Ting CY, Chang YC, Wei KC, Liu HL, Yeh CK: Drug-loaded bubbles with matched focused ultrasound excitation for concurrent blood-brain barrier opening and brain-tumor drug delivery. Acta Biomater 15:89\u2013101, 2015"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Biomaterials","first-page":"3706","article-title":"SPIO-conjugated, doxorubicin-loaded microbubbles for concurrent MRI and focused-ultrasound enhanced brain-tumor drug delivery","volume":"34","author":"Fan CH","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fan CH, Ting CY, Lin HJ, Wang CH, Liu HL, Yen TC, : SPIO-conjugated, doxorubicin-loaded microbubbles for concurrent MRI and focused-ultrasound enhanced brain-tumor drug delivery. Biomaterials 34:3706\u20133715, 2013"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Biomaterials","first-page":"2142","article-title":"Antiangiogenic-targeting drug-loaded microbubbles combined with focused ultrasound for glioma treatment","volume":"34","author":"Fan CH","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fan CH, Ting CY, Liu HL, Huang CY, Hsieh HY, Yen TC, : Antiangiogenic-targeting drug-loaded microbubbles combined with focused ultrasound for glioma treatment. Biomaterials 34:2142\u20132155, 2013"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"771","article-title":"MRI-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy in non-ET tremor syndromes","volume":"89","author":"Fasano A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fasano A, Llinas M, Munhoz RP, Hlasny E, Kucharczyk W, Lozano AM: MRI-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy in non-ET tremor syndromes. Neurology 89:771\u2013775, 2017"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet","first-page":"593","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics of erlotinib and pharmacogenomic analysis of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid drug concentrations in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"52","author":"Fukudo M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fukudo M, Ikemi Y, Togashi Y, Masago K, Kim YH, Mio T, : Population pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics of erlotinib and pharmacogenomic analysis of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid drug concentrations in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Pharmacokinet 52:593\u2013609, 2013"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Neurobiol Dis","first-page":"48","article-title":"Approaches to transport therapeutic drugs across the blood-brain barrier to treat brain diseases","volume":"37","author":"Gabathuler R","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gabathuler R: Approaches to transport therapeutic drugs across the blood-brain barrier to treat brain diseases. Neurobiol Dis 37:48\u201357, 2010"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Biol Pharm Bull","first-page":"715","article-title":"Clinical application of drug delivery systems in cancer chemotherapy: review of the efficacy and side effects of approved drugs","volume":"36","author":"Iwamoto T","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iwamoto T: Clinical application of drug delivery systems in cancer chemotherapy: review of the efficacy and side effects of approved drugs. Biol Pharm Bull 36:715\u2013718, 2013"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"11719","article-title":"Noninvasive localized delivery of Herceptin to the mouse brain by MRI-guided focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier disruption","volume":"103","author":"Kinoshita M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kinoshita M, McDannold N, Jolesz FA, Hynynen K: Noninvasive localized delivery of Herceptin to the mouse brain by MRI-guided focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier disruption. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:11719\u201311723, 2006"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"E75","article-title":"Disrupting the blood-brain barrier by focused ultrasound induces sterile inflammation","volume":"114","author":"Kovacs ZI","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kovacs ZI, Kim S, Jikaria N, Qureshi F, Milo B, Lewis BK, : Disrupting the blood-brain barrier by focused ultrasound induces sterile inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114:E75\u2013E84, 2017"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"5950","article-title":"Endothelial apoptosis initiates acute blood-brain barrier disruption after ionizing radiation","volume":"63","author":"Li YQ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Li YQ, Chen P, Haimovitz-Friedman A, Reilly RM, Wong CS: Endothelial apoptosis initiates acute blood-brain barrier disruption after ionizing radiation. Cancer Res 63:5950\u20135956, 2003"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Cancer Chemother Pharmacol","first-page":"269","article-title":"Brain tumor-targeted delivery and therapy by focused ultrasound introduced doxorubicin-loaded cationic liposomes","volume":"77","author":"Lin Q","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin Q, Mao KL, Tian FR, Yang JJ, Chen PP, Xu J, : Brain tumor-targeted delivery and therapy by focused ultrasound introduced doxorubicin-loaded cationic liposomes. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 77:269\u2013280, 2016"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"415","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier disruption with focused ultrasound enhances delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs for glioblastoma treatment","volume":"255","author":"Liu HL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu HL, Hua MY, Chen PY, Chu PC, Pan CH, Yang HW, : Blood-brain barrier disruption with focused ultrasound enhances delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs for glioblastoma treatment. Radiology 255:415\u2013425, 2010"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"15205","article-title":"Magnetic resonance monitoring of focused ultrasound\/magnetic nanoparticle targeting delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain","volume":"107","author":"Liu HL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu HL, Hua MY, Yang HW, Huang CY, Chu PC, Wu JS, : Magnetic resonance monitoring of focused ultrasound\/magnetic nanoparticle targeting delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:15205\u201315210, 2010"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng","first-page":"1350","article-title":"Design and experimental evaluation of a 256-channel dual-frequency ultrasound phased-array system for transcranial blood-brain barrier opening and brain drug delivery","volume":"61","author":"Liu HL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu HL, Jan CK, Chu PC, Hong JC, Lee PY, Hsu JD, : Design and experimental evaluation of a 256-channel dual-frequency ultrasound phased-array system for transcranial blood-brain barrier opening and brain drug delivery. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 61:1350\u20131360, 2014"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv","first-page":"671","article-title":"Recent advances in brain tumor-targeted nano-drug delivery systems","volume":"9","author":"Liu Y","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu Y, Lu W: Recent advances in brain tumor-targeted nano-drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 9:671\u2013686, 2012"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev","first-page":"614","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of biologics to the central nervous system","volume":"64","author":"Lochhead JJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lochhead JJ, Thorne RG: Intranasal delivery of biologics to the central nervous system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64:614\u2013628, 2012"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci","first-page":"592","article-title":"Liposomes and nanoparticles: nanosized vehicles for drug delivery in cancer","volume":"30","author":"Malam Y","year":"2009","unstructured":"Malam Y, Loizidou M, Seifalian AM: Liposomes and nanoparticles: nanosized vehicles for drug delivery in cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 30:592\u2013599, 2009"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"1164","article-title":"Gene delivery of AAV2-neurturin for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Marks WJ Jr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marks WJ Jr, Bartus RT, Siffert J, Davis CS, Lozano A, Boulis N, : Gene delivery of AAV2-neurturin for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 9:1164\u20131172, 2010"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"400","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of intraputaminal delivery of CERE-120 (adeno-associated virus serotype 2-neurturin) to patients with idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: an open-label, phase I trial","volume":"7","author":"Marks WJ Jr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marks WJ Jr, Ostrem JL, Verhagen L, Starr PA, Larson PS, Bakay RA, : Safety and tolerability of intraputaminal delivery of CERE-120 (adeno-associated virus serotype 2-neurturin) to patients with idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: an open-label, phase I trial. Lancet Neurol 7:400\u2013408, 2008"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"471","article-title":"Gamma knife radiosurgery in the management of malignant melanoma brain metastases","volume":"60","author":"Mathieu D","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mathieu D, Kondziolka D, Cooper PB, Flickinger JC, Niranjan A, Agarwala S, : Gamma knife radiosurgery in the management of malignant melanoma brain metastases. Neurosurgery 60:471\u2013482, 2007"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"3652","article-title":"Temporary disruption of the blood-brain barrier by use of ultrasound and microbubbles: safety and efficacy evaluation in rhesus macaques","volume":"72","author":"McDannold N","year":"2012","unstructured":"McDannold N, Arvanitis CD, Vykhodtseva N, Livingstone MS: Temporary disruption of the blood-brain barrier by use of ultrasound and microbubbles: safety and efficacy evaluation in rhesus macaques. Cancer Res 72:3652\u20133663, 2012"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"323","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic resonance imaging- guided focused ultrasound surgery of brain tumors: initial findings in 3 patients","volume":"66","author":"McDannold N","year":"2010","unstructured":"McDannold N, Clement GT, Black P, Jolesz F, Hynynen K: Transcranial magnetic resonance imaging- guided focused ultrasound surgery of brain tumors: initial findings in 3 patients. Neurosurgery 66:323\u2013332, 2010"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"J Ultrasound Med","first-page":"871","article-title":"Experimental study on targeted methotrexate delivery to the rabbit brain via magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound","volume":"28","author":"Mei J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mei J, Cheng Y, Song Y, Yang Y, Wang F, Liu Y, : Experimental study on targeted methotrexate delivery to the rabbit brain via magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med 28:871\u2013880, 2009"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b41","series-title":"Metabolism","first-page":"S3","article-title":"New horizons for focused ultrasound (FUS) \u2014 therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"69","author":"Miller DB","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miller DB, O\u2019Callaghan JP: New horizons for focused ultrasound (FUS) \u2014 therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases. Metabolism 69 Suppl:S3\u2013S7, 2017"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Tissue Barriers","first-page":"e26882","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier regulation: Environmental cues controlling the onset of barrier properties","volume":"1","author":"Mizee MR","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mizee MR, de Vries HE: Blood-brain barrier regulation: Environmental cues controlling the onset of barrier properties. Tissue Barriers 1:e26882, 2013"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"J Med Ultrason","first-page":"3","article-title":"A basic study on sonoporation with microbubbles exposed to pulsed ultrasound","volume":"32","author":"Okada K","year":"2005","unstructured":"Okada K, Kudo N, Niwa K, Yamamoto K: A basic study on sonoporation with microbubbles exposed to pulsed ultrasound. J Med Ultrason 32:3\u201311, 2005"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"b44","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","first-page":"v1","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2009\u20132013","volume":"18","author":"Ostrom QT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Xu J, Kromer C, Wolinsky Y, Kruchko C, : CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2009\u20132013. Neuro Oncol 18 (Suppl 5):v1\u2013v75, 