{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T22:34:03Z","timestamp":1784673243392,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The accuracy of robot-guided pedicle screw placement has been proven to be high, but little is known about the impact of such guidance on clinical outcomes such as the rate of revision surgeries for screw malposition. In addition, there are very few data about the impact of robot-guided fusion on patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Thus, the clinical benefit for the patient is unclear. In this study, the authors analyzed revision rates for screw malposition and changes in PROs following minimally invasive robot-guided pedicle screw fixation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study of patients who had undergone minimally invasive posterior lumbar interbody fusion (MI-PLIF) or minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion was performed. Patients were followed up clinically at 6 weeks, 12 months, and 24 months after treatment and by mailed questionnaire in March 2016 as a final follow-up. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores for back and leg pain severity, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), screw revisions, and socio-demographic factors were analyzed. A literature review was performed, comparing the incidence of intraoperative screw revisions and revision surgery for screw malposition in robot-guided, navigated, and freehand fusion procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventy-two patients fit the study inclusion criteria and had a mean follow up of 32 \u00b1 17 months. No screws had to be revised intraoperatively, and no revision surgery for screw malposition was needed. In the literature review, the authors found a higher rate of intraoperative screw revisions in the navigated pool than in the robot-guided pool (p &lt; 0.001, OR 9.7). Additionally, a higher incidence of revision surgery for screw malposition was observed for freehand procedures than for the robot-guided procedures (p &lt; 0.001, OR 8.1). The VAS score for back pain improved significantly from 66.9 \u00b1 25.0 preoperatively to 30.1 \u00b1 26.8 at the final follow-up, as did the VAS score for leg pain (from 70.6 \u00b1 22.8 to 24.3 \u00b1 28.3) and ODI (from 43.4 \u00b1 18.3 to 16.2 \u00b1 16.7; all p &lt; 0.001). Undergoing PLIF, a high body mass index, smoking status, and a preoperative ability to work were identified as predictors of a reduction in back pain. Length of hospital stay was 2.4 \u00b1 1.1 days and operating time was 161 \u00b1 50 minutes. Ability to work increased from 38.9% to 78.2% of patients (p &lt; 0.001) at the final follow-up, and 89.1% of patients indicated they would choose to undergo the same treatment again.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In adults with low-grade spondylolisthesis, the data demonstrated a benefit in using robotic guidance to reduce the rate of revision surgery for screw malposition as compared with other techniques of pedicle screw insertion described in peer-reviewed publications. Larger comparative studies are required to assess differences in PROs following a minimally invasive approach in spinal fusion surgeries compared with other techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.3.focus16534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]],"date-time":"2017-05-02T15:57:03Z","timestamp":1493740623000},"page":"E12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Revisions for screw malposition and clinical outcomes after robot-guided lumbar fusion for spondylolisthesis"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Marc L.","family":"Schr\u00f6der","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Bergman Clinics, Naarden, The Netherlands; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor E.","family":"Staartjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Bergman Clinics, Naarden, The Netherlands; and"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.11.SPINE12226","article-title":"Revision lumbar surgery in elderly patients with symptomatic pseudarthrosis, adjacent-segment disease, or same-level recurrent stenosis. Part 2. A cost-effectiveness analysis: clinical article","volume":"18","author":"Adogwa O","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adogwa O, Owens R, Karikari I, Agarwal V, Gottfried ON, Bagley CA, : Revision lumbar surgery in elderly patients with symptomatic pseudarthrosis, adjacent-segment disease, or same-level recurrent stenosis. Part 2. A cost-effectiveness analysis: clinical article. J Neurosurg Spine 18:147\u2013153, 20132323135810.3171\/2012.11.SPINE12226"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech","first-page":"479","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: 2-year assessment of narcotic use, return to work, disability, and quality of life","volume":"24","author":"Adogwa O","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adogwa O, Parker SL, Bydon A, Cheng J, McGirt MJ: Comparative effectiveness of minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: 2-year assessment of narcotic use, return to work, disability, and quality of life. J Spinal Disord Tech 24:479\u2013484, 201121336176"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.9.SPINE09261","article-title":"Accuracy of pedicle screw placement in the lumbosacral spine using conventional technique: computed tomography postoperative assessment in 102 consecutive patients","volume":"12","author":"Amato V","year":"2010","unstructured":"Amato V, Giannachi L, Irace C, Corona C: Accuracy of pedicle screw placement in the lumbosacral spine using conventional technique: computed tomography postoperative assessment in 102 consecutive patients. J Neurosurg Spine 12:306\u2013313, 201010.3171\/2009.9.SPINE0926120192632"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2732-6","article-title":"Carvi y Nievas M: Comparison of minimally invasive fusion and instrumentation versus open surgery for severe stenotic spondylolisthesis with high-grade facet joint osteoarthritis","volume":"22","author":"Archavlis E","year":"2013","unstructured":"Archavlis E, Carvi y Nievas M: Comparison of minimally invasive fusion and instrumentation versus open surgery for severe stenotic spondylolisthesis with high-grade facet joint osteoarthritis. Eur Spine J 22:1731\u20131740, 201310.1007\/s00586-013-2732-6"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.01598","article-title":"Smoking cessation related to improved patient-reported pain scores following spinal care","volume":"94","author":"Behrend