{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:46:49Z","timestamp":1790642809351,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n The main objective of neurosurgery is to establish safe and reliable surgical techniques. Medical technology has advanced during the 21st century, enabling the development of increasingly sophisticated tools for preoperative study that can be used by surgeons before performing surgery on an actual patient. Laser-printed models are a robust tool for improving surgical performance, planning an operative approach, and developing the skills and strategy to deal with uncommon and high-risk intraoperative difficulties. Practice with these models enhances the surgeon\u2019s understanding of 3D anatomy but has some limitations with regard to tactile perception. In this study, the authors aimed to develop a preoperative planning method that combines a hybrid model with augmented reality (AR) to enhance preparation for and planning of a specific surgical procedure, correction of metopic craniosynostosis, also known as trigonocephaly.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n With the use of imaging data of an actual case patient who underwent surgical correction of metopic craniosynostosis, a physical hybrid model (for hands-on applications) and an AR app for a mobile device were created. The hybrid customized model was developed by using analysis of diagnostic CT imaging of a case patient with metopic craniosynostosis. Created from many different types of silicone, the physical model simulates anatomical conditions, allowing a multidisciplinary team to deal with different situations and to precisely determine the appropriate surgical approach. A real-time AR interface with the physical model was developed by using an AR app that enhances the anatomic aspects of the patient\u2019s skull. This method was used by 38 experienced surgeons (craniofacial plastic surgeons and neurosurgeons), who then responded to a questionnaire that evaluated the realism and utility of the hybrid AR simulation used in this method as a beneficial educational tool for teaching and preoperative planning in performing surgical metopic craniosynostosis correction.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n The authors developed a practice model for planning the surgical cranial remodeling used in the correction of metopic craniosynostosis. In the hybrid AR model, all aspects of the surgical procedure previously performed on the case patient were simulated: subcutaneous and subperiosteal dissection, skin incision, and skull remodeling with absorbable miniplates. The pre- and postoperative procedures were also carried out, which emphasizes the role of the AR app in the hybrid model. On the basis of the questionnaire, the hybrid AR tool was approved by the senior surgery team and considered adequate for educational purposes. Statistical analysis of the questionnaire responses also highlighted the potential for the use of the hybrid model in future applications.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n This new preoperative platform that combines physical and virtual models may represent an important method to improve multidisciplinary discussion in addition to being a powerful teaching tool. The hybrid model associated with the AR app provided an effective training environment, and it enhanced the teaching of surgical anatomy and operative strategies in a challenging neurosurgical procedure.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.12.focus19854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T12:25:59Z","timestamp":1583324759000},"page":"E19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Augmented reality and physical hybrid model simulation for preoperative planning of metopic craniosynostosis surgery"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Giselle","family":"Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Marcelina Hospital;"},{"name":"EDUCSIM Institute;"},{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo, USP; and"},{"name":"Sabar\u00e1 Children\u2019s Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicollas Nunes","family":"Rabelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo, USP; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Marcelina Hospital;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kid","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Zagatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo, USP; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Santos de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Ribeirao Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassio Eduardo","family":"Raposo-Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Craniofacial Surgery Institute of the Hospital SOBRAPAR, Campinas, Brazil; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maur\u00edcio","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Marcelina Hospital;"},{"name":"Sabar\u00e1 Children\u2019s Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus Rodrigues","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline Ferreira","family":"Fagundes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoel Jacobsen","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo, USP; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eberval Gadelha","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo, USP; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.2.FOCUS14853","article-title":"Intracranial hypertension after surgical correction for craniosynostosis: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Christian EA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Christian EA, Imahiyerobo TA, Nallapa S, Urata M, McComb JG, Krieger MD: Intracranial hypertension after surgical correction for craniosynostosis: a systematic review. Neurosurg Focus 38(5):E6, 