{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:16:29Z","timestamp":1788275789231,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title><jats:p>Road traffic accidents are the most frequent cause of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly among young populations worldwide. Helmets are proven to prevent injuries; however, estimates of helmet compliance are low globally. Surgical\/critical care management of TBI is often used to treat these injuries, but primary prevention should be recommended. A key component in promoting TBI prevention among pediatric and young populations is through helmet legislation. The authors investigated helmet policies for motorcycles and bicycles globally to provide recommendations for how related legislation may impact TBI and guide advocacy in pediatric neurosurgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors conducted a systematic review of helmet laws and\/or policies by using the National Library of Medicine PubMed and SCOPUS databases. Additional articles were identified using citation searches of key publications. Abstracts from articles of all sources were read and selected for full-text review. Details of relevant full articles were extracted and analyzed for the following: bibliographic data, study aim, design and duration, study participants, intervention characteristics, and intervention effect data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 618 search results, 53 full-text articles were analyzed for recommendations. Helmet legislation is associated with increased helmet use among bicyclists and decreased road traffic accident\u2013related head injuries and fatalities among motorcyclists and bicyclists. Laws are more effective if comprehensive and inclusive of the following: both primary riders and passengers, all age groups, all modes of transportation made safer by helmets, a proper use clause, and standardized helmet quality measures. Cultural, socioeconomic, and infrastructural circumstances are important as well, and legislation must consider enforcement mechanisms with penalties significant enough to incentivize behavioral changes, but proportional to community socioeconomic status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compulsory use laws are the optimal primary intervention; however, concurrent programs to support financial access to helmets, change cultural attitudes, increase health literacy, and improve road infrastructure will augment legislative benefits. Pediatric neurosurgeons are caretakers of children suffering from TBI. Although extensive study has explored the surgical management of TBI, the authors believe that primary prevention is instrumental to improving outcomes and reducing injury. All helmet laws are not equal; based on these findings, a comprehensive, context-specific approach is the key to success, especially in resource-limited countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.10.peds19377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T22:04:08Z","timestamp":1581113048000},"page":"361-374","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Primary prevention of road traffic accident\u2013related traumatic brain injuries in younger populations: a systematic review of helmet legislation"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Rebecca Y.","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"LoPresti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxanna M.","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital of Chicago; and"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandi","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital of Chicago; and"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Am J Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.8.1352","article-title":"Autopsy study of motorcyclist fatalities: the effect of the 1992 Maryland motorcycle helmet use law","volume":"92","author":"Auman KM","year":"2002","unstructured":"Auman KM, Kufera JA, Ballesteros MF, Smialek JE, Dischinger PC: Autopsy study of motorcyclist fatalities: the effect of the 1992 Maryland motorcycle helmet use law. Am J Public Health 92:1352\u20131355, 20021214499610.2105\/AJPH.92.8.1352"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"b2","series-title":"Injury","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(13)70210-9","article-title":"Trends in prevalence, knowledge, attitudes, and practices of helmet use in Cambodia: results from a two year study","volume":"44","author":"Bachani AM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bachani AM, Branching C, Ear C, Roehler DR, Parker EM, Tum S, : Trends in prevalence, knowledge, attitudes, and practices of helmet use in Cambodia: results from a two year study. Injury 44 (Suppl 4):S31\u2013S37, 201310.1016\/S0020-1383(13)70210-924377776"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.12.005","article-title":"Helmet wearing in Kenya: prevalence, knowledge, attitude, practice and implications","volume":"144S","author":"Bachani AM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bachani AM, Hung YW, Mogere S, Akunga D, Nyamari J, Hyder AA: Helmet wearing in Kenya: prevalence, knowledge, attitude, practice and implications. Public Health 144S:S23\u2013S31, 20172828872710.1016\/j.puhe.2016.12.005"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Eur J Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-004-1604-9","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 