{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:54:12Z","timestamp":1787774052636,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The object of this study was to correlate lesion size with accumulated thermal dose (ATD) in transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) treatments of essential tremor with focal temperatures limited to 50\u00b0C\u201354\u00b0C.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seventy-five patients with medically refractory essential tremor underwent MRgFUS thalamotomy at the authors\u2019 institution. Intraoperative MR thermometry was performed to measure the induced temperature and thermal dose distributions (proton resonance frequency shift coefficient = \u22120.00909 ppm\/\u00b0C). In 19 patients, it was not possible to raise the focal temperature above 54\u00b0C because of unfavorable skull characteristics and\/or the pain associated with cranial heating. In this patient subset, sonications with focal temperatures between 50\u00b0C and 54\u00b0C were repeated (5.1 \u00b1 1.5, mean \u00b1 standard deviation) to accumulate a sufficient thermal dose for lesion formation. The ATD profile sizes (17, 40, 100, 200, and 240 cumulative equivalent minutes at 43\u00b0C [CEM\n                      <jats:sub>43<\/jats:sub>\n                      ]) calculated by combining axial MR thermometry data from individual sonications were correlated with the corresponding lesion sizes measured on axial T1-weighted (T1w) and T2-weighted (T2w) MR images acquired 1 day posttreatment. Manual corrections were applied to the MR thermometry data prior to thermal dose accumulation to compensate for off-resonance\u2013induced spatial-shifting artifacts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean lesion sizes measured on T2w MRI (5.0 \u00b1 1.4 mm) were, on average, 28% larger than those measured on T1w MRI (3.9 \u00b1 1.4 mm). The ATD thresholds found to provide the best correlation with lesion sizes measured on T2w and T1w MRI were 100 CEM\n                      <jats:sub>43<\/jats:sub>\n                      (regression slope = 0.97, R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.66) and 200 CEM\n                      <jats:sub>43<\/jats:sub>\n                      (regression slope = 0.98, R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.89), respectively, consistent with data from a previous study of MRgFUS thalamotomy via repeated sonications at higher focal temperatures (\u2265 55\u00b0C). Two-way linear mixed-effects analysis revealed that dominant tremor subscores on the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor (CRST) were statistically different from baseline at 3 months and 1 year posttreatment in both low-temperature (50\u00b0C\u201354\u00b0C) and high-temperature (\u2265 55\u00b0C) patient cohorts. No significant fixed effect on the dominant tremor scores was found for the temperature cohort factor.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In transcranial MRgFUS thalamotomy for essential tremor, repeated sonications with focal temperatures between 50\u00b0C and 54\u00b0C can accumulate a sufficient thermal dose to generate lesions for clinically relevant tremor suppression up to 1 year posttreatment, and the ATD can be used to predict the size of the resulting ablation zones measured on MRI. These data will serve to guide future clinical MRgFUS brain procedures, particularly those in which focal temperatures are limited to below 55\u00b0C.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.2.jns182995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T19:41:35Z","timestamp":1558122095000},"page":"1802-1809","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Accumulated thermal dose in MRI-guided focused ultrasound for essential tremor: repeated sonications with low focal temperatures"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shona","family":"Kamps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuexi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Scantlebury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nir","family":"Lipsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre;"},{"name":"Departments of Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre;"},{"name":"Departments of Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kullervo","family":"Hynynen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute;"},{"name":"Medical Biophysics; and"},{"name":"Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"1","author":"Bland JM","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bland JM, Altman DG: Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. 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