{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T01:26:55Z","timestamp":1794014815607,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors describe the anatomy of the motor branches of the pronator teres (PT) as it relates to transferring the nerve of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) to restore wrist extension in patients with radial nerve paralysis. They describe their anatomical cadaveric findings and report the results of their nerve transfer technique in several patients followed for at least 24 months postoperatively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors dissected both upper limbs of 16 fresh cadavers. In 6 patients undergoing nerve surgery on the elbow, they dissected the branches of the median nerve and confirmed their identity by electrical stimulation. Of these 6 patients, 5 had had a radial nerve injury lasting 7\u201312 months, underwent transfer of the distal PT motor branch to the ECRB, and were followed for at least 24 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The PT was innervated by two branches: a proximal branch, arising at a distance between 0 and 40 mm distal to the medial epicondyle, responsible for PT superficial head innervation, and a distal motor branch, emerging from the anterior side of the median nerve at a distance between 25 and 60 mm distal to the medial epicondyle. The distal motor branch of the PT traveled approximately 30 mm along the anterior side of the median nerve; just before the median nerve passed between the PT heads, it bifurcated to innervate the deep head and distal part of the superficial head of the PT. In 30% of the cadaver limbs, the proximal and distal PT branches converged into a single trunk distal to the medial epicondyle, while they converged into a single branch proximal to it in 70% of the limbs. The proximal and distal motor branches of the PT and the nerve to the ECRB had an average of 646, 599, and 457 myelinated fibers, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>All patients recovered full range of wrist flexion-extension, grade M4 strength on the British Medical Research Council scale. Grasp strength recovery achieved almost 50% of the strength of the contralateral side. All patients could maintain their wrist in extension while performing grasp measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The distal PT motor branch is suitable for reinnervation of the ECRB in radial nerve paralysis, for as long as 7\u201312 months postinjury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.10.jns192110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T20:37:38Z","timestamp":1580503058000},"page":"251-257","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Distal pronator teres motor branch transfer for wrist extension restoration in radial nerve paralysis"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Jayme Augusto","family":"Bertelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Biological and Health Sciences, University of the South of Santa Catarina (Unisul), Tubar\u00e3o;"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Governador Celso Ramos Hospital, Florian\u00f3polis, Santa Catarina, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushil","family":"Nehete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Wockhardt Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa Cristiana","family":"Winkelmann Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neehar","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, New Marine Lines, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos Fl\u00e1vio","family":"Ghizoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Biological and Health Sciences, University of the South of Santa Catarina (Unisul), Tubar\u00e3o;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Int J Anat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4092","DOI":"10.16965\/ijar.2017.258","article-title":"Innervation pattern of pronator teres muscle and its relation to median nerve: a cadaveric study","volume":"5","author":"Basanagouda C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Basanagouda C, Halagatti M: Innervation pattern of pronator teres muscle and its relation to median nerve: a cadaveric study. 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