attitudes and behaviour towards motorcycle helmet use in Italy","volume":"164","author":"Bianco A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bianco A, Trani F, Santoro G, Angelillo IF: Adolescents\u2019 attitudes and behaviour towards motorcycle helmet use in Italy. Eur J Pediatr 164:207\u2013211, 200510.1007\/s00431-004-1604-915633049"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Safety Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2014.07.001","article-title":"The effect of the Swedish bicycle helmet law for children: an interrupted time series study","volume":"51","author":"Bonander C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bonander C, Nilson F, Andersson R: The effect of the Swedish bicycle helmet law for children: an interrupted time series study. J Safety Res 51:15\u201322, 20142545317210.1016\/j.jsr.2014.07.001"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"J Emerg Nurs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-1767(99)70013-9","article-title":"Florida\u2019s bicycle helmet law and a bicycle safety educational program: did they help?","volume":"25","author":"Borglund ST","year":"1999","unstructured":"Borglund ST, Hayes JS, Eckes JM: Florida\u2019s bicycle helmet law and a bicycle safety educational program: did they help? J Emerg Nurs 25:496\u2013500, 19991057977210.1016\/S0099-1767(99)70013-9"},{"issue":"s10","key":"b7","series-title":"Epilepsia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.44.s10.3.x","article-title":"The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury: a review","volume":"44","author":"Bruns J Jr","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bruns J Jr, Hauser WA: The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury: a review. Epilepsia 44 (s10):2\u201310, 200310.1046\/j.1528-1157.44.s10.3.x14511388"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Health Soc Policy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1300\/J045v10n01_03","article-title":"Self-insured health care plans: are they fair to employees with HIV\/AIDS?","volume":"10","author":"Cameron T","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cameron T: Self-insured health care plans: are they fair to employees with HIV\/AIDS? J Health Soc Policy 10:23\u201340, 19981018025210.1300\/J045v10n01_03"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Law Econ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1086\/652902","article-title":"Intended and unintended consequences of youth bicycle helmet laws","volume":"54","author":"Carpenter CS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carpenter CS, Stehr M: Intended and unintended consequences of youth bicycle helmet laws. J Law Econ 54:305\u2013324, 201110.1086\/652902"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"J Surg Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2010.10.031","article-title":"Bicycle helmet legislation and injury patterns in trauma patients under age 18","volume":"173","author":"Castle SL","year":"2012","unstructured":"Castle SL, Burke RV, Arbogast H, Upperman JS: Bicycle helmet legislation and injury patterns in trauma patients under age 18. J Surg Res 173:327\u2013331, 20122117691610.1016\/j.jss.2010.10.031"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"359","article-title":"Mandatory bicycle helmet use\u2014Victoria, Australia","volume":"42","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1993","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Mandatory bicycle helmet use\u2014Victoria, Australia. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 42:359\u2013363, 1993"},{"key":"b12","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury & concussion: severe TBI","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Traumatic brain injury & concussion: severe TBI. (https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/traumaticbraininjury\/severe.html) [Accessed October 25, 2019]"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Am J Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.5.793","article-title":"The effect of the Taiwan motorcycle helmet use law on head injuries","volume":"90","author":"Chiu WT","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chiu WT, Kuo CY, Hung CC, Chen M: The effect of the Taiwan motorcycle helmet use law on head injuries. Am J Public Health 90:793\u2013796, 200010.2105\/AJPH.90.5.793"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Accid Anal Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(95)00056-9","article-title":"Helmets, injuries and cultural definitions: motorcycle injury in urban Indonesia","volume":"28","author":"Conrad P","year":"1996","unstructured":"Conrad P, Bradshaw YS, Lamsudin R, Kasniyah N, Costello C: Helmets, injuries and cultural definitions: motorcycle injury in urban Indonesia. Accid Anal Prev 28:193\u2013200, 1996870327710.1016\/0001-4575(95)00056-9"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.6.1216","article-title":"Bicycle helmet use among Maryland children: effect of legislation and education","volume":"89","author":"Cot\u00e9 TR","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cot\u00e9 TR, Sacks JJ, Lambert-Huber DA, Dannenberg AL, Kresnow MJ, Lipsitz CM, : Bicycle helmet use among Maryland children: effect of legislation and education. Pediatrics 89:1216\u20131220, 1992159437910.1542\/peds.89.6.1216"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14121486","article-title":"A comprehensive approach to motorcycle-related head injury prevention: experiences from the field in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Uganda","volume":"14","author":"Craft G","year":"2017","unstructured":"Craft G, Van Bui T, Sidik M, Moore D, Ederer DJ, Parker EM, : A comprehensive approach to motorcycle-related head injury prevention: experiences from the field in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Uganda. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14:14, 201710.3390\/ijerph14121486"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"J Safety Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2010.05.003","article-title":"Bicycle helmet use among children in the United States: the effects of legislation, personal and household factors","volume":"41","author":"Dellinger AM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dellinger AM, Kresnow MJ: Bicycle helmet use among children in the United States: the effects of legislation, personal and household factors. J Safety Res 41:375\u2013380, 201010.1016\/j.jsr.2010.05.00320846554"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"BMJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f2674","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f2674","article-title":"Helmet legislation and admissions to hospital for cycling related head injuries in Canadian provinces and territories: interrupted time series analysis","volume":"346","author":"Dennis J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dennis J, Ramsay T, Turgeon AF, Zarychanski R: Helmet legislation and admissions to hospital for cycling related head injuries in Canadian provinces and territories: interrupted time series analysis. BMJ 346:f2674, 201310.1136\/bmj.f267423674137"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.6.e74","article-title":"Epidemiology and prevention of traffic injuries to urban children and adolescents","volume":"103","author":"Durkin MS","year":"1999","unstructured":"Durkin MS, Laraque D, Lubman I, Barlow B: Epidemiology and prevention of traffic injuries to urban children and adolescents. Pediatrics 103:e74, 199910.1542\/peds.103.6.e7410353971"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Inj Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2.2.126","article-title":"Teenagers\u2019 attitudes towards bicycle helmets three years after the introduction of mandatory wearing","volume":"2","author":"Finch CF","year":"1996","unstructured":"Finch CF: Teenagers\u2019 attitudes towards bicycle helmets three years after the introduction of mandatory wearing. Inj Prev 2:126\u2013130, 199610.1136\/ip.2.2.1269346076"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2010.06.007","article-title":"Expectations of efficacy, social influence and age as predictors of helmet-use in a sample of Spanish adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Fuentes C","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fuentes C, Eugnia Gras M, Font-Mayolas S, Bertran C, Sullman MJM, Ballester D: Expectations of efficacy, social influence and age as predictors of helmet-use in a sample of Spanish adolescents. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav 13:289\u2013296, 201010.1016\/j.trf.2010.06.007"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.1.6","article-title":"Police enforcement as part of a comprehensive bicycle helmet program","volume":"106","author":"Gilchrist J","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gilchrist J, Schieber RA, Leadbetter S, Davidson SC: Police enforcement as part of a comprehensive bicycle helmet program. Pediatrics 106:6\u20139, 200010.1542\/peds.106.1.610878141"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"J Policy Anal Manage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.20029","article-title":"The effect of bicycle helmet legislation on bicycling fatalities","volume":"23","author":"Grant D","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grant D, Rutner SM: The effect of bicycle helmet legislation on bicycling fatalities. J Policy Anal Manage 23:595\u2013611, 200410.1002\/pam.20029"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Traffic Inj Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2017.1322203","article-title":"Changes in motorcycle-related injuries and deaths after mandatory motorcycle helmet law in a district of Vietnam","volume":"19","author":"Ha NT","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ha NT, Ederer D, Vo VAH, Pham AV, Mounts A, Nolen LD, : Changes in motorcycle-related injuries and deaths after mandatory motorcycle helmet law in a district of Vietnam. Traffic Inj Prev 19:75\u201380, 201810.1080\/15389588.2017.1322203"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Inj Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2009.023994","article-title":"Factors associated with incorrect bicycle helmet use","volume":"16","author":"Hagel BE","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hagel BE, Lee RS, Karkhaneh M, Voaklander D, Rowe BH: Factors associated with incorrect bicycle helmet use. Inj Prev 16:178\u2013184, 20102042390410.1136\/ip.2009.023994"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Am Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481708300616","article-title":"More helmets fewer deaths: motorcycle helmet legislation impacts traumatic brain injury-related mortality in young adults","volume":"83","author":"Hassan A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hassan A, Jokar TO, Rhee P, Ibraheem K, Kulvatunyou N, Anderson KT, : More helmets fewer deaths: motorcycle helmet legislation impacts traumatic brain injury-related mortality in young adults. Am Surg 83:541\u2013546, 201710.1177\/00031348170830061628637553"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Accid Anal Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.08.001","article-title":"Recommend or mandate? