{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:47:15Z","timestamp":1792176435291,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) is a neurosurgical technique used to treat patients with refractory neuropathic pain syndromes. MCS activates the periaqueductal gray (PAG) matter, which is one of the major centers of the descending pain inhibitory system. However, the neurochemical mechanisms in the PAG that underlie the analgesic effect of MCS have not yet been described. The main goal of this study was to investigate the neurochemical mechanisms involved in the analgesic effect induced by MCS in neuropathic pain. Specifically, we investigated the release of \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and glutamate in the PAG and performed pharmacological antagonism experiments to validate of our findings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n Male Wistar rats with surgically induced chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve, along with sham-operated rats and naive rats, were implanted with both unilateral transdural electrodes in the motor cortex and a microdialysis guide cannula in the PAG and subjected to MCS. The MCS was delivered in single 15-minute sessions. Neurotransmitter release was evaluated in the PAG before, during, and after MCS. Quantification of the neurotransmitters GABA, glycine, and glutamate was performed using a high-performance liquid chromatography system. The mechanical nociceptive threshold was evaluated initially, on the 14th day following the surgery, and during the MCS. In another group of neuropathic rats, once the analgesic effect after MCS was confirmed by the mechanical nociceptive test, rats were microinjected with saline or a glycine antagonist (strychnine), a GABA antagonist (bicuculline), or a combination of glycine and GABA antagonists (strychnine+bicuculline) and reevaluated for the mechanical nociceptive threshold during MCS.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n MCS reversed the hyperalgesia induced by peripheral neuropathy in the rats with chronic sciatic nerve constriction and induced a significant increase in the glycine and GABA levels in the PAG in comparison with the naive and sham-treated rats. The glutamate levels remained stable under all conditions. The antagonism of glycine, GABA, and the combination of glycine and GABA reversed the MCS-induced analgesia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n These results suggest that the neurotransmitters glycine and GABA released in the PAG may be involved in the analgesia induced by cortical stimulation in animals with neuropathic pain. Further investigation of the mechanisms involved in MCS-induced analgesia may contribute to clinical improvements for the treatment of persistent neuropathic pain syndromes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.7.jns173239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T19:15:39Z","timestamp":1551208539000},"page":"239-251","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Neurochemical effects of motor cortex stimulation in the periaqueductal gray during neuropathic pain"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Emerson Magno","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo;"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sirio-Libanes; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel C. R.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sirio-Libanes; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosana L.","family":"Pagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sirio-Libanes; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia S. S.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sirio-Libanes; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline V. V.","family":"Auada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia V.","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sirio-Libanes; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geiza F.","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sirio-Libanes; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle V.","family":"Assis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sirio-Libanes; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Lebrun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erich T.","family":"Fonoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo;"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sirio-Libanes; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.05.035","article-title":"Dependency of nociception facilitation or inhibition after periaqueductal gray matter stimulation on the context","volume":"214","author":"Martins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"ref351","first-page":"S39","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of gabapentin","volume":"153","author":"Taylor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev Neurol 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