C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Behrend C, Prasarn M, Coyne E, Horodyski M, Wright J, Rechtine GR: Smoking cessation related to improved patient-reported pain scores following spinal care. J Bone Joint Surg Am 94:2161\u20132166, 201210.2106\/JBJS.K.0159823095839"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.5.SPINE13567","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of pedicle screw placement using intraoperative computed tomography: consecutive series of 1148 pedicle screws","volume":"21","author":"Bydon M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bydon M, Xu R, Amin AG, Macki M, Kaloostian P, Sciubba DM, : Safety and efficacy of pedicle screw placement using intraoperative computed tomography: consecutive series of 1148 pedicle screws. J Neurosurg Spine 21:320\u2013328, 20142492692710.3171\/2014.5.SPINE13567"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181d323ab","article-title":"Clinical acceptance and accuracy assessment of spinal implants guided with SpineAssist surgical robot: retrospective study","volume":"35","author":"Devito DP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Devito DP, Kaplan L, Dietl R, Pfeiffer M, Horne D, Silberstein B, : Clinical acceptance and accuracy assessment of spinal implants guided with SpineAssist surgical robot: retrospective study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35:2109\u20132115, 2010 [Erratum in Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 36:91, 2011]2107949810.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181d323ab"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a19e66","article-title":"Predictive factors for the outcome of fusion in adult isthmic spondylolisthesis","volume":"34","author":"Ekman P","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ekman P, M\u00f6ller H, Hedlund R: Predictive factors for the outcome of fusion in adult isthmic spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34:1204\u20131210, 20091944406810.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a19e66"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Physiotherapy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20150204-61","article-title":"The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire","volume":"66","author":"Fairbank JC","year":"1980","unstructured":"Fairbank JC, Couper J, Davies JB, O\u2019Brien JP: The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. Physiotherapy 66:271\u2013273, 1980645042610.3928\/01477447-20150204-61"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001099","article-title":"Accuracy of pedicle screw placement with robotic guidance system: a cadaveric study","volume":"40","author":"Fujishiro T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fujishiro T, Nakaya Y, Fukumoto S, Adachi S, Nakano A, Fujiwara K, : Accuracy of pedicle screw placement with robotic guidance system: a cadaveric study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 40:1882\u20131889, 201510.1097\/BRS.000000000000109926655804"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-2011-3","article-title":"Accuracy of pedicle screw placement: a systematic review of prospective in vivo studies comparing free hand, fluoroscopy guidance and navigation techniques","volume":"21","author":"Gelalis ID","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gelalis ID, Paschos NK, Pakos EE, Politis AN, Arnaoutoglou CM, Karageorgos AC, : Accuracy of pedicle screw placement: a systematic review of prospective in vivo studies comparing free hand, fluoroscopy guidance and navigation techniques. Eur Spine J 21:247\u2013255, 20122190132810.1007\/s00586-011-2011-3"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001600","article-title":"The pullout strength of pedicle screws following redirection after lateral wall breach or end-plate breach","volume":"41","author":"Goda Y","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goda Y, Higashino K, Toki S, Suzuki D, Kobayashi T, Matsuura T, : The pullout strength of pedicle screws following redirection after lateral wall breach or end-plate breach. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 41:1218\u20131223, 20162704663710.1097\/BRS.0000000000001600"},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"b13","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"S74","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness and economic evaluations of open versus minimally invasive posterior or transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Goldstein CL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goldstein CL, Phillips FM, Rampersaud YR: Comparative effectiveness and economic evaluations of open versus minimally invasive posterior or transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 41 (Suppl 8):S74\u2013S89, 2016"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000144833.63581.c1","article-title":"Reoperation rate after instrumented posterior lumbar interbody fusion: a report on 1680 cases","volume":"29","author":"Greiner-Perth R","year":"2004","unstructured":"Greiner-Perth R, Boehm H, Allam Y, Elsaghir H, Franke J: Reoperation rate after instrumented posterior lumbar interbody fusion: a report on 1680 cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 29:2516\u20132520, 200410.1097\/01.brs.0000144833.63581.c115543064"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4532-2","article-title":"Dynamic posterior stabilization for degenerative lumbar spine disease: a large consecutive case series with long-term follow-up by additional postal survey","volume":"25","author":"Greiner-Perth R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Greiner-Perth R, Sellhast N, Perler G, Dietrich D, Staub LP, R\u00f6der C: Dynamic posterior stabilization for degenerative lumbar spine disease: a large consecutive case series with long-term follow-up by additional postal survey. Eur Spine J 25:2563\u20132570, 2016 (Erratum in Eur Spine J 25:2563\u20132570, 2016)10.1007\/s00586-016-4532-227029541"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Am J Orthop","first-page":"E257","article-title":"Mini-open versus open decompression and fusion for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis with stenosis","volume":"40","author":"Harris EB","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harris EB, Sayadipour A, Massey P, Duplantier NL, Anderson DG: Mini-open versus open decompression and fusion for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis with stenosis. Am J Orthop 40:E257\u2013E261, 2011"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.03.011","article-title":"Worldwide survey on