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of mandatory bicycle helmet legislation","volume":"120","author":"Hoye A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoye A: Recommend or mandate? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of mandatory bicycle helmet legislation. Accid Anal Prev 120:239\u2013249, 20183017300610.1016\/j.aap.2018.08.001"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Inj Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2006.012724","article-title":"Prevalence of helmet use among motorcycle riders in Vietnam","volume":"12","author":"Hung DV","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hung DV, Stevenson MR, Ivers RQ: Prevalence of helmet use among motorcycle riders in Vietnam. Inj Prev 12:409\u2013413, 200610.1136\/ip.2006.01272417170192"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"J Community Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-016-0233-3","article-title":"Long-term effects of education and legislation enforcement on all-age bicycle helmet use: a longitudinal study","volume":"42","author":"Huybers S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huybers S, Fenerty L, Kureshi N, Thibault-Halman G, LeBlanc JC, Clarke DB, : Long-term effects of education and legislation enforcement on all-age bicycle helmet use: a longitudinal study. J Community Health 42:83\u201389, 201710.1007\/s10900-016-0233-327516068"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Accid Anal Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(01)00102-6","article-title":"Effect of the helmet act for motorcyclists in Thailand","volume":"35","author":"Ichikawa M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ichikawa M, Chadbunchachai W, Marui E: Effect of the helmet act for motorcyclists in Thailand. Accid Anal Prev 35:183\u2013189, 20031250413910.1016\/S0001-4575(01)00102-6"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30415-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"James SL","year":"2019","unstructured":"James SL, Theadom A, Ellenbogen RG, Bannick MS, Montjoy-Venning W, Lucchesi LR, : Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 18:56\u201387, 201910.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30415-0"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"J Safety Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2016.09.001","article-title":"Bicycle helmet use among persons 5 years and older in the United States, 2012","volume":"59","author":"Jewett A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jewett A, Beck LF, Taylor C, Baldwin G: Bicycle helmet use among persons 5 years and older in the United States, 2012. J Safety Res 59:1\u20137, 20162784699210.1016\/j.jsr.2016.09.001"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Accid Anal Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.08.002","article-title":"Trends in helmet use and head injuries in San Diego County: the effect of bicycle helmet legislation","volume":"38","author":"Ji M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ji M, Gilchick RA, Bender SJ: Trends in helmet use and head injuries in San Diego County: the effect of bicycle helmet legislation. Accid Anal Prev 38:128\u2013134, 200610.1016\/j.aap.2005.08.002"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.11.1072","article-title":"Effectiveness of a state law mandating use of bicycle helmets among children: an observational evaluation","volume":"154","author":"Kanny D","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kanny D, Schieber RA, Pryor V, Kresnow MJ: Effectiveness of a state law mandating use of bicycle helmets among children: an observational evaluation. Am J Epidemiol 154:1072\u20131076, 200110.1093\/aje\/154.11.107211724725"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Inj Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2005.010942","article-title":"Effectiveness of bicycle helmet legislation to increase helmet use: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Karkhaneh M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karkhaneh M, Kalenga JC, Hagel BE, Rowe BH: Effectiveness of bicycle helmet legislation to increase helmet use: a systematic review. Inj Prev 12:76\u201382, 20061659542010.1136\/ip.2005.010942"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Accid Anal Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.10.026","article-title":"Bicycle helmet use four years after the introduction of helmet legislation in Alberta, Canada","volume":"43","author":"Karkhaneh M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karkhaneh M, Rowe BH, Saunders LD, Voaklander DC, Hagel BE: Bicycle helmet use four years after the introduction of helmet legislation in Alberta, Canada. Accid Anal Prev 43:788\u2013796, 20112137686710.1016\/j.aap.2010.10.026"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Accid