2016"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"NeuroRx","first-page":"3","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier: bottleneck in brain drug development","volume":"2","author":"Pardridge WM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pardridge WM: The blood-brain barrier: bottleneck in brain drug development. NeuroRx 2:3\u201314, 2005"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"J Control Release","first-page":"277","article-title":"Ultrasound-mediated blood-brain\/blood-tumor barrier disruption improves outcomes with trastuzumab in a breast cancer brain metastasis model","volume":"163","author":"Park EJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Park EJ, Zhang YZ, Vykhodtseva N, McDannold N: Ultrasound-mediated blood-brain\/blood-tumor barrier disruption improves outcomes with trastuzumab in a breast cancer brain metastasis model. J Control Release 163:277\u2013284, 2012"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"J Control Release","first-page":"77","article-title":"Evaluation of permeability, doxorubicin delivery, and drug retention in a rat brain tumor model after ultrasound-induced blood-tumor barrier disruption","volume":"250","author":"Park J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park J, Aryal M, Vykhodtseva N, Zhang YZ, McDannold N: Evaluation of permeability, doxorubicin delivery, and drug retention in a rat brain tumor model after ultrasound-induced blood-tumor barrier disruption. J Control Release 250:77\u201385, 2017"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","first-page":"1051","article-title":"Toward precision medicine in glioblastoma: the promise and the challenges","volume":"17","author":"Prados MD","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prados MD, Byron SA, Tran NL, Phillips JJ, Molinaro AM, Ligon KL, : Toward precision medicine in glioblastoma: the promise and the challenges. Neuro Oncol 17:1051\u20131063, 2015"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","first-page":"639","article-title":"Unsanctifying the sanctuary: challenges and opportunities with brain metastases","volume":"17","author":"Puhalla S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Puhalla S, Elmquist W, Freyer D, Kleinberg L, Adkins C, Lockman P, : Unsanctifying the sanctuary: challenges and opportunities with brain metastases. Neuro Oncol 17:639\u2013651, 2015"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Mov Disord","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of focused ultrasound, radiosurgery, and DBS for essential tremor","volume":"32","author":"Ravikumar VK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ravikumar VK, Parker JJ, Hornbeck TS, Santini VE, Pauly KB, Wintermark M, : Cost-effectiveness of focused ultrasound, radiosurgery, and DBS for essential tremor. Mov Disord 32:1165\u20131173, 2017"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Int J Nanomedicine","first-page":"5613","article-title":"Enhanced delivery of paclitaxel liposomes using focused ultrasound with microbubbles for treating nude mice bearing intracranial glioblastoma xenografts","volume":"12","author":"Shen Y","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shen Y, Pi Z, Yan F, Yeh CK, Zeng X, Diao X, : Enhanced delivery of paclitaxel liposomes using focused ultrasound with microbubbles for treating nude mice bearing intracranial glioblastoma xenografts. Int J Nanomedicine 12:5613\u20135629, 2017"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"Br J Cancer","first-page":"1213","article-title":"Determinants of survival in patients with brain metastases from cutaneous melanoma","volume":"102","author":"Staudt M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Staudt M, Lasithiotakis K, Leiter U, Meier F, Eigentler T, Bamberg M, : Determinants of survival in patients with brain metastases from cutaneous melanoma. Br J Cancer 102:1213\u20131218, 2010"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"Hum Gene Ther","first-page":"1144","article-title":"Targeted delivery of self-complementary adeno-associated virus serotype 9 to the brain, using magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound","volume":"23","author":"Th\u00e9venot E","year":"2012","unstructured":"Th\u00e9venot E, Jord\u00e3o JF, O\u2019Reilly MA, Markham K, Weng YQ, Foust KD, : Targeted delivery of self-complementary adeno-associated virus serotype 9 to the brain, using magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound. Hum Gene Ther 23:1144\u20131155, 2012"},{"key":"b54","series-title":"Biomaterials","first-page":"704","article-title":"Concurrent blood-brain barrier opening and local drug delivery using drug-carrying microbubbles and focused ultrasound for brain glioma treatment","volume":"33","author":"Ting CY","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ting CY, Fan CH, Liu HL, Huang CY, Hsieh HY, Yen TC, : Concurrent blood-brain barrier opening and local drug delivery using drug-carrying microbubbles and focused ultrasound for brain glioma treatment. Biomaterials 33:704\u2013712, 2012"},{"key":"b55","series-title":"Int J Cancer","first-page":"901","article-title":"Targeted delivery of doxorubicin to the rat brain at therapeutic levels using MRI-guided focused ultrasound","volume":"121","author":"Treat LH","year":"2007","unstructured":"Treat LH, McDannold N, Vykhodtseva N, Zhang Y, Tam K, Hynynen K: Targeted delivery of doxorubicin to the rat brain at therapeutic levels using MRI-guided focused ultrasound. Int J Cancer 121:901\u2013907, 2007"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","first-page":"1716","article-title":"Improved anti-tumor effect of liposomal doxorubicin after targeted blood-brain barrier disruption by MRI-guided focused ultrasound in rat glioma","volume":"38","author":"Treat LH","year":"2012","unstructured":"Treat LH, McDannold N, Zhang Y, Vykhodtseva N, Hynynen K: Improved anti-tumor effect of liposomal doxorubicin after targeted blood-brain barrier disruption by MRI-guided focused ultrasound in rat glioma. Ultrasound Med Biol 38:1716\u20131725, 2012"},{"key":"b57","series-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev","first-page":"284","article-title":"Design and fabrication of magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging","volume":"62","author":"Veiseh O","year":"2010","unstructured":"Veiseh O, Gunn JW, Zhang M: Design and fabrication of magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 62:284\u2013304, 2010"},{"key":"b58","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"4196","article-title":"Disruption of astrocyte-vascular coupling and the blood-brain barrier by invading glioma