the use of navigation in spine surgery","volume":"79","author":"H\u00e4rtl R","year":"2013","unstructured":"H\u00e4rtl R, Lam KS, Wang J, Korge A, Kandziora F, Audig\u00e9 L: Worldwide survey on the use of navigation in spine surgery. World Neurosurg 79:162\u2013172, 201310.1016\/j.wneu.2012.03.01122469525"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1603-2","article-title":"Is intraoperative CT of posterior cervical spine instrumentation cost-effective and does it reduce complications?","volume":"469","author":"Hecht AC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hecht AC, Koehler SM, Laudone JC, Jenkins A, Qureshi S: Is intraoperative CT of posterior cervical spine instrumentation cost-effective and does it reduce complications? Clin Orthop Relat Res 469:1035\u20131041, 20112092258410.1007\/s11999-010-1603-2"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-013-3291-1","article-title":"What is the learning curve for robotic-assisted pedicle screw placement in spine surgery?","volume":"472","author":"Hu X","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hu X, Lieberman IH: What is the learning curve for robotic-assisted pedicle screw placement in spine surgery? Clin Orthop Relat Res 472:1839\u20131844, 201410.1007\/s11999-013-3291-124048889"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1729-2","article-title":"Perioperative course and accuracy of screw positioning in conventional, open robotic-guided and percutaneous robotic-guided, pedicle screw placement","volume":"20","author":"Kantelhardt SR","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kantelhardt SR, Martinez R, Baerwinkel S, Burger R, Giese A, Rohde V: Perioperative course and accuracy of screw positioning in conventional, open robotic-guided and percutaneous robotic-guided, pedicle screw placement. Eur Spine J 20:860\u2013868, 201110.1007\/s00586-011-1729-221384205"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1892-5","article-title":"Factors affecting the accurate placement of percutaneous pedicle screws during minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"20","author":"Kim MC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim MC, Chung HT, Cho JL, Kim DJ, Chung NS: Factors affecting the accurate placement of percutaneous pedicle screws during minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. Eur Spine J 20:1635\u20131643, 20112172072710.1007\/s00586-011-1892-5"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.03.044","article-title":"Accuracy of fluoroscopically-assisted pedicle screw placement: analysis of 1,218 screws in 198 patients","volume":"14","author":"Koktekir E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koktekir E, Ceylan D, Tatarli N, Karabagli H, Recber F, Akdemir G: Accuracy of fluoroscopically-assisted pedicle screw placement: analysis of 1,218 screws in 198 patients. Spine J 14:1702\u20131708, 20142470468010.1016\/j.spinee.2014.03.044"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0153235","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153235","article-title":"Assessing the intraoperative accuracy of pedicle screw placement by using a bone-mounted miniature robot system through secondary registration","volume":"11","author":"Kuo KL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kuo KL, Su YF, Wu CH, Tsai CY, Chang CH, Lin CL, : Assessing the intraoperative accuracy of pedicle screw placement by using a bone-mounted miniature robot system through secondary registration. PLoS One 11:e0153235, 20162705436010.1371\/journal.pone.0153235"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Int Coll Surg","first-page":"566","article-title":"Spondylolisthesis; surgical fusion of lumbosacral portion of spinal column and interarticular facets; use of autogenous bone grafts for relief of disabling backache","volume":"26","author":"Meyerding HW","year":"1956","unstructured":"Meyerding HW: Spondylolisthesis; surgical fusion of lumbosacral portion of spinal column and interarticular facets; use of autogenous bone grafts for relief of disabling backache. J Int Coll Surg 26:566\u2013591, 195613367505"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(95)00004-5","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a system for precision enhancement in spine surgery","volume":"10","author":"Nolte LP","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nolte LP, Zamorano L, Visarius H, Berlemann U, Langlotz F, Arm E, : Clinical evaluation of a system for precision enhancement in spine surgery. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 10:293\u2013303, 19951141557010.1016\/0268-0033(95)00004-5"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.03.042","article-title":"Comparison between the accuracy of percutaneous and open pedicle screw fixations in lumbosacral fusion","volume":"13","author":"Oh HS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oh HS, Kim JS, Lee SH, Liu WC, Hong SW: Comparison between the accuracy of percutaneous and open pedicle screw fixations in lumbosacral fusion. Spine J 13:1751\u20131757, 20132364782710.1016\/j.spinee.2013.03.042"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Turk Neurosurg","first-page":"512","article-title":"Robotic spine surgery: a preliminary report","volume":"24","author":"Onen MR","year":"2014","unstructured":"Onen MR, Simsek M, Naderi S: Robotic spine surgery: a preliminary report. Turk Neurosurg 24:512\u2013518, 201425050675"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815e3a10","article-title":"Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change","volume":"33","author":"Ostelo RWJG","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ostelo RWJG, Deyo RA, Stratford P, Waddell G, Croft P, Von Korff M, : Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 33:90\u201394, 20081816575310.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815e3a10"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.01.041","article-title":"Minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative spondylolisthesis: comparative effectiveness and cost-utility analysis","volume":"82","author":"Parker SL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parker SL, Mendenhall SK, Shau DN, Zuckerman SL, Godil SS, Cheng JS, : Minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative spondylolisthesis: comparative effectiveness and cost-utility analysis. World Neurosurg 82:230\u2013238, 201410.1016\/j.wneu.2013.01.04123321379"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318191ed32","article-title":"Percutaneous placement of pedicle screws in the lumbar spine using a bone mounted miniature robotic system: first experiences and accuracy of screw placement","volume":"34","author":"Pechlivanis I","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pechlivanis I, Kiriyanthan G, Engelhardt M, Scholz M, L\u00fccke S, Harders A, : Percutaneous placement of pedicle screws in the lumbar spine using a bone mounted miniature robotic system: first experiences and accuracy of screw placement. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34:392\u2013398, 200910.1097\/BRS.0b013e318191ed3219214099"},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"b31","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"S39","article-title":"Breaking through the \u201cglass ceiling\u201d of minimally invasive spine surgery","volume":"41","author":"Phillips FM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Phillips FM, Cheng I, Rampersaud YR, Akbarnia BA, Pimenta L, Rodgers WB, : Breaking through the \u201cglass ceiling\u201d of minimally invasive spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 41 (Suppl 8):S39\u2013S43, 2016"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31825e21b2","article-title":"Does obesity affect outcomes of treatment for lumbar stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis? Analysis of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT)","volume":"37","author":"Rihn JA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rihn JA, Radcliff K, Hilibrand AS, Anderson DT, Zhao W, Lurie J, : Does obesity affect outcomes of treatment for lumbar stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis? Analysis of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT). Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 37:1933\u20131946, 20122261479310.1097\/BRS.0b013e31825e21b2"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E496","article-title":"Accuracy of robot-assisted placement of lumbar and sacral pedicle screws: a prospective randomized comparison to conventional freehand screw implantation","volume":"37","author":"Ringel F","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ringel F, St\u00fcer C, Reinke A, Preuss A, Behr M, Auer F, : Accuracy of robot-assisted placement of lumbar and sacral pedicle screws: a prospective randomized comparison to conventional freehand screw implantation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 37:E496\u2013E501, 2012"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.10.003","article-title":"Learning curve of 3D fluoroscopy image-guided pedicle screw placement in the thoracolumbar spine","volume":"15","author":"Ryang YM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ryang YM, Villard J, Oberm\u00fcller T, Friedrich B, Wolf P, Gempt J, : Learning curve of 3D fluoroscopy image-guided pedicle screw placement in the thoracolumbar spine. Spine J 15:467\u2013476, 20152531513310.1016\/j.spinee.2014.10.003"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Orthopedics","first-page":"e129","article-title":"Comparison of open and percutaneous lumbar pedicle screw revision rate using 3-D image guidance and intraoperative CT","volume":"38","author":"Santos ERG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Santos ERG, Sembrano JN, Yson SC, Polly DW Jr: Comparison of open and percutaneous lumbar pedicle screw revision rate using 3-D image guidance and intraoperative CT. Orthopedics 38:e129\u2013e134, 2015"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-015-2535-0","article-title":"Unskilled unawareness and the learning curve in robotic spine surgery","volume":"157","author":"Schatlo B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schatlo B, Martinez R, Alaid A, von Eckardstein K, Akhavan-Sigari R, Hahn A, : Unskilled unawareness and the learning curve in robotic spine surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 157:1819\u20131823, 201510.1007\/s00701-015-2535-026287268"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.3.SPINE13714","article-title":"Safety and accuracy of robot-assisted versus fluoroscopy-guided pedicle screw insertion for degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine: a matched cohort comparison","volume":"20","author":"Schatlo B","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schatlo B, Molliqaj G, Cuvinciuc V, Kotowski M, Schaller K, Tessitore E: Safety and accuracy of robot-assisted versus fluoroscopy-guided pedicle screw insertion for degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine: a matched cohort comparison. J Neurosurg Spine 20:636\u2013643, 20142472518010.3171\/2014.3.SPINE13714"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Int J Spine Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.14444\/2054","article-title":"Fluoroscopy-guided pedicle screw accuracy with a mini-open approach: a tomographic evaluation of 470 screws in 125 patients","volume":"9","author":"Soriano-S\u00e1nchez JA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Soriano-S\u00e1nchez JA, Ortega-Porcayo LA, Guti\u00e9rrez-Partida CF, Ram\u00edrez-Barrios LR, Ort\u00edz-Leyva RU, Rodr\u00edguez-Garc\u00eda M, : Fluoroscopy-guided pedicle screw accuracy with a mini-open approach: a tomographic evaluation of 470 screws in 125 patients. Int J Spine Surg 9:54, 201510.14444\/205426609509"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-99651-5_38","article-title":"Robotic technology in spine surgery: current applications and future developments","volume":"109","author":"St\u00fcer C","year":"2011","unstructured":"St\u00fcer C, Ringel F, Stoffel M, Reinke A, Behr M, Meyer B: Robotic technology in spine surgery: current applications and future developments. Acta Neurochir Suppl 109:241\u2013245, 201110.1007\/978-3-211-99651-5_3820960350"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ONS129","article-title":"Bone-mounted miniature robotic guidance for pedicle screw and translaminar facet screw placement: part 2\u2013Evaluation of system accuracy","volume":"60","author":"Togawa D","year":"2007","unstructured":"Togawa D, Kayanja MM, Reinhardt MK, Shoham M, Balter A, Friedlander A, : Bone-mounted miniature robotic guidance for pedicle screw and translaminar facet screw placement: part 2\u2013Evaluation of system accuracy. Neurosurgery 60:ONS129\u2013ONS139, 2007"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E986","article-title":"Clinical pedicle screw accuracy and deviation from planning in robot-guided spine surgery: robot-guided pedicle screw accuracy","volume":"40","author":"van Dijk JD","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Dijk JD, van den Ende RPJ, Stramigioli S, K\u00f6chling M, H\u00f6ss N: Clinical pedicle screw accuracy and