{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T23:39:09Z","timestamp":1782257949063,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The pathophysiology of mental illness and its relationship to the frontal lobe were subjects of immense interest in the latter half of the 19th century. Numerous studies emerged during this time on cortical localization and frontal lobe theory, drawing upon various ideas from neurology and psychiatry. Reflecting the intense interest in this region of the brain, the 1935 International Neurological Congress in London hosted a special session on the frontal lobe. Among other presentations, Yale physiologists John Fulton and Carlyle Jacobsen presented a study on frontal lobectomy in primates, and neurologist Richard Brickner presented a case of frontal ablation for olfactory meningioma performed by the Johns Hopkins neurosurgeon Walter Dandy. Both occurrences are said to have influenced Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz (1874\u20131955) to commence performing leucotomies on patients beginning in late 1935. Here the authors review the relevant events related to frontal lobe theory leading up to the 1935 Neurological Congress as well as the extent of this meeting\u2019s role in the genesis of the modern era of psychosurgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.6.focus17249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T03:36:47Z","timestamp":1504237007000},"page":"E4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The early argument for prefrontal leucotomy: the collision of frontal lobe theory and psychosurgery at the 1935 International Neurological Congress in London"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Lillian B.","family":"Boettcher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah T.","family":"Menacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Am J Psychiatry","first-page":"717","article-title":"Instinctive, emotional and mental changes following prefrontal lobe extirpation","volume":"92","author":"Ackerly S","year":"1935","unstructured":"Ackerly S: Instinctive, emotional and mental changes following prefrontal lobe extirpation. 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Arch Neurol Psychiatry 41:580\u2013585, 1939"},{"key":"b7","article-title":"The Intellectual Functions of the Frontal Lobes: A Study Based Upon Observation of a Man After Partial Bilateral Lobectomy","author":"Brickner RM","year":"1936","unstructured":"Brickner RM: The Intellectual Functions of the Frontal Lobes: A Study Based Upon Observation of a Man After Partial Bilateral Lobectomy. New York: Macmillan, 1936"},{"issue":"259","key":"b8","series-title":"Proc Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis","first-page":"336","article-title":"An interpretation of frontal lobe function based upon the study of a case of partial bilateral frontal lobectomy","volume":"13","author":"Brickner RM","year":"1932","unstructured":"Brickner RM: An interpretation of frontal lobe function based upon the study of a case of partial bilateral frontal lobectomy. 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