{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T03:13:38Z","timestamp":1782098018952,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this paper, the authors demonstrate to spine surgeons the prevalence and severity of anxiety and depression among patients presenting for surgery and explore the relationships between different legacy and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) screening measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 512 adult spine surgery patients at a single institution completed the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder questionnaire (GAD-7), 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) depression scale, and PROMIS Anxiety and Depression computer-adaptive tests (CATs) preoperatively. Correlation coefficients were calculated between PROMIS scores and GAD-7 and PHQ-8 scores. Published reference tables were used to determine the presence of anxiety or depression using GAD-7 and PHQ-8. Sensitivity and specificity of published guidance on the PROMIS Anxiety and Depression CATs were compared. Guidance from 3 sources was compared: published GAD-7 and PHQ-8 crosswalk tables, American Psychiatric Association scales, and expert clinical consensus. Receiver operator characteristic curves were used to determine data-driven cut-points for PROMIS Anxiety and Depression. Significance was accepted as p &lt; 0.05.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 512 spine surgery patients, anxiety and depression were prevalent preoperatively (5% with any anxiety, 24% with generalized anxiety screen-positive; and 54% with any depression, 24% with probable major depression). Correlations were moderately strong between PROMIS Anxiety and GAD-7 scores (r <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic> 0.72; p &lt; 0.001) and between PROMIS Depression and PHQ-8 scores (r = 0.74; p &lt; 0.001). The observed correlation of the PROMIS Depression score was greater with the PHQ-8 cognitive\/affective score (r = 0.766) than with the somatic score (r = 0.601) (p &lt; 0.001). PROMIS Anxiety and Depression CATs were able to detect the presence of generalized anxiety screen-positive (sensitivity, 86.0%; specificity, 81.6%) and of probable major depression (sensitivity, 82.3%; specificity, 81.4%). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated data-driven cut-points for these groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>PROMIS Anxiety and Depression CATs are reliable tools for identifying generalized anxiety screen-positive spine surgery patients and those with probable major depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.9.spine18521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T01:12:12Z","timestamp":1551229932000},"page":"524-531","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Comparison of PROMIS Anxiety and Depression, PHQ-8, and GAD-7 to screen for anxiety and depression among patients presenting for spine surgery"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Taylor E.","family":"Purvis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"Neuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee H.","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Skolasky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Practical Statistics for Medical Research","author":"Altman DG","year":"1991","unstructured":"Altman DG: Practical Statistics for Medical Research. London: Chapman & Hall, 1991"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed 4. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Level 2\u2014Anxiety\u2014Adult (PROMIS Emotional Distress\u2014Anxiety\u2014 Short Form)","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association: Level 2\u2014Anxiety\u2014Adult (PROMIS Emotional Distress\u2014Anxiety\u2014 Short Form). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2008\u20132012 (https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/psychiatrists\/practice\/dsm\/educational-resources\/assessment-measures) [Accessed October 15, 2018]"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Level 2\u2014Depression\u2014Adult (PROMIS Emotional Distress\u2014 Depression\u2014Short Form)","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association: Level 2\u2014Depression\u2014Adult (PROMIS Emotional Distress\u2014 Depression\u2014Short Form). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2008\u20132012 (https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/psychiatrists\/practice\/dsm\/educational-resources\/assessment-measures) [Accessed October 15, 2018]"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Rehabil Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035919","article-title":"Comparing CESD-10, PHQ-9, and PROMIS Depression instruments in individuals with multiple sclerosis","volume":"59","author":"Amtmann D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amtmann D, Kim J, Chung H, Bamer AM, Askew RL, Wu S, : Comparing CESD-10, PHQ-9, and PROMIS Depression instruments in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Rehabil Psychol 59:220\u2013229, 201410.1037\/a003591924661030"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(01)00054-7","article-title":"The use of presurgical psychological screening to predict the outcome of spine surgery","volume":"1","author":"Block AR","year":"2001","unstructured":"Block AR, Ohnmeiss DD, Guyer RD, Rashbaum RF, Hochschuler SH: The use of presurgical psychological screening to predict the outcome of spine surgery. Spine J 1:274\u2013282, 200110.1016\/S1529-9430(01)00054-714588332"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Presurgical Psychological Screening: Understanding Patients, Improving Outcomes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/14035-000","year":"2013","unstructured":"Block AR, Sarwer DB (eds): Presurgical Psychological Screening: Understanding Patients, Improving Outcomes. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 201310.1037\/14035-000"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.7.SPINE17661","article-title":"Validation of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) computerized adaptive tests in cervical spine surgery","volume":"28","author":"Boody BS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boody BS, Bhatt S, Mazmudar AS, Hsu WK, Rothrock NE, Patel AA: Validation of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) computerized adaptive tests in cervical spine surgery. J Neurosurg Spine 28:268\u2013279, 201810.3171\/2017.7.SPINE1766129303468"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Qual Life Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-014-0732-6","article-title":"Setting standards for severity of common symptoms in oncology using the PROMIS item banks and expert judgment","volume":"23","author":"Cella D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cella D, Choi S, Garcia S, Cook KF, Rosenbloom S, Lai JS, : Setting standards for severity of common symptoms in oncology using the PROMIS item banks and expert judgment. Qual Life Res 23:2651\u20132661, 20142493843110.1007\/s11136-014-0732-6"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b10","series-title":"Qual Life Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-007-9204-6","article-title":"The future of outcomes measurement: item banking, tailored short-forms, and computerized adaptive assessment","volume":"16","author":"Cella D","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cella D, Gershon R, Lai JS, Choi S: The future of outcomes measurement: item banking, tailored short-forms, and computerized adaptive assessment. Qual Life Res 16 (Suppl 1):133\u2013141, 200710.1007\/s11136-007-9204-617401637"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Clin Epidemiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.011","article-title":"The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 2005\u20132008","volume":"63","author":"Cella D","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cella D, Riley W, Stone A, Rothrock N, Reeve B, Yount S, : The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 2005\u20132008. J Clin Epidemiol 63:1179\u20131194, 20102068507810.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.011"},{"issue":"5 Suppl 1","key":"b12","series-title":"Med Care","first-page":"S3","article-title":"The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS): progress of an NIH Roadmap cooperative group during its first two years","volume":"45","author":"Cella D","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cella D, Yount S, Rothrock N, Gershon R, Cook K, Reeve B, : The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS): progress of an NIH Roadmap cooperative group during its first two years. Med Care 45 (5 Suppl 1):S3\u2013S11, 2007"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Psychol Assess","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035768","article-title":"Establishing a common metric for depressive symptoms: linking the BDI-II, CES-D, and PHQ-9 to PROMIS Depression","volume":"26","author":"Choi SW","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi SW, Schalet B, Cook KF, Cella D: Establishing a common metric for depressive symptoms: linking the BDI-II, CES-D, and PHQ-9 to PROMIS Depression. Psychol Assess 26:513\u2013527, 20142454814910.1037\/a0035768"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Educ Psychol Meas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","article-title":"A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales","volume":"20","author":"Cohen J","year":"1960","unstructured":"Cohen J: A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ Psychol Meas 20:37\u201346, 196010.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Life Events and Psychological Functioning: Theoretical and Methodological Issues","first-page":"11","article-title":"Measurement of life events","author":"Cohen LH","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen LH: Measurement of life events, in Cohen LH (ed): Life Events and Psychological Functioning: Theoretical and Methodological Issues. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988, pp 11\u201330"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Pain Med","first-page":"314","article-title":"Performance of a Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Short Form in older adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain","volume":"17","author":"Deyo RA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deyo RA, Ramsey K, Buckley DI, Michaels L, Kobus A, Eckstrom E, : Performance of a Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Short Form in older adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain Med 17:314\u2013324, 201626814279"},{"key":"b17","article-title":"Patient-Reported Outcome\u2013Based Performance Measures for Older Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions","author":"Edelen MO","year":"2017","unstructured":"Edelen MO, Rose AJ, Bayliss E, Baseman E, Butcher E, Garcia RE, : Patient-Reported Outcome\u2013Based Performance Measures for Older Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2017 (https:\/\/www.rand.org\/pubs\/research_reports\/RR2176.html) [Accessed October 12, 2018]"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Gen Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0333-y","article-title":"Screening for depression in medical settings with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): a diagnostic meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Gilbody S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gilbody S, Richards D, Brealey S, Hewitt C: Screening for depression in medical settings with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): a diagnostic meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 22:1596\u20131602, 20071787416910.1007\/s11606-007-0333-y"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Psychosom Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-198603000-00008","article-title":"The effect of coping strategies on the relief of pain following surgical intervention for lower back pain","volume":"48","author":"Gross AR","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gross AR: The effect of coping strategies on the relief of pain following surgical intervention for lower back pain. Psychosom Med 48:229\u2013241, 1986370408610.1097\/00006842-198603000-00008"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"J Gen Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2006.00409.x","article-title":"Using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to measure depression among racially and ethnically diverse primary care patients","volume":"21","author":"Huang FY","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huang FY, Chung H, Kroenke K, Delucchi KL, Spitzer RL: Using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to measure depression among racially and ethnically diverse primary care patients. J Gen Intern Med 21:547\u2013552, 20061680873410.1111\/j.1525-1497.2006.00409.x"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Annu Rev Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090847","article-title":"The descriptive epidemiology of commonly occurring mental disorders in the United States","volume":"29","author":"Kessler RC","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Wang PS: The descriptive epidemiology of commonly occurring mental disorders in the United States. Annu Rev Public Health 29:115\u2013129, 200810.1146\/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.09084718348707"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Assessment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191115607042","article-title":"Translating CESD-20 and PHQ-9 scores to PROMIS Depression","volume":"24","author":"Kim J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim J, Chung H, Askew RL, Park R, Jones SM, Cook KF, : Translating CESD-20 and PHQ-9 scores to PROMIS Depression. Assessment 24:300\u2013307, 201710.1177\/107319111560704226423348"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Psychiatr Ann","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20020901-06","article-title":"The PHQ-9: a new depression diagnostic and severity measure","volume":"32","author":"Kroenke K","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL: The PHQ-9: a new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatr Ann 32:509\u2013515, 200210.3928\/0048-5713-20020901-06"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Gen Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke K","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB: The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 16:606\u2013613, 200110.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x11556941"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006","article-title":"The Patient Health Questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Kroenke K","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, L\u00f6we B: The Patient Health Questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 32:345\u2013359, 201010.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"J Affect Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.026","article-title":"The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population","volume":"114","author":"Kroenke K","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Strine TW, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Berry JT, Mokdad AH: The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. J Affect Disord 114:163\u2013173, 200910.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.02618752852"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Pain Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12537","article-title":"Operating characteristics of PROMIS four-item depression and anxiety scales in primary care patients with chronic pain","volume":"15","author":"Kroenke K","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Yu Z, Wu J, Kean J, Monahan PO: Operating characteristics of PROMIS four-item depression and anxiety scales in primary care patients with chronic pain. Pain Med 15:1892\u20131901, 201410.1111\/pme.1253725138978"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)","first-page":"1195","article-title":"Influence of somatic symptoms on Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression scores among patients with systemic sclerosis compared to a healthy general population sample","volume":"64","author":"Leavens A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leavens A, Patten SB, Hudson M, Baron M, Thombs BD: Influence of somatic symptoms on Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression scores among patients with systemic sclerosis compared to a healthy general population sample. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 64:1195\u20131201, 201222438281"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"J Affect Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.09.002","article-title":"Concordance between the PHQ-9 and the HSCL-20 in depressed primary care patients","volume":"99","author":"Lee PW","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee PW, Schulberg HC, Raue PJ, Kroenke K: Concordance between the PHQ-9 and the HSCL-20 in depressed primary care patients. J Affect Disord 99:139\u2013145, 200710.1016\/j.jad.2006.09.00217049999"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"J Clin Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198110)37:4<744::AID-JCLP2270370410>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"The relationship between surgical outcome and MMPI profiles in chronic pain patients","volume":"37","author":"Long CJ","year":"1981","unstructured":"Long CJ: The relationship between surgical outcome and MMPI profiles in chronic pain patients. J Clin Psychol 37:744\u2013749, 1981645862510.1002\/1097-4679(198110)37:4<744::AID-JCLP2270370410>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Med Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e318160d093","article-title":"Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population","volume":"46","author":"L\u00f6we B","year":"2008","unstructured":"L\u00f6we B, Decker O, M\u00fcller S, Br\u00e4hler E, Schellberg D, Herzog W, : Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Med Care 46:266\u2013274, 20081838884110.1097\/MLR.0b013e318160d093"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"281","article-title":"Psychosocial variables contribute to length of stay and discharge destination after lumbar surgery independent of demographic and clinical variables","volume":"43","author":"Mancuso CA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mancuso CA, Duculan R, Craig CM, Girardi FP: Psychosocial variables contribute to length of stay and discharge destination after lumbar surgery independent of demographic and clinical variables. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 43:281\u2013286, 201828678110"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E111","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders and major spine surgery: epidemiology and perioperative outcomes","volume":"39","author":"Menendez ME","year":"2014","unstructured":"Menendez ME, Neuhaus V, Bot AG, Ring D, Cha TD: Psychiatric disorders and major spine surgery: epidemiology and perioperative outcomes. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 39:E111\u2013E122, 2014"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"HealthMeasures: Transforming How Health Is Measured: Intro to PROMIS","unstructured":"Northwestern University, HealthMeasures: Transforming How Health Is Measured: Intro to PROMIS. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University (http:\/\/www.nihpromis.org\/measures\/full_framework.aspx) [Accessed on October 15, 2018]"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Clin Orthop Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2016.8.2.164","article-title":"Failure rate of spine surgeons in preoperative clinical screening of severe psychological disorders","volume":"8","author":"Omidi-Kashani F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Omidi-Kashani F, Faridhoseini F, Ariamanesh S, Kazar MH, Baradaran A: Failure rate of spine surgeons in preoperative clinical screening of severe psychological disorders. Clin Orthop Surg 8:164\u2013167, 201610.4055\/cios.2016.8.2.16427247741"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","article-title":"Validation of Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) computer adaptive tests (CATs) in the surgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis","author":"Patel AA","unstructured":"Patel AA, Dodwad SM, Boody BS, Bhatt S, Savage JW, Hsu WK, : Validation of Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) computer adaptive tests (CATs) in the surgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) [epub ahead of print], 201829557925"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Assessment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191111411667","article-title":"Item banks for measuring emotional distress from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS\u00ae): depression, anxiety, and anger","volume":"18","author":"Pilkonis PA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pilkonis PA, Choi SW, Reise SP, Stover AM, Riley WT, Cella D: Item banks for measuring emotional distress from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS\u00ae): depression, anxiety, and anger. Assessment 18:263\u2013283, 201110.1177\/107319111141166721697139"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12747","article-title":"Systematic review of the use of online questionnaires of older adults","volume":"62","author":"Remillard ML","year":"2014","unstructured":"Remillard ML, Mazor KM, Cutrona SL, Gurwitz JH, Tjia J: Systematic review of the use of online questionnaires of older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 62:696\u2013705, 201410.1111\/jgs.1274724635138"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"J Affect Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.11.006","article-title":"Base rates for panic and depression according to the brief Patient Health Questionnaire: a population-based study","volume":"82","author":"Rief W","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rief W, Nanke A, Klaiberg A, Braehler E: Base rates for panic and depression according to the brief Patient Health Questionnaire: a population-based study. J Affect Disord 82:271\u2013276, 200410.1016\/j.jad.2003.11.00615488257"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"J Spinal Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199506000-00006","article-title":"Relationship between MMPI-2 cluster profiles and surgical outcome in low-back pain patients","volume":"8","author":"Riley JL III","year":"1995","unstructured":"Riley JL III, Robinson ME, Geisser ME, Wittmer VT, Smith AG: Relationship between MMPI-2 cluster profiles and surgical outcome in low-back pain patients. J Spinal Disord 8:213\u2013219, 1995767021210.1097\/00002517-199506000-00006"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"J Anxiety Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2013.11.006","article-title":"Establishing a common metric for self-reported anxiety: linking the MASQ, PANAS, and GAD-7 to PROMIS Anxiety","volume":"28","author":"Schalet BD","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schalet BD, Cook KF, Choi SW, Cella D: Establishing a common metric for self-reported anxiety: linking the MASQ, PANAS, and GAD-7 to PROMIS Anxiety. J Anxiety Disord 28:88\u201396, 201410.1016\/j.janxdis.2013.11.00624508596"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"JAMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.18392","article-title":"Screening for depression in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"315","author":"Siu AL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Siu AL, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Baumann LC, Davidson KW, Ebell M, : Screening for depression in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA 315:380\u2013387, 201610.1001\/jama.2015.1839226813211"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2016.02.037","article-title":"The association between preoperative mental distress and patient-reported outcome measures in patients treated surgically for cervical radiculopathy","volume":"17","author":"Skeppholm M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Skeppholm M, Fransson R, Hammar M, Olerud C: The association between preoperative mental distress and patient-reported outcome measures in patients treated surgically for cervical radiculopathy. Spine J 17:790\u2013798, 201710.1016\/j.spinee.2016.02.03727016269"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199072020-00010","article-title":"Elective discectomy for herniation of a lumbar disc. Additional experience with an objective method","volume":"72","author":"Spengler DM","year":"1990","unstructured":"Spengler DM, Ouellette EA, Batti\u00e9 M, Zeh J: Elective discectomy for herniation of a lumbar disc. Additional experience with an objective method. J Bone Joint Surg Am 72:230\u2013237, 199010.2106\/00004623-199072020-000102303509"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Arch Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer RL","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, L\u00f6we B: A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med 166:1092\u20131097, 20061671717110.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.08.228","article-title":"Depression is associated with the long-term outcome of lumbar spinal stenosis surgery: a 10-year follow-up study","volume":"18","author":"Tuomainen I","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tuomainen I, Pakarinen M, Aalto T, Sinikallio S, Kr\u00f6ger H, Viinam\u00e4ki H, : Depression is associated with the long-term outcome of lumbar spinal stenosis surgery: a 10-year follow-up study. Spine J 18:458\u2013463, 20182882282610.1016\/j.spinee.2017.08.228"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"JAMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03490070089049","article-title":"Patient outcomes after lumbar spinal fusions","volume":"268","author":"Turner JA","year":"1992","unstructured":"Turner JA, Ersek M, Herron L, Haselkorn J, Kent D, Ciol MA, : Patient outcomes after lumbar spinal fusions. JAMA 268:907\u2013911, 1992164062210.1001\/jama.1992.03490070089049"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"J Occup Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-005-1223-y","article-title":"Assessment of functional capacity of the musculoskeletal system in the context of work, daily living, and sport: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Wind H","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wind H, Gouttebarge V, Kuijer PP, Frings-Dresen MH: Assessment of functional capacity of the musculoskeletal system in the context of work, daily living, and sport: a systematic review. J Occup Rehabil 15:253\u2013272, 200510.1007\/s10926-005-1223-y"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Cancer 3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(1950)3:1<32::AID-CNCR2820030106>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Index for rating diagnostic tests","author":"Youden WJ","year":"1950","unstructured":"Youden WJ: Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer 3:32\u201335, 195010.1002\/1097-0142(1950)3:1<32::AID-CNCR2820030106>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e31827d7a92","article-title":"Assessment of presurgical psychological screening in patients undergoing spine surgery: use and clinical impact","volume":"27","author":"Young AK","year":"2014","unstructured":"Young AK, Young BK, Riley LH III, Skolasky RL: Assessment of presurgical psychological screening in patients undergoing spine surgery: use and clinical impact. J Spinal Disord Tech 27:76\u201379, 2014 (Erratum in J Spinal Disord Tech 27:446, 2014)10.1097\/BSD.0b013e31827d7a9223197256"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/30\/4\/article-p524.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/30\/4\/article-p524.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/30\/4\/article-p524.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T22:27:24Z","timestamp":1681597644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/30\/4\/article-p524.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2018.9.spine18521","relation":{},"ISSN":["1547-5654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1547-5654","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}}}