Anal Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.05.027","article-title":"Trends in head injuries associated with mandatory bicycle helmet legislation targeting children and adolescents","volume":"59","author":"Karkhaneh M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Karkhaneh M, Rowe BH, Saunders LD, Voaklander DC, Hagel BE: Trends in head injuries associated with mandatory bicycle helmet legislation targeting children and adolescents. Accid Anal Prev 59:206\u2013212, 201310.1016\/j.aap.2013.05.02723810833"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Arch Dis Child","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.10.876","article-title":"Inequalities in cycle helmet use: cross sectional survey in schools in deprived areas of Nottingham","volume":"88","author":"Kendrick D","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kendrick D, Royal S: Inequalities in cycle helmet use: cross sectional survey in schools in deprived areas of Nottingham. Arch Dis Child 88:876\u2013880, 20031450030510.1136\/adc.88.10.876"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"J Community Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-016-0197-3","article-title":"The effect of an all-ages bicycle helmet law on bicycle-related trauma","volume":"41","author":"Kett P","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kett P, Rivara F, Gomez A, Kirk AP, Yantsides C: The effect of an all-ages bicycle helmet law on bicycle-related trauma. J Community Health 41:1160\u20131166, 201610.1007\/s10900-016-0197-3"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"JAMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520190052034","article-title":"The effect of the 1992 California motorcycle helmet use law on motorcycle crash fatalities and injuries","volume":"272","author":"Kraus JF","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kraus JF, Peek C, McArthur DL, Williams A: The effect of the 1992 California motorcycle helmet use law on motorcycle crash fatalities and injuries. JAMA 272:1506\u20131511, 199410.1001\/jama.1994.03520190052034"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Eur J Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckm028","article-title":"Head injury resulting from scooter accidents in Rome: differences before and after implementing a universal helmet law","volume":"17","author":"La Torre G","year":"2007","unstructured":"La Torre G, Van Beeck E, Bertazzoni G, Ricciardi W: Head injury resulting from scooter accidents in Rome: differences before and after implementing a universal helmet law. Eur J Public Health 17:607\u2013611, 200710.1093\/eurpub\/ckm02817400541"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Glob Health Action","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v6i0.18757","article-title":"Road traffic injury among young people in Vietnam: evidence from two rounds of national adolescent health surveys, 2004\u20132009","volume":"6","author":"Le LC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Le LC, Blum RW: Road traffic injury among young people in Vietnam: evidence from two rounds of national adolescent health surveys, 2004\u20132009. Glob Health Action 6:1\u20139, 201310.3402\/gha.v6i0.1875723336620"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"CMAJ","first-page":"592","article-title":"Effect of legislation on the use of bicycle helmets","volume":"166","author":"Leblanc JC","year":"2002","unstructured":"Leblanc JC, Beattie TL, Culligan C: Effect of legislation on the use of bicycle helmets. CMAJ 166:592\u2013595, 200211898937"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Accid Anal Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.03.010","article-title":"A review of risk factors and patterns of motorcycle injuries","volume":"41","author":"Lin MR","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lin MR, Kraus JF: A review of risk factors and patterns of motorcycle injuries. Accid Anal Prev 41:710\u2013722, 200910.1016\/j.aap.2009.03.01019540959"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD004333","article-title":"Helmets for preventing injury in motorcycle riders","volume":"1","author":"Liu BC","year":"2008","unstructured":"Liu BC, Ivers R, Norton R, Boufous S, Blows S, Lo SK: Helmets for preventing injury in motorcycle riders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD004333, 2008"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Accid Anal Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(99)00059-7","article-title":"Exploration of the barriers to bicycle helmet use among 12 and 13 year old children","volume":"32","author":"Loubeau PR","year":"2000","unstructured":"Loubeau PR: Exploration of the barriers to bicycle helmet use among 12 and 13 year old children. Accid Anal Prev 32:111\u2013115, 200010.1016\/S0001-4575(99)00059-710576681"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"Inj Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2011-040135","article-title":"Reducing regional inequality in mortality from road traffic injuries through enforcement of the mandatory motorcycle helmet law in Taiwan","volume":"18","author":"Lu TH","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lu TH, Lai CH, Chiang TL: Reducing regional inequality in mortality from road traffic injuries through enforcement of the mandatory motorcycle helmet law in Taiwan. Inj Prev 18:150\u2013157, 201210.1136\/injuryprev-2011-040135"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70164-9","article-title":"Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults","volume":"7","author":"Maas AI","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maas AI, Stocchetti N, Bullock R: Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Lancet Neurol 7:728\u2013741, 200810.