{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T09:24:59Z","timestamp":1772184299054,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In 1961, President John F. Kennedy declared that the United States would send a man to the moon and safely bring him home before the end of the decade. Astronaut Michael Collins was one of those men. He flew to the moon on the historic flight of Apollo 11 while Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on its surface. However, this was not supposed to be the case.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Astronaut Collins was scheduled to fly on Apollo 8. While training, in 1968, he started developing symptoms of cervical myelopathy. He underwent evaluation at Wilford Hall Air Force Hospital in San Antonio and was noted to have a C5\u20136 disc herniation and posterior osteophyte on myelography. Air Force Lieutenant General (Dr.) Paul W. Myers performed an anterior cervical discectomy with placement of iliac bone graft. As a result, Astronaut James Lovell took his place on Apollo 8 flying the uncertain and daring first mission to the moon. This had a cascading effect on the rotation of astronauts, placing Michael Collins on the Apollo 11 flight that first landed men on the moon. It also placed Astronaut James Lovell in a rotation that exposed him to be the Commander of the fateful Apollo 13 flight.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Here, the authors chronicle the history of Astronaut Collins\u2019 anterior cervical surgery and the impact of his procedure on the rotation of astronaut flight selection, and they review the pivotal historic nature of the Apollo 8 spaceflight. The authors further discuss the ongoing issue of cervical disc herniation among astronauts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.11.spine18629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T01:12:12Z","timestamp":1551229932000},"page":"87-92","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Astronaut Michael Collins, Apollo 8, and the anterior cervical fusion that changed the history of human spaceflight"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Menger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"},{"name":"Department of Aerospace Medicine, U.S. Navy, Airborne Command & Control and Logistics Wing, Point Mugu, California; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jai Deep","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Nanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","article-title":"Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut\u2019s Journeys","author":"Collins M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Collins M: Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut\u2019s Journeys. 40th Anniversary Edition. 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Johnson Space Center. (https:\/\/er.jsc.nasa.gov\/seh\/ricetalk.htm) [Accessed December 3, 2018]"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Space.com","article-title":"The making of \u2018Race to the Moon\u2019: Apollo 8 documentary producer tells all","author":"Kertscher KM","year":"October 20","unstructured":"Kertscher KM: The making of \u2018Race to the Moon\u2019: Apollo 8 documentary producer tells all. Space.com. October 20, 2005 (https:\/\/www.space.com\/1696-making-race-moon-apollo-8-documentary-producer-tells.html) [Accessed December 3, 2018]"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Air & Space","article-title":"Astronaut odds, long and short","author":"Klesius M","year":"July 9","unstructured":"Klesius M: Astronaut odds, long and short. Air & Space. 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(https:\/\/history.nasa.gov\/SP-4029\/Apollo_08a_Summary.htm) [Accessed December 4, 2018]"},{"key":"b13","article-title":"Apollo astronaut shares story of NASA\u2019s Earthrise photo","author":"NASA","unstructured":"NASA: Apollo astronaut shares story of NASA\u2019s Earthrise photo. NASA.gov (https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/johnson\/home\/earthrise.html) [Accessed December 3, 2018]"},{"key":"b14","article-title":"The Apollo missions","author":"NASA","unstructured":"NASA: The Apollo missions. NASA.gov (https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/apollo\/missions\/index.html) [Accessed December 4, 2018]"},{"key":"b15","article-title":"The Apollo program.","author":"NASA","unstructured":"NASA: The Apollo program.NASA.gov (https:\/\/spaceflight.nasa.gov\/history\/apollo\/) [Accessed December 4, 2018]"},{"key":"b16","article-title":"Biographical Data: Alan B. Shepard, Jr. (Rear Admiral, USN, Ret.).","author":"NASA","unstructured":"NASA: Biographical Data: Alan B. Shepard, Jr. (Rear Admiral, USN, Ret.).NASA.gov (https:\/\/www.jsc.nasa.gov\/Bios\/htmlbios\/shepard-alan.html) [Accessed December 3, 2018]"},{"key":"b17","article-title":"Biographical Data: Michael Collins (Major General, USAF, Retired).","author":"NASA","unstructured":"NASA: Biographical Data: Michael Collins (Major General, USAF, Retired).NASA.gov (https:\/\/er.jsc.nasa.gov\/SEH\/collinsm.htm) [Accessed December 3, 2018]"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Project Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis","author":"NASA History Office","unstructured":"NASA History Office: Project Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis. (https:\/\/history.nasa.gov\/Apollomon\/Apollo.html) [Accessed December 3, 2018]"},{"key":"b19","article-title":"United States-Soviet space cooperation during the Cold War","author":"Sagdeev R","unstructured":"Sagdeev R, Eisenhower S: United States-Soviet space cooperation during the Cold War. NASA.gov (https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/50th\/50th_magazine\/coldWarCoOp.html) [Accessed December 3, 2018]"},{"key":"b20","article-title":": Lieutenant General (Dr.) Paul W. Myers.","author":"US Air Force","unstructured":"US Air Force: Lieutenant General (Dr.) Paul W. Myers.AF.mil (https:\/\/www.af.mil\/About-Us\/Biographies\/Display\/Article\/106114\/lieutenant-general-dr-paul-w-myers\/) [Accessed December 3, 2018]"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/31\/1\/article-p87.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/31\/1\/article-p87.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/31\/1\/article-p87.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T22:43:48Z","timestamp":1681598628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/31\/1\/article-p87.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2018.11.spine18629","relation":{},"ISSN":["1547-5654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1547-5654","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}}}