deviation from planning in robot-guided spine surgery: robot-guided pedicle screw accuracy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 40:E986\u2013E991, 2015"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1404-z","article-title":"Comparison of one-level minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis grades 1 and 2","volume":"19","author":"Wang J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang J, Zhou Y, Zhang ZF, Li CQ, Zheng WJ, Liu J: Comparison of one-level minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis grades 1 and 2. Eur Spine J 19:1780\u20131784, 20102041128110.1007\/s00586-010-1404-z"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2509-3","article-title":"CT-navigation versus fluoroscopy-guided placement of pedicle screws at the thoracolumbar spine: single center experience of 4,500 screws","volume":"22","author":"Waschke A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Waschke A, Walter J, Duenisch P, Reichart R, Kalff R, Ewald C: CT-navigation versus fluoroscopy-guided placement of pedicle screws at the thoracolumbar spine: single center experience of 4,500 screws. Eur Spine J 22:654\u2013660, 20132300141510.1007\/s00586-012-2509-3"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b77b19","article-title":"Intraoperative computed tomography with integrated navigation system in spinal stabilizations","volume":"34","author":"Zausinger S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zausinger S, Scheder B, Uhl E, Heigl T, Morhard D, Tonn JC: Intraoperative computed tomography with integrated navigation system in spinal stabilizations. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34:2919\u20132926, 20092001040010.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b77b19"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.11.SPINE12226","article-title":"Revision lumbar surgery in elderly patients with symptomatic pseudarthrosis, adjacent-segment disease, or same-level recurrent stenosis. Part 2. A cost-effectiveness analysis: clinical article","volume":"18","author":"Adogwa O","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adogwa O, Owens R, Karikari I, Agarwal V, Gottfried ON, Bagley CA, : Revision lumbar surgery in elderly patients with symptomatic pseudarthrosis, adjacent-segment disease, or same-level recurrent stenosis. Part 2. A cost-effectiveness analysis: clinical article. J Neurosurg Spine 18:147\u2013153, 20132323135810.3171\/2012.11.SPINE12226"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech","first-page":"479","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: 2-year assessment of narcotic use, return to work, disability, and quality of life","volume":"24","author":"Adogwa O","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adogwa O, Parker SL, Bydon A, Cheng J, McGirt MJ: Comparative effectiveness of minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: 2-year assessment of narcotic use, return to work, disability, and quality of life. J Spinal Disord Tech 24:479\u2013484, 201121336176"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.9.SPINE09261","article-title":"Accuracy of pedicle screw placement in the lumbosacral spine using conventional technique: computed tomography postoperative assessment in 102 consecutive patients","volume":"12","author":"Amato V","year":"2010","unstructured":"Amato V, Giannachi L, Irace C, Corona C: Accuracy of pedicle screw placement in the lumbosacral spine using conventional technique: computed tomography postoperative assessment in 102 consecutive patients. J Neurosurg Spine 12:306\u2013313, 201010.3171\/2009.9.SPINE0926120192632"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2732-6","article-title":"Carvi y Nievas M: Comparison of minimally invasive fusion and instrumentation versus open surgery for severe stenotic spondylolisthesis with high-grade facet joint osteoarthritis","volume":"22","author":"Archavlis E","year":"2013","unstructured":"Archavlis E, Carvi y Nievas M: Comparison of minimally invasive fusion and instrumentation versus open surgery for severe stenotic spondylolisthesis with high-grade facet joint osteoarthritis. Eur Spine J 22:1731\u20131740, 201310.1007\/s00586-013-2732-6"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.01598","article-title":"Smoking cessation related to improved patient-reported pain scores following spinal care","volume":"94","author":"Behrend C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Behrend C, Prasarn M, Coyne E, Horodyski M, Wright J, Rechtine GR: Smoking cessation related to improved patient-reported pain scores following spinal care. J Bone Joint Surg Am 94:2161\u20132166, 201210.2106\/JBJS.K.0159823095839"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.5.SPINE13567","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of pedicle screw placement using intraoperative computed tomography: consecutive series of 1148 pedicle screws","volume":"21","author":"Bydon M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bydon M, Xu R, Amin AG, Macki M, Kaloostian P, Sciubba DM, : Safety and efficacy of pedicle screw placement using intraoperative computed tomography: consecutive series of 1148 pedicle screws. J Neurosurg Spine 21:320\u2013328, 20142492692710.3171\/2014.5.SPINE13567"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181d323ab","article-title":"Clinical acceptance and accuracy assessment of spinal implants guided with SpineAssist surgical robot: retrospective study","volume":"35","author":"Devito DP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Devito DP, Kaplan L, Dietl R, Pfeiffer M, Horne D, Silberstein B, : Clinical acceptance and accuracy assessment of spinal implants guided with SpineAssist surgical robot: retrospective study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35:2109\u20132115, 2010 [Erratum in Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 36:91, 2011]2107949810.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181d323ab"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a19e66","article-title":"Predictive factors for the outcome of fusion in adult isthmic spondylolisthesis","volume":"34","author":"Ekman P","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ekman P, M\u00f6ller H, Hedlund R: Predictive factors for the outcome of fusion in adult isthmic spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34:1204\u20131210, 20091944406810.