201510.3171\/2015.2.FOCUS1485325929968"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-017-3616-6","article-title":"Multimaterial 3D printing preoperative planning for frontoethmoidal meningoencephalocele surgery","volume":"34","author":"Coelho G","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coelho G, Chaves TMF, Goes AF, Del Massa EC, Moraes O, Yoshida M: Multimaterial 3D printing preoperative planning for frontoethmoidal meningoencephalocele surgery. Childs Nerv Syst 34:749\u2013756, 201810.1007\/s00381-017-3616-629067504"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-014-2537-x","article-title":"Anatomical pediatric model for craniosynostosis surgical training","volume":"30","author":"Coelho G","unstructured":"Coelho G, Warf B, Lyra M, Zanon N: Anatomical pediatric model for craniosynostosis surgical training. Childs Nerv Syst 30:2009\u20132014, 20142518339010.1007\/s00381-014-2537-x"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002866","article-title":"Very low prevalence of intracranial hypertension in trigonocephaly","volume":"139","author":"Cornelissen MJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cornelissen MJ, Loudon SE, van Doorn FE, Muller RP, van Veelen MC, Mathijssen IM: Very low prevalence of intracranial hypertension in trigonocephaly. Plast Reconstr Surg 139:97e\u2013104e, 20172802724210.1097\/PRS.0000000000002866"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1167311","article-title":"Immersive interfaces for engagement and learning","volume":"323","author":"Dede C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dede C: Immersive interfaces for engagement and learning. Science 323:66\u201369, 20091911921910.1126\/science.1167311"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2018.11.001","article-title":"Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis","volume":"46","author":"Dempsey RF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dempsey RF, Monson LA, Maricevich RS, Truong TA, Olarunnipa S, Lam SK, : Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. Clin Plast Surg 46:123\u2013139, 201910.1016\/j.cps.2018.11.00130851746"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2019.04.008","article-title":"A new method for cranial vault reconstruction: augmented reality in synostotic plagiocephaly surgery","volume":"47","author":"Han W","year":"2019","unstructured":"Han W, Yang X, Wu S, Fan S, Chen X, Aung ZM, : A new method for cranial vault reconstruction: augmented reality in synostotic plagiocephaly surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 47:1280\u20131284, 201910.1016\/j.jcms.2019.04.00831337569"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"150","article-title":"Simulation of surgery for craniosynostosis: a training model in a fresh cadaveric sheep cranium. Technical note","volume":"105","author":"Hicdonmez T","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hicdonmez T, Parsak T, Cobanoglu S: Simulation of surgery for craniosynostosis: a training model in a fresh cadaveric sheep cranium. Technical note. J Neurosurg 105 (2 Suppl):150\u2013152, 2006"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Ann Eye Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.21037\/aes.2019.08.01","article-title":"Virtual reality in residents training","volume":"4","author":"L\u00f3pez Cabrera MV","year":"2019","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez Cabrera MV, Valdez Garc\u00eda JE: Virtual reality in residents training. Ann Eye Sci 4:27, 201910.21037\/aes.2019.08.01"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-016-0732-9","article-title":"Augmented reality in neurosurgery: a systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Meola A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meola A, Cutolo F, Carbone M, Cagnazzo F, Ferrari M, Ferrari V: Augmented reality in neurosurgery: a systematic review. Neurosurg Rev 40:537\u2013548, 20172715401810.1007\/s10143-016-0732-9"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Front Oral Biol","first-page":"xi","article-title":"Craniofacial Sutures. Development, disease and treatment","volume":"12","author":"Rice DP","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rice DP: Craniofacial Sutures. Development, disease and treatment. Front Oral Biol 12:xi, 200818491429"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Vis Comput Ind Biomed Art","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s42492-019-0015-8","article-title":"Assessing performance of augmented reality-based neurosurgical training","volume":"2","author":"Si WX","year":"2019","unstructured":"Si WX, Liao XY, Qian YL, Sun HT, Chen XD, Wang Q, : Assessing performance of augmented reality-based neurosurgical training. Vis Comput Ind Biomed Art 2:6, 20193224041510.1186\/s42492-019-0015-8"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-019-04269-y","article-title":"Statistical shape analyses of trigonocephaly patients","volume":"36","author":"Ta\u015fkap\u0131l\u0131o\u011flu MO","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ta\u015fkap\u0131l\u0131o\u011flu MO, Ocako\u011flu G, Kaya S, Baykal D, Yaz\u0131c\u0131 Z: Statistical shape analyses of trigonocephaly patients. Childs Nerv Syst 36:379\u2013384, 202010.1007\/s00381-019-04269-y31243581"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2019.09.006","article-title":"The metopic suture: natural history","volume":"65","author":"Vinchon M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vinchon M: The metopic suture: natural history. Neurochirurgie 65:239\u2013245, 20193156288010.1016\/j.neuchi.2019.09.006"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200111000-00005","article-title":"The timing of physiologic closure of the metopic suture: a review of 159 patients using reconstructed 3D CT scans of the craniofacial region","volume":"12","author":"Vu HL","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vu HL, Panchal J, Parker EE, Levine NS, Francel P: The timing of physiologic closure of the metopic suture: a review of 159 patients using reconstructed 3D CT scans of the craniofacial region. J Craniofac Surg 12:527\u2013532, 20011171181810.1097\/00001665-200111000-00005"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"3D Print Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-019-0041-3","article-title":"Patient-specific 3D printed and augmented reality kidney and prostate cancer models: impact on patient education","volume":"5","author":"Wake N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wake N, Rosenkrantz AB, Huang R, Park KU, Wysock JS, Taneja SS, : Patient-specific 3D printed and augmented reality kidney and prostate cancer models: impact on patient education. 