{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T12:53:23Z","timestamp":1784379203944,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title><jats:p>Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe psychiatric condition. The authors present their experience with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) in the treatment of patients with OCD resistant to any medical therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with severe OCD resistant to all pharmacological and psychiatric treatments who were treated with anterior GKRS capsulotomy were retrospectively reviewed. These patients were submitted to a physical, neurological, and neuropsychological examination together with structural and functional MRI before and after GKRS treatment. Strict study inclusion criteria were applied. Radiosurgical capsulotomy was performed using two 4-mm isocenters targeted at the midputaminal point of the anterior limb of the capsule. A maximal dose of 120 Gy was prescribed for each side. Clinical global changes were assessed using the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale, Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale, EQ-5D, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). OCD symptoms were determined by the Yale\u2013Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten patients with medically refractory OCD (5 women and 5 men) treated between 2006 and 2015 were included in this study. Median age at diagnosis was 22 years, median duration of illness at the time of radiosurgery was 14.5 years, and median age at treatment was 38.8 years. Before GKRS, the median Y-BOCS score was 34.5 with a median obsession score of 18 and compulsion score of 17. Seven (70%) of 10 patients achieved a full response at their last follow-up, 2 patients were nonresponders, and 1 patient was a partial responder. Evaluation of the Y-BOCS, BDI, STAI-Trait, STAI-State, GAF, and EQ-5D showed statistically significant improvement at the last follow-up after GKRS. Neurological examinations were normal in all patients at each visit. At last follow-up, none of the patients had experienced any significant adverse neuropsychological effects or personality changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>GKRS anterior capsulotomy is effective and well tolerated with a maximal dose of 120 Gy. It reduces both obsessions and compulsions, improves quality of life, and diminishes depression and anxiety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.4.jns171525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,14]],"date-time":"2018-09-14T14:02:36Z","timestamp":1536933756000},"page":"376-383","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Results of Gamma Knife anterior capsulotomy for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: results in a series of 10 consecutive patients"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Spatola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy;"},{"name":"Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Timone University Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Martinez-Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiosurgery and Functional Neurosurgery, Ruber International Hospital, Madrid, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiosurgery and Functional Neurosurgery, Ruber International Hospital, Madrid, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"German","family":"Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiosurgery and Functional Neurosurgery, Ruber International Hospital, Madrid, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Linera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiodiagnosis, Ruber International Hospital, Madrid, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Rios-Lago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Psychology II, UNED, Madrid, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Ruber International Hospital, Madrid, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiosurgery and Functional Neurosurgery, Ruber International Hospital, Madrid, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, HM Hospital de Madrid, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00eblle","family":"Richieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"R\u00e9gis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Timone University Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.33","article-title":"Visuospatial memory improvement after gamma ventral capsulotomy in treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder patients","volume":"40","author":"Batistuzzo MC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Batistuzzo MC, Hoexter MQ, Taub A, Gentil AF, Cesar RC, Joaquim MA, : Visuospatial memory improvement after gamma ventral capsulotomy in treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder patients. 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