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a19e66"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Physiotherapy","first-page":"271","article-title":"The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire","volume":"66","author":"Fairbank JC","year":"1980","unstructured":"Fairbank JC, Couper J, Davies JB, O\u2019Brien JP: The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. Physiotherapy 66:271\u2013273, 19806450426"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001099","article-title":"Accuracy of pedicle screw placement with robotic guidance system: a cadaveric study","volume":"40","author":"Fujishiro T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fujishiro T, Nakaya Y, Fukumoto S, Adachi S, Nakano A, Fujiwara K, : Accuracy of pedicle screw placement with robotic guidance system: a cadaveric study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 40:1882\u20131889, 201510.1097\/BRS.000000000000109926655804"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-2011-3","article-title":"Accuracy of pedicle screw placement: a systematic review of prospective in vivo studies comparing free hand, fluoroscopy guidance and navigation techniques","volume":"21","author":"Gelalis ID","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gelalis ID, Paschos NK, Pakos EE, Politis AN, Arnaoutoglou CM, Karageorgos AC, : Accuracy of pedicle screw placement: a systematic review of prospective in vivo studies comparing free hand, fluoroscopy guidance and navigation techniques. Eur Spine J 21:247\u2013255, 20122190132810.1007\/s00586-011-2011-3"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001600","article-title":"The pullout strength of pedicle screws following redirection after lateral wall breach or end-plate breach","volume":"41","author":"Goda Y","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goda Y, Higashino K, Toki S, Suzuki D, Kobayashi T, Matsuura T, : The pullout strength of pedicle screws following redirection after lateral wall breach or end-plate breach. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 41:1218\u20131223, 20162704663710.1097\/BRS.0000000000001600"},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"b13","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"S74","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness and economic evaluations of open versus minimally invasive posterior or transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Goldstein CL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goldstein CL, Phillips FM, Rampersaud YR: Comparative effectiveness and economic evaluations of open versus minimally invasive posterior or transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 41 (Suppl 8):S74\u2013S89, 2016"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000144833.63581.c1","article-title":"Reoperation rate after instrumented posterior lumbar interbody fusion: a report on 1680 cases","volume":"29","author":"Greiner-Perth R","year":"2004","unstructured":"Greiner-Perth R, Boehm H, Allam Y, Elsaghir H, Franke J: Reoperation rate after instrumented posterior lumbar interbody fusion: a report on 1680 cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 29:2516\u20132520, 200410.1097\/01.brs.0000144833.63581.c115543064"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4532-2","article-title":"Dynamic posterior stabilization for degenerative lumbar spine disease: a large consecutive case series with long-term follow-up by additional postal survey","volume":"25","author":"Greiner-Perth R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Greiner-Perth R, Sellhast N, Perler G, Dietrich D, Staub LP, R\u00f6der C: Dynamic posterior stabilization for degenerative lumbar spine disease: a large consecutive case series with long-term follow-up by additional postal survey. Eur Spine J 25:2563\u20132570, 2016 (Erratum in Eur Spine J 25:2563\u20132570, 2016)10.1007\/s00586-016-4532-227029541"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Am J Orthop","first-page":"E257","article-title":"Mini-open versus open decompression and fusion for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis with stenosis","volume":"40","author":"Harris EB","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harris EB, Sayadipour A, Massey P, Duplantier NL, Anderson DG: Mini-open versus open decompression and fusion for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis with stenosis. Am J Orthop 40:E257\u2013E261, 2011"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.03.011","article-title":"Worldwide survey on the use of navigation in spine surgery","volume":"79","author":"H\u00e4rtl R","year":"2013","unstructured":"H\u00e4rtl R, Lam KS, Wang J, Korge A, Kandziora F, Audig\u00e9 L: Worldwide survey on the use of navigation in spine surgery. World Neurosurg 79:162\u2013172, 201310.1016\/j.wneu.2012.03.01122469525"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1603-2","article-title":"Is intraoperative CT of posterior cervical spine instrumentation cost-effective and does it reduce complications?","volume":"469","author":"Hecht AC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hecht AC, Koehler SM, Laudone JC, Jenkins A, Qureshi S: Is intraoperative CT of posterior cervical spine instrumentation cost-effective and does it reduce complications? Clin Orthop Relat Res 469:1035\u20131041, 20112092258410.1007\/s11999-010-1603-2"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-013-3291-1","article-title":"What is the learning curve for robotic-assisted pedicle screw placement in spine surgery?","volume":"472","author":"Hu X","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hu X, Lieberman IH: What is the learning curve for robotic-assisted pedicle screw placement in spine surgery? Clin Orthop Relat Res 472:1839\u20131844, 201410.1007\/s11999-013-3291-124048889"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1729-2","article-title":"Perioperative course and accuracy of screw positioning in conventional, open robotic-guided and percutaneous robotic-guided, pedicle screw placement","volume":"20","author":"Kantelhardt SR","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kantelhardt SR, Martinez R, Baerwinkel S, Burger R, Giese A, Rohde V: Perioperative course and accuracy of screw positioning in conventional, open robotic-guided and percutaneous robotic-guided, pedicle screw placement. Eur Spine J 20:860\u2013868, 201110.1007\/s00586-011-1729-221384205"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1892-5","article-title":"Factors affecting the accurate placement of percutaneous pedicle screws during minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"20","author":"Kim MC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim MC, Chung HT, Cho JL, Kim DJ, Chung NS: Factors affecting the accurate placement of percutaneous pedicle