3D Print Med 5:4, 20193078386910.1186\/s41205-019-0041-3"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000080729.28749.A3","article-title":"Metopic synostosis: Defining the temporal sequence of normal suture fusion and differentiating it from synostosis on the basis of computed tomography images","volume":"112","author":"Weinzweig J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Weinzweig J, Kirschner RE, Farley A, Reiss P, Hunter J, Whitaker LA, : Metopic synostosis: Defining the temporal sequence of normal suture fusion and differentiating it from synostosis on the basis of computed tomography images. Plast Reconstr Surg 112:1211\u20131218, 200310.1097\/01.PRS.0000080729.28749.A314504503"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198708000-00006","article-title":"Craniosynostosis: an analysis of the timing, treatment, and complications in 164 consecutive patients","volume":"80","author":"Whitaker LA","year":"1987","unstructured":"Whitaker LA, Bartlett SP, Schut L, Bruce D: Craniosynostosis: an analysis of the timing, treatment, and complications in 164 consecutive patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 80:195\u2013212, 198710.1097\/00006534-198708000-000063602170"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/90763","article-title":"Trigonocephaly: Long-term results after surgical correction of metopic suture synostosis","volume":"28","author":"W\u00f3jcicki P","year":"2019","unstructured":"W\u00f3jcicki P, Prudel B: Trigonocephaly: Long-term results after surgical correction of metopic suture synostosis. Adv Clin Exp Med 28:625\u2013635, 201910.17219\/acem\/9076330712337"},{"issue":"5","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.2.FOCUS14853","article-title":"Intracranial hypertension after surgical correction for craniosynostosis: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Christian EA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Christian EA, Imahiyerobo TA, Nallapa S, Urata M, McComb JG, Krieger MD: Intracranial hypertension after surgical correction for craniosynostosis: a systematic review. Neurosurg Focus 38(5):E6, 201510.3171\/2015.2.FOCUS1485325929968"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-017-3616-6","article-title":"Multimaterial 3D printing preoperative planning for frontoethmoidal meningoencephalocele surgery","volume":"34","author":"Coelho G","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coelho G, Chaves TMF, Goes AF, Del Massa EC, Moraes O, Yoshida M: Multimaterial 3D printing preoperative planning for frontoethmoidal meningoencephalocele surgery. Childs Nerv Syst 34:749\u2013756, 201810.1007\/s00381-017-3616-629067504"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-014-2537-x","article-title":"Anatomical pediatric model for craniosynostosis surgical training","volume":"30","author":"Coelho G","unstructured":"Coelho G, Warf B, Lyra M, Zanon N: Anatomical pediatric model for craniosynostosis surgical training. Childs Nerv Syst 30:2009\u20132014, 20142518339010.1007\/s00381-014-2537-x"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002866","article-title":"Very low prevalence of intracranial hypertension in trigonocephaly","volume":"139","author":"Cornelissen MJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cornelissen MJ, Loudon SE, van Doorn FE, Muller RP, van Veelen MC, Mathijssen IM: Very low prevalence of intracranial hypertension in trigonocephaly. Plast Reconstr Surg 139:97e\u2013104e, 20172802724210.1097\/PRS.0000000000002866"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1167311","article-title":"Immersive interfaces for engagement and learning","volume":"323","author":"Dede C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dede C: Immersive interfaces for engagement and learning. Science 323:66\u201369, 20091911921910.1126\/science.1167311"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2018.11.001","article-title":"Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis","volume":"46","author":"Dempsey RF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dempsey RF, Monson LA, Maricevich RS, Truong TA, Olarunnipa S, Lam SK, : Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. Clin Plast Surg 46:123\u2013139, 201910.1016\/j.cps.2018.11.00130851746"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2019.04.008","article-title":"A new method for cranial vault reconstruction: augmented reality in synostotic plagiocephaly surgery","volume":"47","author":"Han W","year":"2019","unstructured":"Han W, Yang X, Wu S, Fan S, Chen X, Aung ZM, : A new method for cranial vault reconstruction: augmented reality in synostotic plagiocephaly surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 47:1280\u20131284, 201910.1016\/j.jcms.2019.04.00831337569"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"150","article-title":"Simulation of surgery for craniosynostosis: a training model in a fresh cadaveric sheep cranium. Technical note","volume":"105","author":"Hicdonmez T","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hicdonmez T, Parsak T, Cobanoglu S: Simulation of