{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:37:01Z","timestamp":1792809421411,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ventricular shunt infection remains an issue leading to high patient morbidity and cost, warranting further investigation. The authors sought to create an animal model of shunt infection that could be used to evaluate possible catheter modifications and innovations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three dogs underwent bilateral ventricular catheter implantation and inoculation with methicillin-sensitive\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). In 2 experimental animals, the catheters were modified with a polymer containing chemical \u201cpockets\u201d loaded with vancomycin. In 1 control animal, the catheters were polymer coated but without antibiotics. Animals were monitored for 9 to 11 days, after which the shunts were explanted. MRI was performed after shunt implantation and prior to catheter harvest. The catheters were sonicated prior to microbiological culture and also evaluated by electron microscopy. The animals\u2019 brains were evaluated for histopathology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All animals underwent successful catheter implantation. The animals developed superficial wound infections, but no neurological deficits. Imaging demonstrated ventriculitis and cerebral edema. Harvested catheters from the control animal demonstrated &gt; 10\n                      <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                      colony-forming units (CFUs) of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus.<\/jats:italic>\n                      In the first experimental animal, one shunt demonstrated &gt; 10\n                      <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFUs of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , but the other demonstrated no growth. In the second experimental animal, one catheter demonstrated no growth, and the other grew trace\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Brain histopathology revealed acute inflammation and ventriculitis in all animals, which was more severe in the control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors evaluated an animal model of ventricular shunting and reliably induced features of shunt infection that could be microbiologically quantified. With this model, investigation of pathophysiological and imaging correlates of infection and potentially beneficial shunt catheter modifications is possible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.1.jns172523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]],"date-time":"2018-08-03T09:59:50Z","timestamp":1533290390000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of an in vivo model for ventricular shunt infection: a pilot study using a novel antimicrobial-loaded polymer"],"prefix":"10.3171","author":[{"given":"Rajiv R.","family":"Iyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Gorelick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari M.","family":"Blitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline M.","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Monroe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean T.","family":"Zuckerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Capadona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland; and"},{"name":"Advanced Platform Technology Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horst A.","family":"von Recum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark G.","family":"Luciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"106","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections in children. 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