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70164-918635021"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD005401","article-title":"Bicycle helmet legislation for the uptake of helmet use and prevention of head injuries","volume":"3","author":"Macpherson A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Macpherson A, Spinks A: Bicycle helmet legislation for the uptake of helmet use and prevention of head injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3):CD005401, 2008"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Pediatr Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200210000-00002","article-title":"Bicycle helmet legislation: evidence for effectiveness","volume":"52","author":"Macpherson AK","year":"2002","unstructured":"Macpherson AK, Macarthur C: Bicycle helmet legislation: evidence for effectiveness. Pediatr Res 52:472, 200210.1203\/00006450-200210000-0000212357037"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Health Econ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.2997","article-title":"Effects of bicycle helmet laws on children\u2019s injuries","volume":"24","author":"Markowitz S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Markowitz S, Chatterji P: Effects of bicycle helmet laws on children\u2019s injuries. Health Econ 24:26\u201340, 20152411537510.1002\/hec.2997"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"J Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.03.073","article-title":"Bicycle helmet laws are associated with a lower fatality rate from bicycle-motor vehicle collisions","volume":"163","author":"Meehan WP III","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meehan WP III, Lee LK, Fischer CM, Mannix RC: Bicycle helmet laws are associated with a lower fatality rate from bicycle-motor vehicle collisions. J Pediatr 163:726\u2013729, 20132370660410.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.03.073"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300.2012.706617","article-title":"Measuring compliance with Viet Nam\u2019s mandatory motorcycle helmet legislation","volume":"20","author":"Nguyen HT","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nguyen HT, Passmore J, Cuong PV, Nguyen NP: Measuring compliance with Viet Nam\u2019s mandatory motorcycle helmet legislation. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 20:192\u2013196, 20132284932110.1080\/17457300.2012.706617"},{"key":"b54","series-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1997.02170380063010","article-title":"Evaluation of a statewide bicycle helmet law via multiple measures of helmet use","volume":"151","author":"Ni H","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ni H, Sacks JJ, Curtis L, Cieslak PR, Hedberg K: Evaluation of a statewide bicycle helmet law via multiple measures of helmet use. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 151:59\u201365, 199710.1001\/archpedi.1997.021703800630109006530"},{"key":"b55","series-title":"Accid Anal Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.09.003","article-title":"Long term bicycle related head injury trends for New South Wales, Australia following mandatory helmet legislation","volume":"50","author":"Olivier J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Olivier J, Walter SR, Grzebieta RH: Long term bicycle related head injury trends for New South Wales, Australia following mandatory helmet legislation. Accid Anal Prev 50:1128\u20131134, 201310.1016\/j.aap.2012.09.00323026203"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"Inj Epidemiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-016-0072-9","article-title":"Motorcycle helmet effectiveness in reducing head, face and brain injuries by state and helmet law","volume":"3","author":"Olsen CS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olsen CS, Thomas AM, Singleton M, Gaichas AM, Smith TJ, Smith GA, : Motorcycle helmet effectiveness in reducing head, face and brain injuries by state and helmet law. Inj Epidemiol 3:8, 20162774754510.1186\/s40621-016-0072-9"},{"key":"b57","series-title":"BMJ Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e018574","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018574","article-title":"A population-based case-control study of hospitalisation due to head injuries among bicyclists and motorcyclists in Taiwan","volume":"7","author":"Pai CW","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pai CW, Chen YC, Lin HY, Chen PL: A population-based case-control study of hospitalisation due to head injuries among bicyclists and motorcyclists in Taiwan. BMJ Open 7:e018574, 201710.1136\/bmjopen-2017-01857429122803"},{"key":"b58","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.96.2.283","article-title":"Evaluation of a subsidy program to increase bicycle helmet use by children of low-income families","volume":"96","author":"Parkin PC","year":"1995","unstructured":"Parkin PC, Hu X, Spence LJ, Kranz KE, Shortt LG, Wesson DE: Evaluation of a subsidy program to increase bicycle helmet use by children of low-income families. Pediatrics 96:283\u2013287, 