{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:13:06Z","timestamp":1792653186626,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spinal osteotomies and anterior column realignment (ACR) are procedures that allow preservation or restoration of spine lordosis. Variations of these techniques enable different degrees of segmental, regional, and global sagittal realignment. The authors propose a comprehensive anatomical classification system for ACR and its variants based on the level of technical complexity and invasiveness. This serves as a common language and platform to standardize clinical and radiographic outcomes for the utilization of ACR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed classification is based on 6 anatomical grades of ACR, including anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) release, with varying degrees of posterior column release or osteotomies. Additionally, a surgical approach (anterior, lateral, or posterior) was added. Reliability of the classification was evaluated by an analysis of 16 clinical cases, rated twice by 14 different spine surgeons, and calculation of Fleiss kappa coefficients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 6 grades of ACR are as follows: grade A, ALL release with hyperlordotic cage, intact posterior elements; grade 1 (ACR + Schwab grade 1), additional resection of the inferior facet and joint capsule; grade 2 (ACR + Schwab grade 2), additional resection of both superior and inferior facets, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, lamina, and spinous process; grade 3 (ACR + Schwab grade 3), additional adjacent-level 3-column osteotomy including pedicle subtraction osteotomy; grade 4 (ACR + Schwab grade 4), 2-level distal 3-column osteotomy including pedicle subtraction osteotomy and disc space resection; and grade 5 (ACR + Schwab grade 5), complete or partial removal of a vertebral body and both adjacent discs with or without posterior element resection. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability were 97% and 98%, respectively, across the 14-reviewer cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed anatomical realignment classification provides a consistent description of the various posterior and anterior column release\/osteotomies. This reliability study confirmed that the classification is consistent and reproducible across a diverse group of spine surgeons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.4.spine171206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,24]],"date-time":"2018-08-24T14:01:47Z","timestamp":1535119307000},"page":"565-575","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["The comprehensive anatomical spinal osteotomy and anterior column realignment classification"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Juan S.","family":"Uribe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Schwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory M.","family":"Mundis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Spine Foundation, La Jolla, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Januszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orlando Neurosurgery, Orlando, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam S.","family":"Kanter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David O.","family":"Okonkwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena S.","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deviren","family":"Vedat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Eastlack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Spine Foundation, La Jolla, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Berjano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen V.","family":"Mummaneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e318287bdc1","article-title":"Anterior column realignment (ACR) for focal kyphotic spinal deformity using a lateral transpsoas approach and ALL release","volume":"27","author":"Akbarnia BA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Akbarnia BA, Mundis GM Jr, Moazzaz P, Kabirian N, Bagheri R, Eastlack RK, : Anterior column realignment (ACR) for focal kyphotic spinal deformity using a lateral transpsoas approach and ALL release. 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