cells","volume":"5","author":"Watkins S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Watkins S, Robel S, Kimbrough IF, Robert SM, Ellis-Davies G, Sontheimer H: Disruption of astrocyte-vascular coupling and the blood-brain barrier by invading glioma cells. Nat Commun 5:4196, 2014"},{"key":"b59","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e58995","article-title":"Focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening to enhance temozolomide delivery for glioblastoma treatment: a preclinical study","volume":"8","author":"Wei KC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wei KC, Chu PC, Wang HYJ, Huang CY, Chen PY, Tsai HC, : Focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening to enhance temozolomide delivery for glioblastoma treatment: a preclinical study. PLoS One 8:e58995, 2013"},{"key":"b60","series-title":"J Control Release","first-page":"652","article-title":"Focused ultrasound and interleukin-4 receptor-targeted liposomal doxorubicin for enhanced targeted drug delivery and antitumor effect in glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"160","author":"Yang FY","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang FY, Wong TT, Teng MC, Liu RS, Lu M, Liang HF, : Focused ultrasound and interleukin-4 receptor-targeted liposomal doxorubicin for enhanced targeted drug delivery and antitumor effect in glioblastoma multiforme. J Control Release 160:652\u2013658, 2012"},{"key":"b61","series-title":"Exp Ther Med","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of the ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction-mediated herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase\/ganciclovir system on ovarian cancer in mice","volume":"8","author":"Zhou XL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou XL, Shi YL, Li X: Inhibitory effects of the ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction-mediated herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase\/ganciclovir system on ovarian cancer in mice. Exp Ther Med 8:1159\u20131163, 2014"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci","first-page":"41","article-title":"Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Abbott NJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abbott NJ, R\u00f6nnb\u00e4ck L, Hansson E: Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:41\u201353, 2006"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","first-page":"974","article-title":"Early treatment of HER2-amplified brain tumors with targeted NK-92 cells and focused ultrasound improves survival","volume":"18","author":"Alkins R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alkins R, Burgess A, Kerbel R, Wels WS, Hynynen K: Early treatment of HER2-amplified brain tumors with targeted NK-92 cells and focused ultrasound improves survival. Neuro Oncol 18:974\u2013981, 2016"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Control Release","first-page":"103","article-title":"Multiple treatments with liposomal doxorubicin and ultrasound-induced disruption of blood-tumor and blood-brain barriers improve outcomes in a rat glioma model","volume":"169","author":"Aryal M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aryal M, Vykhodtseva N, Zhang YZ, Park J, McDannold N: Multiple treatments with liposomal doxorubicin and ultrasound-induced disruption of blood-tumor and blood-brain barriers improve outcomes in a rat glioma model. J Control Release 169:103\u2013111, 2013"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Neurobiol Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier: an overview: structure, regulation, and clinical implications","volume":"16","author":"Ballabh P","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ballabh P, Braun A, Nedergaard M: The blood-brain barrier: an overview: structure, regulation, and clinical implications. Neurobiol Dis 16:1\u201313, 2004"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b5","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"S197","article-title":"Noninvasive functional neurosurgery using transcranial MR imaging-guided focused ultrasound","volume":"20","author":"Bauer R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bauer R, Martin E, Haegele-Link S, Kaegi G, von Specht M, Werner B: Noninvasive functional neurosurgery using transcranial MR imaging-guided focused ultrasound. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 20 (Suppl 1):S197\u2013S199, 2014"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther","first-page":"1453","article-title":"The role of Gliadel wafers in the treatment of high-grade gliomas","volume":"13","author":"Bregy A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bregy A, Shah AH, Diaz MV, Pierce HE, Ames PL, Diaz D, : The role of Gliadel wafers in the treatment of high-grade gliomas. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 13:1453\u20131461, 2013"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv","first-page":"711","article-title":"Drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier using focused ultrasound","volume":"11","author":"Burgess A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Burgess A, Hynynen K: Drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier using focused ultrasound. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 11:711\u2013721, 2014"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Control Release","first-page":"164","article-title":"Angiogenesis-targeting microbubbles combined with ultrasound-mediated gene therapy in brain tumors","volume":"255","author":"Chang EL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chang EL, Ting CY, Hsu PH, Lin YC, Liao EC, Huang CY, : Angiogenesis-targeting microbubbles combined with ultrasound-mediated gene therapy in brain tumors. J Control Release 255:164\u2013175, 2017"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Transl Med","first-page":"93","article-title":"Focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening to enhance interleukin-12 delivery for brain tumor immunotherapy: a preclinical feasibility study","volume":"13","author":"Chen PY","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen PY, Hsieh HY, Huang CY, Lin CY, Wei KC, Liu HL: Focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening to enhance interleukin-12 delivery for brain tumor immunotherapy: a preclinical feasibility study. J Transl Med 13:93, 2015"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","first-page":"1050","article-title":"Novel magnetic\/ultrasound focusing system enhances nanoparticle drug delivery for glioma