surgery for craniosynostosis: a training model in a fresh cadaveric sheep cranium. Technical note. J Neurosurg 105 (2 Suppl):150\u2013152, 2006"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Ann Eye Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.21037\/aes.2019.08.01","article-title":"Virtual reality in residents training","volume":"4","author":"L\u00f3pez Cabrera MV","year":"2019","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez Cabrera MV, Valdez Garc\u00eda JE: Virtual reality in residents training. Ann Eye Sci 4:27, 201910.21037\/aes.2019.08.01"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-016-0732-9","article-title":"Augmented reality in neurosurgery: a systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Meola A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meola A, Cutolo F, Carbone M, Cagnazzo F, Ferrari M, Ferrari V: Augmented reality in neurosurgery: a systematic review. Neurosurg Rev 40:537\u2013548, 20172715401810.1007\/s10143-016-0732-9"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Front Oral Biol","first-page":"xi","article-title":"Craniofacial Sutures. Development, disease and treatment","volume":"12","author":"Rice DP","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rice DP: Craniofacial Sutures. Development, disease and treatment. Front Oral Biol 12:xi, 200818491429"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Vis Comput Ind Biomed Art","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s42492-019-0015-8","article-title":"Assessing performance of augmented reality-based neurosurgical training","volume":"2","author":"Si WX","year":"2019","unstructured":"Si WX, Liao XY, Qian YL, Sun HT, Chen XD, Wang Q, : Assessing performance of augmented reality-based neurosurgical training. Vis Comput Ind Biomed Art 2:6, 20193224041510.1186\/s42492-019-0015-8"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-019-04269-y","article-title":"Statistical shape analyses of trigonocephaly patients","volume":"36","author":"Ta\u015fkap\u0131l\u0131o\u011flu MO","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ta\u015fkap\u0131l\u0131o\u011flu MO, Ocako\u011flu G, Kaya S, Baykal D, Yaz\u0131c\u0131 Z: Statistical shape analyses of trigonocephaly patients. Childs Nerv Syst 36:379\u2013384, 202010.1007\/s00381-019-04269-y31243581"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2019.09.006","article-title":"The metopic suture: natural history","volume":"65","author":"Vinchon M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vinchon M: The metopic suture: natural history. Neurochirurgie 65:239\u2013245, 20193156288010.1016\/j.neuchi.2019.09.006"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200111000-00005","article-title":"The timing of physiologic closure of the metopic suture: a review of 159 patients using reconstructed 3D CT scans of the craniofacial region","volume":"12","author":"Vu HL","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vu HL, Panchal J, Parker EE, Levine NS, Francel P: The timing of physiologic closure of the metopic suture: a review of 159 patients using reconstructed 3D CT scans of the craniofacial region. J Craniofac Surg 12:527\u2013532, 20011171181810.1097\/00001665-200111000-00005"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"3D Print Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-019-0041-3","article-title":"Patient-specific 3D printed and augmented reality kidney and prostate cancer models: impact on patient education","volume":"5","author":"Wake N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wake N, Rosenkrantz AB, Huang R, Park KU, Wysock JS, Taneja SS, : Patient-specific 3D printed and augmented reality kidney and prostate cancer models: impact on patient education. 3D Print Med 5:4, 20193078386910.1186\/s41205-019-0041-3"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000080729.28749.A3","article-title":"Metopic synostosis: Defining the temporal sequence of normal suture fusion and differentiating it from synostosis on the basis of computed tomography images","volume":"112","author":"Weinzweig J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Weinzweig J, Kirschner RE, Farley A, Reiss P, Hunter J, Whitaker LA, : Metopic synostosis: Defining the temporal sequence of normal suture fusion and differentiating it from synostosis on the basis of computed tomography images. Plast Reconstr Surg 112:1211\u20131218, 200310.1097\/01.PRS.0000080729.28749.A314504503"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198708000-00006","article-title":"Craniosynostosis: an analysis of the timing, treatment, and complications in 164 consecutive patients","volume":"80","author":"Whitaker LA","year":"1987","unstructured":"Whitaker LA, Bartlett SP, Schut L, Bruce D: Craniosynostosis: an analysis of the timing, treatment, and complications in 164 consecutive patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 80:195\u2013212, 198710.1097\/00006534-198708000-000063602170"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/90763","article-title":"Trigonocephaly: Long-term results after surgical correction of metopic suture synostosis","volume":"28","author":"W\u00f3jcicki P","year":"2019","unstructured":"W\u00f3jcicki P, Prudel B: Trigonocephaly: Long-term results after surgical correction of metopic suture synostosis. Adv Clin Exp Med 28:625\u2013635, 201910.17219\/acem\/9076330712337"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/48\/3\/article-pE19.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/48\/3\/article-pE19.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/48\/3\/article-pE19.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T08:38:32Z","timestamp":1778315912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/48\/3\/article-pE19.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2019.12.focus19854","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}}}