1995763068510.1542\/peds.96.2.283"},{"key":"b59","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.4.772","article-title":"Evaluation of a promotional strategy to increase bicycle helmet use by children","volume":"91","author":"Parkin PC","year":"1993","unstructured":"Parkin PC, Spence LJ, Hu X, Kranz KE, Shortt LG, Wesson DE: Evaluation of a promotional strategy to increase bicycle helmet use by children. Pediatrics 91:772\u2013777, 199310.1542\/peds.91.4.7728464665"},{"key":"b60","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.09.071662","article-title":"The formulation and implementation of a national helmet law: a case study from Viet Nam","volume":"88","author":"Passmore JW","year":"2010","unstructured":"Passmore JW, Nguyen LH, Nguyen NP, Oliv\u00e9 JM: The formulation and implementation of a national helmet law: a case study from Viet Nam. Bull World Health Organ 88:783\u2013787, 20102093106410.2471\/BLT.09.071662"},{"key":"b61","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-015-2512-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Europe","volume":"157","author":"Peeters W","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peeters W, van den Brande R, Polinder S, Brazinova A, Steyerberg EW, Lingsma HF, : Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Europe. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 157:1683\u20131696, 201510.1007\/s00701-015-2512-7"},{"key":"b62","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.22","article-title":"Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Roozenbeek B","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roozenbeek B, Maas AIR, Menon DK: Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev Neurol 9:231\u2013236, 201310.1038\/nrneurol.2013.2223443846"},{"key":"b63","series-title":"J Surg Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2016.11.063","article-title":"Perceptions regarding helmet use: a cross-sectional survey of female pillions in Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"211","author":"Saeed M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saeed M, Siddiqui SM, Khan UR, Swaroop M: Perceptions regarding helmet use: a cross-sectional survey of female pillions in Karachi, Pakistan. J Surg Res 211:261\u2013265, 201710.1016\/j.jss.2016.11.06328501126"},{"key":"b64","series-title":"Am J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2017.09.033","article-title":"The impact of the repeal of Michigan\u2019s universal helmet law on traumatic brain injury: a statewide analysis","volume":"215","author":"Saunders RN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saunders RN, Adams NS, Chapman AJ, Davis AT, Koehler TJ, Durling LT, : The impact of the repeal of Michigan\u2019s universal helmet law on traumatic brain injury: a statewide analysis. Am J Surg 215:424\u2013427, 201810.1016\/j.amjsurg.2017.09.033"},{"key":"b65","series-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1996.02170320053009","article-title":"Effect of a state law on reported bicycle helmet ownership and use","volume":"150","author":"Schieber RA","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schieber RA, Kresnow MJ, Sacks JJ, Pledger EE, O\u2019Neil JM, Toomey KE: Effect of a state law on reported bicycle helmet ownership and use. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 150:707\u2013712, 199610.1001\/archpedi.1996.02170320053009"},{"key":"b66","series-title":"Accid Anal Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(96)00054-1","article-title":"Trends in cycle injury in New Zealand under voluntary helmet use","volume":"29","author":"Scuffham PA","year":"1997","unstructured":"Scuffham PA, Langley JD: Trends in cycle injury in New Zealand under voluntary helmet use. Accid Anal Prev 29:1\u20139, 1997911003410.1016\/S0001-4575(96)00054-1"},{"key":"b67","series-title":"Inj Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.9.3.257","article-title":"Effect of Italy\u2019s motorcycle helmet law on traumatic brain injuries","volume":"9","author":"Servadei F","year":"2003","unstructured":"Servadei F, Begliomini C, Gardini E, Giustini M, Taggi F, Kraus J: Effect of Italy\u2019s motorcycle helmet law on traumatic brain injuries. Inj Prev 9:257\u2013260, 200310.1136\/ip.9.3.257"},{"key":"b68","series-title":"Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference","author":"Shadish WR","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shadish WR, Cook TD, Campbell DT: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002"},{"key":"b69","series-title":"J Pediatr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(98)90454-7","article-title":"Impact of bicycle helmet safety legislation on children admitted to a regional pediatric trauma center","volume":"33","author":"Shafi S","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shafi S, Gilbert JC, Loghmanee F, Allen JE, Caty MG, Glick PL, : Impact of bicycle helmet safety legislation on children admitted to a regional pediatric trauma center. J Pediatr Surg 33:317\u2013321, 199810.1016\/S0022-3468(98)90454-79498409"},{"key":"b70","series-title":"Accid Anal Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(84)90009-5","article-title":"Fatal motorcycle accidents and helmet laws in Peninsular Malaysia","volume":"16","author":"Supramaniam V","year":"1984","unstructured":"Supramaniam V, van Belle G, Sung JFC: Fatal motorcycle accidents and helmet laws in Peninsular Malaysia. Accid Anal Prev 16:157\u2013162, 198410.1016\/0001-4575(84)90009-5"},{"key":"b71","series-title":"BMJ Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008052","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008052","article-title":"Bicycling injury hospitalisation rates in Canadian jurisdictions: analyses examining associations with helmet legislation and mode share","volume":"5","author":"Teschke K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Teschke K, Koehoorn M, Shen H, Dennis J: Bicycling injury hospitalisation rates in Canadian jurisdictions: analyses examining associations with helmet legislation and mode share. BMJ Open 5:e008052, 20152652571910.