treatment","volume":"12","author":"Chen PY","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen PY, Liu HL, Hua MY, Yang HW, Huang CY, Chu PC, : Novel magnetic\/ultrasound focusing system enhances nanoparticle drug delivery for glioma treatment. Neuro Oncol 12:1050\u20131060, 2010"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Biomaterials","first-page":"487","article-title":"Iron oxide nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle for MRI monitored magnetic targeting of brain tumors","volume":"29","author":"Chertok B","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chertok B, Moffat BA, David AE, Yu F, Bergemann C, Ross BD, : Iron oxide nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle for MRI monitored magnetic targeting of brain tumors. Biomaterials 29:487\u2013496, 2008"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"J Ther Ultrasound","first-page":"17","article-title":"First noninvasive thermal ablation of a brain tumor with MR-guided focused ultrasound","volume":"2","author":"Coluccia D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coluccia D, Fandino J, Schwyzer L, O\u2019Gorman R, Remonda L, Anon J, : First noninvasive thermal ablation of a brain tumor with MR-guided focused ultrasound. J Ther Ultrasound 2:17, 2014"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Prog Neurobiol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Endothelial calcium dynamics, connexin channels and blood-brain barrier function","volume":"108","author":"De Bock M","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Bock M, Wang N, Decrock E, Bol M, Gadicherla AK, Culot M, : Endothelial calcium dynamics, connexin channels and blood-brain barrier function. Prog Neurobiol 108:1\u201320, 2013"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Expert Rev Neurother","first-page":"1519","article-title":"Convection-enhanced delivery for the treatment of brain tumors","volume":"9","author":"Debinski W","year":"2009","unstructured":"Debinski W, Tatter SB: Convection-enhanced delivery for the treatment of brain tumors. Expert Rev Neurother 9:1519\u20131527, 2009"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0125911","article-title":"Long-term safety of repeated blood-brain barrier opening via focused ultrasound with microbubbles in non-human primates performing a cognitive task","volume":"10","author":"Downs ME","year":"2015","unstructured":"Downs ME, Buch A, Sierra C, Karakatsani ME, Teichert T, Chen S, : Long-term safety of repeated blood-brain barrier opening via focused ultrasound with microbubbles in non-human primates performing a cognitive task. PLoS One 10:e0125911, 2015 (Erratum in PLoS One 10:e0130860, 2015)"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Biomaterials","first-page":"46","article-title":"Folate-conjugated gene-carrying microbubbles with focused ultrasound for concurrent blood-brain barrier opening and local gene delivery","volume":"106","author":"Fan CH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fan CH, Chang EL, Ting CY, Lin YC, Liao EC, Huang CY, : Folate-conjugated gene-carrying microbubbles with focused ultrasound for concurrent blood-brain barrier opening and local gene delivery. Biomaterials 106:46\u201357, 2016"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Theranostics","first-page":"1542","article-title":"Ultrasound\/magnetic targeting with SPIO-DOX-microbubble complex for image-guided drug delivery in brain tumors","volume":"6","author":"Fan CH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fan CH, Cheng YH, Ting CY, Ho YJ, Hsu PH, Liu HL, : Ultrasound\/magnetic targeting with SPIO-DOX-microbubble complex for image-guided drug delivery in brain tumors. Theranostics 6:1542\u20131556, 2016"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Acta Biomater","first-page":"89","article-title":"Drug-loaded bubbles with matched focused ultrasound excitation for concurrent blood-brain barrier opening and brain-tumor drug delivery","volume":"15","author":"Fan CH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fan CH, Ting CY, Chang YC, Wei KC, Liu HL, Yeh CK: Drug-loaded bubbles with matched focused ultrasound excitation for concurrent blood-brain barrier opening and brain-tumor drug delivery. Acta Biomater 15:89\u2013101, 2015"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Biomaterials","first-page":"3706","article-title":"SPIO-conjugated, doxorubicin-loaded microbubbles for concurrent MRI and focused-ultrasound enhanced brain-tumor drug delivery","volume":"34","author":"Fan CH","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fan CH, Ting CY, Lin HJ, Wang CH, Liu HL, Yen TC, : SPIO-conjugated, doxorubicin-loaded microbubbles for concurrent MRI and focused-ultrasound enhanced brain-tumor drug delivery. Biomaterials 34:3706\u20133715, 2013"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Biomaterials","first-page":"2142","article-title":"Antiangiogenic-targeting drug-loaded microbubbles combined with focused ultrasound for glioma treatment","volume":"34","author":"Fan CH","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fan CH, Ting CY, Liu HL, Huang CY, Hsieh HY, Yen TC, : Antiangiogenic-targeting drug-loaded microbubbles combined with focused ultrasound for glioma treatment. Biomaterials 34:2142\u20132155, 2013"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"771","article-title":"MRI-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy in non-ET tremor syndromes","volume":"89","author":"Fasano A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fasano A, Llinas M, Munhoz RP, Hlasny E, Kucharczyk W, Lozano AM: MRI-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy in non-ET tremor syndromes. Neurology 89:771\u2013775, 2017"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet","first-page":"593","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics of erlotinib and pharmacogenomic analysis of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid drug concentrations in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"52","author":"Fukudo M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fukudo M, Ikemi Y, Togashi Y, Masago K, Kim YH, Mio T, : Population pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics of erlotinib and pharmacogenomic analysis of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid drug concentrations in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Pharmacokinet 52:593\u2013609, 2013"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Neurobiol Dis","first-page":"48","article-title":"Approaches to transport therapeutic drugs across the blood-brain barrier