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In addiction, the mesolimbic reward pathway undergoes a series of neuroplastic changes. Chief among them is a relative hypofunctioning of the prefrontal cortex, which is thought to lead to the diminished impulse control that is characteristic of drug addiction. The prefrontal cortex, as well as other targets involved in drug addiction such as the lateral habenula, hypothalamus, insula, and subthalamic nucleus have also been stimulated in animals, with encouraging results. Although animal studies have largely shown promising results, current DBS studies for drug addiction primarily use stimulation during active drug use. More data are needed on the effect of DBS during withdrawal in preventing future relapse. The published human experience for DBS for drug addiction is currently limited to several promising case series or case reports that are not controlled. Further animal and human work is needed to determine what role DBS can play in the treatment of drug addiction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.5.focus18163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T03:37:05Z","timestamp":1533094625000},"page":"E11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of drug addiction"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Tony R.","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shayan","family":"Moosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Dallapiazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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