{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T03:02:27Z","timestamp":1768273347831,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system (SSCNS) is an uncommon and often unrecognized disorder that results from recurrent and persistent bleeding into the subarachnoid space. Currently, there is no effective treatment for SSCNS. The identification and surgical resolution of the cause of bleeding remains the most reliable method of treatment, but the cause of bleeding is often not apparent. The identified sources of recurrent bleeding have typically included neoplasms, vascular malformations, brachial plexus or nerve root injury or avulsion, and previous head and spinal surgery. An association between recurrent bleeding in the CNS and dural abnormalities in the spine has recently been suggested. Dural tears have been identified in relation to a protruding disc or osteophyte. Also in these patients, the exact mechanism of bleeding remains unknown because of a lack of objective surgical data, even in patients who undergo neurosurgical procedures.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The present case concerns a 48-year-old man who presented with longstanding symptoms of mild hearing loss and mild gait ataxia. A diagnosis of SSCNS was made in light of the patient\u2019s history and the findings on physical examination, imaging, and laboratory testing. MRI and CT detected a small calcific osteophyte in the anterior epidural space of T8\u20139. The patient underwent surgical removal of the bone spur and dural tear repair. During the surgery, the authors detected a perforating artery, which was on the osteophyte, that was bleeding into the subarachnoid space. This case shows a possible mechanism of chronic bleeding from an osteophyte into the subarachnoid space. In the literature currently available, a perforating artery on an osteophyte bleeding into the subarachnoid space has never been described in SSCNS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.7.spine18300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]],"date-time":"2018-11-16T17:36:22Z","timestamp":1542389782000},"page":"106-110","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Updating superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: bleeding of a dorsal osteophyte into the subarachnoid space from a perforating artery"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Carlo","family":"Brembilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi Andrea","family":"Lanterna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virginio","family":"Bonito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Gardinetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Dorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela Dele","family":"Rampini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Gritti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Pope John XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Bernucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-0815-0","article-title":"Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: response to steroid therapy","volume":"249","author":"Angstwurm K","year":"2002","unstructured":"Angstwurm K, Schielke E, Zimmer C, Kivelitz D, Weber JR: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: response to steroid therapy. J Neurol 249:1223\u20131225, 20021224254310.1007\/s00415-002-0815-0"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.80.5.0931","article-title":"Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system after brachial plexus injury. Case report","volume":"80","author":"Bonito V","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bonito V, Agostinis C, Ferraresi S, Defanti CA: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system after brachial plexus injury. Case report. J Neurosurg 80:931\u2013934, 199410.3171\/jns.1994.80.5.09318169638"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.1.SPINE12649","article-title":"Dural closure for the treatment of superficial siderosis","volume":"18","author":"Egawa S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Egawa S, Yoshii T, Sakaki K, Inose H, Kato T, Kawabata S, : Dural closure for the treatment of superficial siderosis. J Neurosurg Spine 18:388\u2013393, 201310.3171\/2013.1.SPINE1264923432322"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Ann Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410340505","article-title":"The pathogenesis of superficial siderosis of the central nervous system","volume":"34","author":"Koeppen AH","year":"1993","unstructured":"Koeppen AH, Dickson AC, Chu RC, Thach RE: The pathogenesis of superficial siderosis of the central nervous system. Ann Neurol 34:646\u2013653, 199310.1002\/ana.4103405058239558"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318259e272","article-title":"Beyond superficial siderosis: introducing \u201cduropathies.\u201d","volume":"78","author":"Kumar N","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumar N: Beyond superficial siderosis: introducing \u201cduropathies.\u201d Neurology 78:1992\u20131999, 201210.1212\/WNL.0b013e318259e27222689736"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1628","article-title":"Neuroimaging in superficial siderosis: an in-depth look","volume":"31","author":"Kumar N","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kumar N: Neuroimaging in superficial siderosis: an in-depth look. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 31:5\u201314, 20101972953810.3174\/ajnr.A1628"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000208510.76323.5b","article-title":"Superficial siderosis","volume":"66","author":"Kumar N","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kumar N, Cohen-Gadol AA, Wright RA, Miller GM, Piepgras DG, Ahlskog JE: Superficial siderosis. Neurology 66:1144\u20131152, 200610.1212\/01.wnl.0000208510.76323.5b16636229"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2003.02001.x","article-title":"Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: pathogenetic heterogeneity and therapeutic approaches","volume":"107","author":"Leussink VI","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leussink VI, Flachenecker P, Brechtelsbauer D, Bendszus M, Sliwka U, Gold R, : Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: pathogenetic heterogeneity and therapeutic approaches. Acta Neurol Scand 107:54\u201361, 200310.1034\/j.1600-0404.2003.02001.x12542514"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.628032","article-title":"Pilot safety trial of deferiprone in 10 subjects with superficial siderosis","volume":"43","author":"Levy M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Levy M, Llinas R: Pilot safety trial of deferiprone in 10 subjects with superficial siderosis. Stroke 43:120\u2013124, 20122203400210.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.628032"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.11.SPINE16488","article-title":"Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system associated with intraspinal hemorrhage from ventral thoracic epidural veins and a ventral spinal CSF leak: case report","volume":"26","author":"Takai K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takai K, Komori T, Niimura M, Taniguchi M: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system associated with intraspinal hemorrhage from ventral thoracic epidural veins and a ventral spinal CSF leak: case report. J Neurosurg Spine 26:751\u2013753, 201710.3171\/2016.11.SPINE16488"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/30\/1\/article-p106.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/30\/1\/article-p106.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/30\/1\/article-p106.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T22:31:45Z","timestamp":1681597905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/30\/1\/article-p106.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2018.7.spine18300","relation":{},"ISSN":["1547-5654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1547-5654","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}}}