to treat brain diseases","volume":"37","author":"Gabathuler R","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gabathuler R: Approaches to transport therapeutic drugs across the blood-brain barrier to treat brain diseases. Neurobiol Dis 37:48\u201357, 2010"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Biol Pharm Bull","first-page":"715","article-title":"Clinical application of drug delivery systems in cancer chemotherapy: review of the efficacy and side effects of approved drugs","volume":"36","author":"Iwamoto T","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iwamoto T: Clinical application of drug delivery systems in cancer chemotherapy: review of the efficacy and side effects of approved drugs. Biol Pharm Bull 36:715\u2013718, 2013"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"11719","article-title":"Noninvasive localized delivery of Herceptin to the mouse brain by MRI-guided focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier disruption","volume":"103","author":"Kinoshita M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kinoshita M, McDannold N, Jolesz FA, Hynynen K: Noninvasive localized delivery of Herceptin to the mouse brain by MRI-guided focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier disruption. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:11719\u201311723, 2006"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"E75","article-title":"Disrupting the blood-brain barrier by focused ultrasound induces sterile inflammation","volume":"114","author":"Kovacs ZI","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kovacs ZI, Kim S, Jikaria N, Qureshi F, Milo B, Lewis BK, : Disrupting the blood-brain barrier by focused ultrasound induces sterile inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114:E75\u2013E84, 2017"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"5950","article-title":"Endothelial apoptosis initiates acute blood-brain barrier disruption after ionizing radiation","volume":"63","author":"Li YQ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Li YQ, Chen P, Haimovitz-Friedman A, Reilly RM, Wong CS: Endothelial apoptosis initiates acute blood-brain barrier disruption after ionizing radiation. Cancer Res 63:5950\u20135956, 2003"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Cancer Chemother Pharmacol","first-page":"269","article-title":"Brain tumor-targeted delivery and therapy by focused ultrasound introduced doxorubicin-loaded cationic liposomes","volume":"77","author":"Lin Q","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin Q, Mao KL, Tian FR, Yang JJ, Chen PP, Xu J, : Brain tumor-targeted delivery and therapy by focused ultrasound introduced doxorubicin-loaded cationic liposomes. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 77:269\u2013280, 2016"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"415","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier disruption with focused ultrasound enhances delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs for glioblastoma treatment","volume":"255","author":"Liu HL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu HL, Hua MY, Chen PY, Chu PC, Pan CH, Yang HW, : Blood-brain barrier disruption with focused ultrasound enhances delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs for glioblastoma treatment. Radiology 255:415\u2013425, 2010"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"15205","article-title":"Magnetic resonance monitoring of focused ultrasound\/magnetic nanoparticle targeting delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain","volume":"107","author":"Liu HL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu HL, Hua MY, Yang HW, Huang CY, Chu PC, Wu JS, : Magnetic resonance monitoring of focused ultrasound\/magnetic nanoparticle targeting delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:15205\u201315210, 2010"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng","first-page":"1350","article-title":"Design and experimental evaluation of a 256-channel dual-frequency ultrasound phased-array system for transcranial blood-brain barrier opening and brain drug delivery","volume":"61","author":"Liu HL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu HL, Jan CK, Chu PC, Hong JC, Lee PY, Hsu JD, : Design and experimental evaluation of a 256-channel dual-frequency ultrasound phased-array system for transcranial blood-brain barrier opening and brain drug delivery. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 61:1350\u20131360, 2014"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv","first-page":"671","article-title":"Recent advances in brain tumor-targeted nano-drug delivery systems","volume":"9","author":"Liu Y","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu Y, Lu W: Recent advances in brain tumor-targeted nano-drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 9:671\u2013686, 2012"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev","first-page":"614","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of biologics to the central nervous system","volume":"64","author":"Lochhead JJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lochhead JJ, Thorne RG: Intranasal delivery of biologics to the central nervous system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64:614\u2013628, 2012"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci","first-page":"592","article-title":"Liposomes and nanoparticles: nanosized vehicles for drug delivery in cancer","volume":"30","author":"Malam Y","year":"2009","unstructured":"Malam Y, Loizidou M, Seifalian AM: Liposomes and nanoparticles: nanosized vehicles for drug delivery in cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 30:592\u2013599, 2009"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"1164","article-title":"Gene delivery of AAV2-neurturin for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Marks WJ Jr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marks WJ Jr, Bartus RT, Siffert J, Davis CS, Lozano A, Boulis N, : Gene delivery of AAV2-neurturin for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 9:1164\u20131172, 2010"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"400","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of intraputaminal delivery of CERE-120 (adeno-associated virus serotype 2-neurturin) to patients with idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: an open-label, phase I trial","volume":"7","author":"Marks WJ Jr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marks WJ Jr, Ostrem JL, Verhagen L, Starr PA, Larson PS, Bakay RA, : Safety and tolerability