{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:14:13Z","timestamp":1790399653585,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to describe in detail the cortical and subcortical anatomy of the central core of the brain, defining its limits, with particular attention to the topography and relationships of the thalamus, basal ganglia, and related white matter pathways and vessels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors studied 19 cerebral hemispheres. The vascular systems of all of the specimens were injected with colored silicone, and the specimens were then frozen for at least 1 month to facilitate identification of individual fiber tracts. The dissections were performed in a stepwise manner, locating each gray matter nucleus and white matter pathway at different depths inside the central core. The course of fiber pathways was also noted in relation to the insular limiting sulci.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The insular surface is the most superficial aspect of the central core and is divided by a central sulcus into an anterior portion, usually containing 3 short gyri, and a posterior portion, with 2 long gyri. It is bounded by the anterior limiting sulcus, the superior limiting sulcus, and the inferior limiting sulcus. The extreme capsule is directly underneath the insular surface and is composed of short association fibers that extend toward all the opercula. The claustrum lies deep to the extreme capsule, and the external capsule is found medial to it. Three fiber pathways contribute to form both the extreme and external capsules, and they lie in a sequential anteroposterior disposition: the uncinate fascicle, the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle, and claustrocortical fibers. The putamen and the globus pallidus are between the external capsule, laterally, and the internal capsule, medially. The internal capsule is present medial to almost all insular limiting sulci and most of the insular surface, but not to their most anteroinferior portions. This anteroinferior portion of the central core has a more complex anatomy and is distinguished in this paper as the \u201canterior perforated substance region.\u201d The caudate nucleus and thalamus lie medial to the internal capsule, as the most medial structures of the central core. While the anterior half of the central core is related to the head of the caudate nucleus, the posterior half is related to the thalamus, and hence to each associated portion of the internal capsule between these structures and the insular surface. The central core stands on top of the brainstem. The brainstem and central core are connected by several white matter pathways and are not separated from each other by any natural division. The authors propose a subdivision of the central core into quadrants and describe each in detail. The functional importance of each structure is highlighted, and surgical approaches are suggested for each quadrant of the central core.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As a general rule, the internal capsule and its vascularization should be seen as a parasagittal barrier with great functional importance. This is of particular importance in choosing surgical approaches within this region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.5.jns162897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]],"date-time":"2017-12-22T10:01:37Z","timestamp":1513936897000},"page":"752-769","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Microsurgical anatomy of the central core of the brain"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"Eduardo Carvalhal","family":"Ribas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;"},{"name":"Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaan","family":"Ya\u011fmurlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evandro","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida"},{"name":"Institute of Neurological Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme Carvalhal","family":"Ribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein; and"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Rhoton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041","article-title":"Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex","volume":"9","author":"Alexander GE","year":"1986","unstructured":"Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL: Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. 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