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008052"},{"issue":"2","key":"b72","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD001855","article-title":"Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists","author":"Thompson DC","year":"2000","unstructured":"Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson R: Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD001855, 200010796827"},{"key":"b73","series-title":"Inj Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.5.4.290","article-title":"Effect of the mandatory helmet law in Taiwan","volume":"5","author":"Tsai MC","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tsai MC, Hemenway D: Effect of the mandatory helmet law in Taiwan. Inj Prev 5:290\u2013291, 199910.1136\/ip.5.4.290"},{"key":"b74","series-title":"World J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02104437","article-title":"Mandatory bicycle helmet use: experience in Victoria, Australia","volume":"16","author":"Vulcan AP","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vulcan AP, Cameron MH, Watson WL: Mandatory bicycle helmet use: experience in Victoria, Australia. World J Surg 16:389\u2013397, 199210.1007\/BF021044371589971"},{"key":"b75","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0902","article-title":"Youth motorcycle-related brain injury by state helmet law type: United States, 2005\u20132007","volume":"126","author":"Weiss H","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weiss H, Agimi Y, Steiner C: Youth motorcycle-related brain injury by state helmet law type: United States, 2005\u20132007. Pediatrics 126:1149\u20131155, 20102107872610.1542\/peds.2010-0902"},{"key":"b76","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1776","article-title":"Trends in pediatric and adult bicycling deaths before and after passage of a bicycle helmet law","volume":"122","author":"Wesson DE","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wesson DE, Stephens D, Lam K, Parsons D, Spence L, Parkin PC: Trends in pediatric and adult bicycling deaths before and after passage of a bicycle helmet law. Pediatrics 122:605\u2013610, 20081876253210.1542\/peds.2007-1776"},{"key":"b77","series-title":"WHO.int","article-title":"Motorcycle helmet laws and helmet standard","author":"WHO","unstructured":"WHO: Motorcycle helmet laws and helmet standard. WHO.int (https:\/\/www.who.int\/gho\/road_safety\/legislation\/situation_trends_motorcycle_helmet\/en\/) [Accessed October 25, 2019]"},{"key":"b78","series-title":"J Surg Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2017.11.006","article-title":"Pediatric bicycle helmet legislation and crash-related traumatic brain injury in Illinois, 1999\u20132009","volume":"222","author":"Williams C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams C, Weston R, Feinglass J, Crandall M: Pediatric bicycle helmet legislation and crash-related traumatic brain injury in Illinois, 1999\u20132009. J Surg Res 222:231\u2013237, 201810.1016\/j.jss.2017.11.00629229283"},{"key":"b79","series-title":"Accid Anal Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2011.03.016","article-title":"The frequency and predictors of helmet use among Iranian motorcyclists: a quantitative and qualitative study","volume":"43","author":"Zamani-Alavijeh F","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zamani-Alavijeh F, Bazargan M, Shafiei A, Bazargan-Hejazi S: The frequency and predictors of helmet use among Iranian motorcyclists: a quantitative and qualitative study. Accid Anal Prev 43:1562\u20131569, 20112154589110.1016\/j.aap.2011.03.016"},{"key":"b80","series-title":"Inj Control Saf Promot","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/156609704\/233\/289643","article-title":"Motorcycle ownership and injury in China","volume":"11","author":"Zhang J","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhang J, Norton R, Tang KC, Lo SK, Jiatong Z, Wenkui G: Motorcycle ownership and injury in China. Inj Control Saf Promot 11:159\u2013163, 200410.1080\/156609704\/233\/28964315764102"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/25\/4\/article-p361.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/25\/4\/article-p361.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/25\/4\/article-p361.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T19:58:24Z","timestamp":1681588704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/25\/4\/article-p361.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2019.10.peds19377","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-0707","1933-0715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-0707","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0715","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}}}