of intraputaminal delivery of CERE-120 (adeno-associated virus serotype 2-neurturin) to patients with idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: an open-label, phase I trial. Lancet Neurol 7:400\u2013408, 2008"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"471","article-title":"Gamma knife radiosurgery in the management of malignant melanoma brain metastases","volume":"60","author":"Mathieu D","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mathieu D, Kondziolka D, Cooper PB, Flickinger JC, Niranjan A, Agarwala S, : Gamma knife radiosurgery in the management of malignant melanoma brain metastases. Neurosurgery 60:471\u2013482, 2007"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"3652","article-title":"Temporary disruption of the blood-brain barrier by use of ultrasound and microbubbles: safety and efficacy evaluation in rhesus macaques","volume":"72","author":"McDannold N","year":"2012","unstructured":"McDannold N, Arvanitis CD, Vykhodtseva N, Livingstone MS: Temporary disruption of the blood-brain barrier by use of ultrasound and microbubbles: safety and efficacy evaluation in rhesus macaques. Cancer Res 72:3652\u20133663, 2012"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"323","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic resonance imaging- guided focused ultrasound surgery of brain tumors: initial findings in 3 patients","volume":"66","author":"McDannold N","year":"2010","unstructured":"McDannold N, Clement GT, Black P, Jolesz F, Hynynen K: Transcranial magnetic resonance imaging- guided focused ultrasound surgery of brain tumors: initial findings in 3 patients. Neurosurgery 66:323\u2013332, 2010"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"J Ultrasound Med","first-page":"871","article-title":"Experimental study on targeted methotrexate delivery to the rabbit brain via magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound","volume":"28","author":"Mei J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mei J, Cheng Y, Song Y, Yang Y, Wang F, Liu Y, : Experimental study on targeted methotrexate delivery to the rabbit brain via magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med 28:871\u2013880, 2009"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b41","series-title":"Metabolism","first-page":"S3","article-title":"New horizons for focused ultrasound (FUS) \u2014 therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"69","author":"Miller DB","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miller DB, O\u2019Callaghan JP: New horizons for focused ultrasound (FUS) \u2014 therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases. Metabolism 69 Suppl:S3\u2013S7, 2017"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Tissue Barriers","first-page":"e26882","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier regulation: Environmental cues controlling the onset of barrier properties","volume":"1","author":"Mizee MR","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mizee MR, de Vries HE: Blood-brain barrier regulation: Environmental cues controlling the onset of barrier properties. Tissue Barriers 1:e26882, 2013"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"J Med Ultrason","first-page":"3","article-title":"A basic study on sonoporation with microbubbles exposed to pulsed ultrasound","volume":"32","author":"Okada K","year":"2005","unstructured":"Okada K, Kudo N, Niwa K, Yamamoto K: A basic study on sonoporation with microbubbles exposed to pulsed ultrasound. J Med Ultrason 32:3\u201311, 2005"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"b44","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","first-page":"v1","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2009\u20132013","volume":"18","author":"Ostrom QT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Xu J, Kromer C, Wolinsky Y, Kruchko C, : CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2009\u20132013. Neuro Oncol 18 (Suppl 5):v1\u2013v75, 2016"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"NeuroRx","first-page":"3","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier: bottleneck in brain drug development","volume":"2","author":"Pardridge WM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pardridge WM: The blood-brain barrier: bottleneck in brain drug development. NeuroRx 2:3\u201314, 2005"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"J Control Release","first-page":"277","article-title":"Ultrasound-mediated blood-brain\/blood-tumor barrier disruption improves outcomes with trastuzumab in a breast cancer brain metastasis model","volume":"163","author":"Park EJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Park EJ, Zhang YZ, Vykhodtseva N, McDannold N: Ultrasound-mediated blood-brain\/blood-tumor barrier disruption improves outcomes with trastuzumab in a breast cancer brain metastasis model. J Control Release 163:277\u2013284, 2012"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"J Control Release","first-page":"77","article-title":"Evaluation of permeability, doxorubicin delivery, and drug retention in a rat brain tumor model after ultrasound-induced blood-tumor barrier disruption","volume":"250","author":"Park J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park J, Aryal M, Vykhodtseva N, Zhang YZ, McDannold N: Evaluation of permeability, doxorubicin delivery, and drug retention in a rat brain tumor model after ultrasound-induced blood-tumor barrier disruption. J Control Release 250:77\u201385, 2017"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","first-page":"1051","article-title":"Toward precision medicine in glioblastoma: the promise and the challenges","volume":"17","author":"Prados MD","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prados MD, Byron SA, Tran NL, Phillips JJ, Molinaro AM, Ligon KL, : Toward precision medicine in glioblastoma: the promise and the challenges. Neuro Oncol 17:1051\u20131063, 2015"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","first-page":"639","article-title":"Unsanctifying the sanctuary: challenges and opportunities with brain metastases","volume":"17","author":"Puhalla S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Puhalla S, Elmquist W, Freyer D, Kleinberg L, Adkins C, Lockman P, : Unsanctifying the sanctuary: challenges and opportunities with brain metastases. Neuro Oncol 17:639\u2013651, 2015"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Mov Disord","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of focused ultrasound, radiosurgery, and DBS for essential tremor","volume":"32","author":"Ravikumar