screws during minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. Eur Spine J 20:1635\u20131643, 20112172072710.1007\/s00586-011-1892-5"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.03.044","article-title":"Accuracy of fluoroscopically-assisted pedicle screw placement: analysis of 1,218 screws in 198 patients","volume":"14","author":"Koktekir E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koktekir E, Ceylan D, Tatarli N, Karabagli H, Recber F, Akdemir G: Accuracy of fluoroscopically-assisted pedicle screw placement: analysis of 1,218 screws in 198 patients. Spine J 14:1702\u20131708, 20142470468010.1016\/j.spinee.2014.03.044"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0153235","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153235","article-title":"Assessing the intraoperative accuracy of pedicle screw placement by using a bone-mounted miniature robot system through secondary registration","volume":"11","author":"Kuo KL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kuo KL, Su YF, Wu CH, Tsai CY, Chang CH, Lin CL, : Assessing the intraoperative accuracy of pedicle screw placement by using a bone-mounted miniature robot system through secondary registration. PLoS One 11:e0153235, 20162705436010.1371\/journal.pone.0153235"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Int Coll Surg","first-page":"566","article-title":"Spondylolisthesis; surgical fusion of lumbosacral portion of spinal column and interarticular facets; use of autogenous bone grafts for relief of disabling backache","volume":"26","author":"Meyerding HW","year":"1956","unstructured":"Meyerding HW: Spondylolisthesis; surgical fusion of lumbosacral portion of spinal column and interarticular facets; use of autogenous bone grafts for relief of disabling backache. J Int Coll Surg 26:566\u2013591, 195613367505"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(95)00004-5","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a system for precision enhancement in spine surgery","volume":"10","author":"Nolte LP","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nolte LP, Zamorano L, Visarius H, Berlemann U, Langlotz F, Arm E, : Clinical evaluation of a system for precision enhancement in spine surgery. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 10:293\u2013303, 19951141557010.1016\/0268-0033(95)00004-5"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.03.042","article-title":"Comparison between the accuracy of percutaneous and open pedicle screw fixations in lumbosacral fusion","volume":"13","author":"Oh HS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oh HS, Kim JS, Lee SH, Liu WC, Hong SW: Comparison between the accuracy of percutaneous and open pedicle screw fixations in lumbosacral fusion. Spine J 13:1751\u20131757, 20132364782710.1016\/j.spinee.2013.03.042"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Turk Neurosurg","first-page":"512","article-title":"Robotic spine surgery: a preliminary report","volume":"24","author":"Onen MR","year":"2014","unstructured":"Onen MR, Simsek M, Naderi S: Robotic spine surgery: a preliminary report. Turk Neurosurg 24:512\u2013518, 201425050675"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815e3a10","article-title":"Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change","volume":"33","author":"Ostelo RWJG","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ostelo RWJG, Deyo RA, Stratford P, Waddell G, Croft P, Von Korff M, : Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 33:90\u201394, 20081816575310.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815e3a10"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.01.041","article-title":"Minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative spondylolisthesis: comparative effectiveness and cost-utility analysis","volume":"82","author":"Parker SL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parker SL, Mendenhall SK, Shau DN, Zuckerman SL, Godil SS, Cheng JS, : Minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative spondylolisthesis: comparative effectiveness and cost-utility analysis. World Neurosurg 82:230\u2013238, 201410.1016\/j.wneu.2013.01.04123321379"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318191ed32","article-title":"Percutaneous placement of pedicle screws in the lumbar spine using a bone mounted miniature robotic system: first experiences and accuracy of screw placement","volume":"34","author":"Pechlivanis I","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pechlivanis I, Kiriyanthan G, Engelhardt M, Scholz M, L\u00fccke S, Harders A, : Percutaneous placement of pedicle screws in the lumbar spine using a bone mounted miniature robotic system: first experiences and accuracy of screw placement. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34:392\u2013398, 200910.1097\/BRS.0b013e318191ed3219214099"},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"b31","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"S39","article-title":"Breaking through the \u201cglass ceiling\u201d of minimally invasive spine surgery","volume":"41","author":"Phillips FM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Phillips FM, Cheng I, Rampersaud YR, Akbarnia BA, Pimenta L, Rodgers WB, : Breaking through the \u201cglass ceiling\u201d of minimally invasive spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 41 (Suppl 8):S39\u2013S43, 2016"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31825e21b2","article-title":"Does obesity affect outcomes of treatment for lumbar stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis? Analysis of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT)","volume":"37","author":"Rihn JA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rihn JA, Radcliff K, Hilibrand AS, Anderson DT, Zhao W, Lurie J, : Does obesity affect outcomes of treatment for lumbar stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis? Analysis of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT). Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 37:1933\u20131946, 20122261479310.1097\/BRS.0b013e31825e21b2"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E496","article-title":"Accuracy of robot-assisted placement of lumbar and sacral pedicle screws: a prospective randomized comparison to conventional freehand screw implantation","volume":"37","author":"Ringel F","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ringel F, St\u00fcer C, Reinke A, Preuss A, Behr M, Auer F, : Accuracy of robot-assisted placement of lumbar and sacral pedicle screws: a prospective randomized comparison to conventional freehand screw implantation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 37:E496\u2013E501, 2012"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.10.003","article-title":"Learning curve of 3D fluoroscopy image-guided pedicle screw placement in the thoracolumbar spine","volume":"15","author":"Ryang YM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ryang YM, Villard J, Oberm\u00fcller T, Friedrich B, Wolf P, Gempt J, : Learning curve of 3D fluoroscopy image-guided pedicle screw placement in the thoracolumbar spine. Spine J 15:467\u2013476, 20152531513310.1016\/j.spinee.2014.10.003"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Orthopedics","first-page":"e129","article-title":"Comparison of open and percutaneous lumbar pedicle screw revision rate using 3-D image guidance and intraoperative CT","volume":"38","author":"Santos ERG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Santos ERG, Sembrano JN, Yson SC, Polly DW Jr: Comparison of open and percutaneous lumbar pedicle screw revision rate using 3-D image guidance and intraoperative CT. Orthopedics 38:e129\u2013e134, 2015"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-015-2535-0","article-title":"Unskilled unawareness and the learning curve in robotic spine surgery","volume":"157","author":"Schatlo B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schatlo B, Martinez R, Alaid A, von Eckardstein K, Akhavan-Sigari R, Hahn A, : Unskilled unawareness and the learning curve in robotic spine surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 157:1819\u20131823, 201510.1007\/s00701-015-2535-026287268"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.3.SPINE13714","article-title":"Safety and accuracy of robot-assisted versus fluoroscopy-guided pedicle screw insertion for degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine: a matched cohort comparison","volume":"20","author":"Schatlo B","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schatlo B, Molliqaj G, Cuvinciuc V, Kotowski M, Schaller K, Tessitore E: Safety and accuracy of robot-assisted versus fluoroscopy-guided pedicle screw insertion for degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine: a matched cohort comparison. J Neurosurg Spine 20:636\u2013643, 20142472518010.3171\/2014.3.SPINE13714"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Int J Spine Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.14444\/2054","article-title":"Fluoroscopy-guided pedicle screw accuracy with a mini-open approach: a tomographic evaluation of 470 screws in 125 patients","volume":"9","author":"Soriano-S\u00e1nchez JA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Soriano-S\u00e1nchez JA, Ortega-Porcayo LA, Guti\u00e9rrez-Partida CF, Ram\u00edrez-Barrios LR, Ort\u00edz-Leyva RU, Rodr\u00edguez-Garc\u00eda M, : Fluoroscopy-guided pedicle screw accuracy with a mini-open approach: a tomographic evaluation of 470 screws in 125 patients. Int J Spine Surg 9:54, 201510.14444\/205426609509"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-99651-5_38","article-title":"Robotic technology in spine surgery: current applications and future developments","volume":"109","author":"St\u00fcer C","year":"2011","unstructured":"St\u00fcer C, Ringel F, Stoffel M, Reinke A, Behr M, Meyer B: Robotic technology in spine surgery: current applications and future developments. Acta Neurochir Suppl 109:241\u2013245, 201110.1007\/978-3-211-99651-5_3820960350"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ONS129","article-title":"Bone-mounted miniature robotic guidance for pedicle screw and translaminar facet screw placement: part 2\u2013Evaluation of system accuracy","volume":"60","author":"Togawa D","year":"2007","unstructured":"Togawa D, Kayanja MM, Reinhardt MK, Shoham M, Balter A, Friedlander A, : Bone-mounted miniature robotic guidance for pedicle screw and translaminar facet screw placement: part 2\u2013Evaluation of system accuracy. Neurosurgery 60:ONS129\u2013ONS139, 2007"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E986","article-title":"Clinical pedicle screw accuracy and deviation from planning in robot-guided spine surgery: robot-guided pedicle screw accuracy","volume":"40","author":"van Dijk JD","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Dijk JD, van den Ende RPJ, Stramigioli S, K\u00f6chling M, H\u00f6ss N: Clinical pedicle screw accuracy and deviation from planning in robot-guided spine surgery: robot-guided pedicle screw accuracy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 40:E986\u2013E991, 2015"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1404-z","article-title":"Comparison of one-level minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis grades 1 and 2","volume":"19","author":"Wang J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang J, Zhou Y, Zhang ZF, Li CQ, Zheng WJ, Liu J: Comparison of one-level minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis grades 1 and 2. Eur Spine J 19:1780\u20131784, 20102041128110.1007\/s00586-010-1404-z"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2509-3","article-title":"CT-navigation versus fluoroscopy-guided placement of pedicle screws at the thoracolumbar spine: single center experience of 4,500 screws","volume":"22","author":"Waschke A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Waschke A, Walter J, Duenisch P, Reichart R, Kalff R, Ewald C: CT-navigation versus fluoroscopy-guided placement of pedicle screws at the thoracolumbar spine: single center experience of 4,500 screws. Eur Spine J 22:654\u2013660, 20132300141510.1007\/s00586-012-2509-3"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b77b19","article-title":"Intraoperative computed tomography with integrated navigation system in spinal stabilizations","volume":"34","author":"Zausinger S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zausinger S, Scheder B, Uhl E, Heigl T, Morhard D, Tonn JC: Intraoperative computed tomography with integrated navigation system in spinal stabilizations. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34:2919\u20132926, 20092001040010.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b77b19"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/42\/5\/article-pE12.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/42\/5\/article-pE12.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/42\/5\/article-pE12.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T08:20:50Z","timestamp":1780734050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/42\/5\/article-pE12.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2017.3.focus16534","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}}}