{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:34:51Z","timestamp":1791405291987,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ventricular shunt (VS) durability has been well studied in the pediatric population and in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus; however, further evaluation in a more heterogeneous adult population is needed. This study aims to evaluate the effect of diagnosis and valve type\u2014fixed versus programmable\u2014on shunt durability and cost for placement of shunts in adult patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients who underwent implantation of a VS for hydrocephalus at their institution over a 3-year period between August 2013 and October 2016 with a minimum postoperative follow-up of 6 months. The primary outcome was shunt revision, which was defined as reoperation for any indication after the initial procedure. Supply costs, shunt durability, and hydrocephalus etiologies were compared between fixed and programmable valves.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 417 patients underwent shunt placement during the index time frame, consisting of 62 fixed shunts (15%) and 355 programmable shunts (85%). The mean follow-up was 30 \u00b1 12 (SD) months. The shunt revision rate was 22% for programmable pressure valves and 21% for fixed pressure valves (HR 1.1 [95% CI 0.6\u20131.8]). Shunt complications, such as valve failure, infection, and overdrainage, occurred with similar frequency across valve types. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed no difference in durability between fixed (mean 39 months) and programmable (mean 40 months) shunts (p = 0.980, log-rank test). The median shunt supply cost per index case and accounting for subsequent revisions was $3438 (interquartile range $2938\u2013$3876) and $1504 (interquartile range $753\u2013$1584) for programmable and fixed shunts, respectively (p &lt; 0.001, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Of all hydrocephalus etiologies, pseudotumor cerebri (HR 1.9 [95% CI 1.2\u20133.1]) and previous shunt malfunction (HR 1.8 [95% CI 1.2\u20132.7]) were found to significantly increase the risk of shunt revision. Within each diagnosis, there were no significant differences in revision rates between shunts with a fixed valve and shunts with a programmable valve.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long-term shunt revision rates are similar for fixed and programmable shunt pressure valves in adult patients. Hydrocephalus etiology may play a significant role in predicting shunt revision, although programmable valves incur higher supply costs regardless of initial diagnosis. Utilization of fixed pressure valves versus programmable pressure valves may reduce supply costs while maintaining similar revision rates. Given the importance of developing cost-effective management protocols, this study highlights the critical need for large-scale prospective observational studies and randomized clinical trials of ventricular shunt valve revisions and additional patient-centered outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.11.jns172212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,11]],"date-time":"2018-05-11T13:59:16Z","timestamp":1526047156000},"page":"1252-1259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Comparative durability and costs analysis of ventricular shunts"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Nitin","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Kashkoush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M.","family":"McDowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Lariviere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveed","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Friedlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurgery","article-title":"Reducing surgical infections and implant costs via a novel paradigm of enhanced physician awareness","author":"Agarwal N","unstructured":"Agarwal N, Agarwal P, Querry A, Mazurkiewicz A, Whiteside B, Marroquin OC, : Reducing surgical infections and implant costs via a novel paradigm of enhanced physician awareness. 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