VK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ravikumar VK, Parker JJ, Hornbeck TS, Santini VE, Pauly KB, Wintermark M, : Cost-effectiveness of focused ultrasound, radiosurgery, and DBS for essential tremor. Mov Disord 32:1165\u20131173, 2017"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Int J Nanomedicine","first-page":"5613","article-title":"Enhanced delivery of paclitaxel liposomes using focused ultrasound with microbubbles for treating nude mice bearing intracranial glioblastoma xenografts","volume":"12","author":"Shen Y","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shen Y, Pi Z, Yan F, Yeh CK, Zeng X, Diao X, : Enhanced delivery of paclitaxel liposomes using focused ultrasound with microbubbles for treating nude mice bearing intracranial glioblastoma xenografts. Int J Nanomedicine 12:5613\u20135629, 2017"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"Br J Cancer","first-page":"1213","article-title":"Determinants of survival in patients with brain metastases from cutaneous melanoma","volume":"102","author":"Staudt M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Staudt M, Lasithiotakis K, Leiter U, Meier F, Eigentler T, Bamberg M, : Determinants of survival in patients with brain metastases from cutaneous melanoma. Br J Cancer 102:1213\u20131218, 2010"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"Hum Gene Ther","first-page":"1144","article-title":"Targeted delivery of self-complementary adeno-associated virus serotype 9 to the brain, using magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound","volume":"23","author":"Th\u00e9venot E","year":"2012","unstructured":"Th\u00e9venot E, Jord\u00e3o JF, O\u2019Reilly MA, Markham K, Weng YQ, Foust KD, : Targeted delivery of self-complementary adeno-associated virus serotype 9 to the brain, using magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound. Hum Gene Ther 23:1144\u20131155, 2012"},{"key":"b54","series-title":"Biomaterials","first-page":"704","article-title":"Concurrent blood-brain barrier opening and local drug delivery using drug-carrying microbubbles and focused ultrasound for brain glioma treatment","volume":"33","author":"Ting CY","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ting CY, Fan CH, Liu HL, Huang CY, Hsieh HY, Yen TC, : Concurrent blood-brain barrier opening and local drug delivery using drug-carrying microbubbles and focused ultrasound for brain glioma treatment. Biomaterials 33:704\u2013712, 2012"},{"key":"b55","series-title":"Int J Cancer","first-page":"901","article-title":"Targeted delivery of doxorubicin to the rat brain at therapeutic levels using MRI-guided focused ultrasound","volume":"121","author":"Treat LH","year":"2007","unstructured":"Treat LH, McDannold N, Vykhodtseva N, Zhang Y, Tam K, Hynynen K: Targeted delivery of doxorubicin to the rat brain at therapeutic levels using MRI-guided focused ultrasound. Int J Cancer 121:901\u2013907, 2007"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","first-page":"1716","article-title":"Improved anti-tumor effect of liposomal doxorubicin after targeted blood-brain barrier disruption by MRI-guided focused ultrasound in rat glioma","volume":"38","author":"Treat LH","year":"2012","unstructured":"Treat LH, McDannold N, Zhang Y, Vykhodtseva N, Hynynen K: Improved anti-tumor effect of liposomal doxorubicin after targeted blood-brain barrier disruption by MRI-guided focused ultrasound in rat glioma. Ultrasound Med Biol 38:1716\u20131725, 2012"},{"key":"b57","series-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev","first-page":"284","article-title":"Design and fabrication of magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging","volume":"62","author":"Veiseh O","year":"2010","unstructured":"Veiseh O, Gunn JW, Zhang M: Design and fabrication of magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 62:284\u2013304, 2010"},{"key":"b58","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"4196","article-title":"Disruption of astrocyte-vascular coupling and the blood-brain barrier by invading glioma cells","volume":"5","author":"Watkins S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Watkins S, Robel S, Kimbrough IF, Robert SM, Ellis-Davies G, Sontheimer H: Disruption of astrocyte-vascular coupling and the blood-brain barrier by invading glioma cells. Nat Commun 5:4196, 2014"},{"key":"b59","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e58995","article-title":"Focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening to enhance temozolomide delivery for glioblastoma treatment: a preclinical study","volume":"8","author":"Wei KC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wei KC, Chu PC, Wang HYJ, Huang CY, Chen PY, Tsai HC, : Focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening to enhance temozolomide delivery for glioblastoma treatment: a preclinical study. PLoS One 8:e58995, 2013"},{"key":"b60","series-title":"J Control Release","first-page":"652","article-title":"Focused ultrasound and interleukin-4 receptor-targeted liposomal doxorubicin for enhanced targeted drug delivery and antitumor effect in glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"160","author":"Yang FY","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang FY, Wong TT, Teng MC, Liu RS, Lu M, Liang HF, : Focused ultrasound and interleukin-4 receptor-targeted liposomal doxorubicin for enhanced targeted drug delivery and antitumor effect in glioblastoma multiforme. J Control Release 160:652\u2013658, 2012"},{"key":"b61","series-title":"Exp Ther Med","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of the ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction-mediated herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase\/ganciclovir system on ovarian cancer in mice","volume":"8","author":"Zhou XL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou XL, Shi YL, Li X: Inhibitory effects of the ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction-mediated herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase\/ganciclovir system on ovarian cancer in mice. Exp Ther Med 8:1159\u20131163, 2014"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/44\/2\/article-pE10.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/44\/2\/article-pE10.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/44\/2\/article-pE10.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:24:39Z","timestamp":1780129479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/44\/2\/article-pE10.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2017.11.focus17620","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}}}