{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:25:06Z","timestamp":1791401106198,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a safe and effective therapy for movement disorders, such as Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), essential tremor (ET), and dystonia. There is considerable interest in developing \u201cclosed-loop\u201d DBS devices capable of modulating stimulation in response to sensor feedback. In this paper, the authors review related literature and present selected approaches to signal sources and approaches to feedback being considered for deployment in closed-loop systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature search using the keywords \u201cclosed-loop DBS\u201d and \u201cadaptive DBS\u201d was performed in the PubMed database. The search was conducted for all articles published up until March 2018. An in-depth review was not performed for publications not written in the English language, nonhuman studies, or topics other than Parkinson\u2019s disease or essential tremor, specifically epilepsy and psychiatric conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The search returned 256 articles. A total of 71 articles were primary studies in humans, of which 50 focused on treatment of movement disorders. These articles were reviewed with the aim of providing an overview of the features of closed-loop systems, with particular attention paid to signal sources and biomarkers, general approaches to feedback control, and clinical data when available.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Closed-loop DBS seeks to employ biomarkers, derived from sensors such as electromyography, electrocorticography, and local field potentials, to provide real-time, patient-responsive therapy for movement disorders. Most studies appear to focus on the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Several approaches hold promise, but additional studies are required to determine which approaches are feasible, efficacious, and efficient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.5.focus18173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T03:37:05Z","timestamp":1533094625000},"page":"E2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Approaches to closed-loop deep brain stimulation for movement disorders"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Chao-Hung","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle A.","family":"White-Dzuro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew L.","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;"},{"name":"NSF Engineering Research Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.04.020","article-title":"Acute effects of thalamic deep brain stimulation and thalamotomy on sensorimotor cortex local field potentials in essential tremor","volume":"123","author":"Air EL","year":"2012","unstructured":"Air EL, Ryapolova-Webb E, de Hemptinne C, Ostrem JL, Galifianakis NB, Larson PS, : Acute effects of thalamic deep brain stimulation and thalamotomy on sensorimotor cortex local field potentials in essential tremor. 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