{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T13:35:32Z","timestamp":1783776932111,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This review summarizes the classification, anatomy, and embryogenesis of complex spinal cord lipomas, and it describes in some detail the new technique of total lipoma resection and radical reconstruction of the affected neural placode. Its specific mission is to tackle two main issues surrounding the management of complex dysraphic lipomas: whether total resection confers better long-term benefits than partial resection and whether total resection fares better than conservative treatment\u2014i.e., no surgery\u2014for asymptomatic lipomas. Accordingly, the 24-year progression-free survival data of the author and colleagues\u2019 series of over 300 cases of total resection are compared with historical data from multiple series (including the author and colleagues\u2019 own) of partial resection, and total resection data specifically for asymptomatic lesions are compared with the two known series of nonsurgical treatment of equivalent numbers of patients. These comparisons amply support the author\u2019s recommendation of total resection for most complex lipomas, with or without symptoms. The notable exception is the asymptomatic chaotic lipoma, whose peculiar anatomical relationship with the neural tissue defies even this aggressive surgical approach and consequently projects worse results (admittedly of a small number of cases) than for the other two lipoma subtypes of dorsal and transitional lesions. Prophylactic resection of asymptomatic chaotic lipomas is therefore not currently endorsed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.2.peds18390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]],"date-time":"2019-05-10T21:48:39Z","timestamp":1557524919000},"page":"537-556","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Surgical management of complex spinal cord lipomas: how, why, and when to operate. A review"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Dachling","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"171","article-title":"Surgical management in 81 patients with congenital intraspinal lipoma","volume":"8","author":"Arai H","year":"1992","unstructured":"Arai H, Sato K, Wachi A: Surgical management in 81 patients with congenital intraspinal lipoma. Childs Nerv Syst 8:171, 1992"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)36662-4","article-title":"Bladder functional changes resulting from lipomyelomeningocele repair","volume":"148","author":"Atala A","year":"1992","unstructured":"Atala A, Bauer SB, Dyro FM, Shefner J, Shillito J, Sathi S, : Bladder functional changes resulting from lipomyelomeningocele repair. J Urol 148:592\u2013594, 1992164052910.1016\/S0022-5347(17)36662-4"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Anat","first-page":"489","article-title":"The vertebral level of termination of the spinal cord during normal and abnormal development","volume":"106","author":"Barson AJ","year":"1970","unstructured":"Barson AJ: The vertebral level of termination of the spinal cord during normal and abnormal development. J Anat 106:489\u2013497, 19705423940"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Childs Brain","first-page":"192","article-title":"Spinal lipomas in infancy and childhood","volume":"5","author":"Bruce DA","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bruce DA, Schut L: Spinal lipomas in infancy and childhood. Childs Brain 5:192\u2013203, 1979378579"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Pediatr Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01372108","article-title":"Lumbar spinal cord motion measurement with phase-contrast MR imaging in normal children and in children with spinal lipomas","volume":"26","author":"Brunelle F","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brunelle F, Sebag G, Baraton J, Carteret M, Martinat P, Pierre-Kahn A: Lumbar spinal cord motion measurement with phase-contrast MR imaging in normal children and in children with spinal lipomas. Pediatr Radiol 26:265\u2013270, 1996867714210.1007\/BF01372108"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1159\/000120956","article-title":"Operative resection of 100 spinal lipomas in infants less than 1 year of age","volume":"23","author":"Byrne RW","year":"1995","unstructured":"Byrne RW, Hayes EA, George TM, McLone DG: Operative resection of 100 spinal lipomas in infants less than 1 year of age. Pediatr Neurosurg 23:182\u2013187, 199510.1159\/0001209568835207"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Concepts Pediatr Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-002-1655-0","article-title":"Vitamin A induced neural tube defects in a mouse","volume":"6","author":"Caldarelli M","year":"1985","unstructured":"Caldarelli M, McLone DG, Colins JA, Suwa J, Knepper PA: Vitamin A induced neural tube defects in a mouse. Concepts Pediatr Neurosurg 6:161\u2013171, 198510.1007\/s00330-002-1655-0"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Childs Brain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-002-1655-0","article-title":"Congenital intraspinal lipomas: anatomic considerations and surgical treatment","volume":"9","author":"Chapman PH","year":"1982","unstructured":"Chapman PH: Congenital intraspinal lipomas: anatomic considerations and surgical treatment. Childs Brain 9:37\u201347, 1982706041110.1007\/s00330-002-1655-0"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1159\/000120743","article-title":"Surgical treatment of spinal lipomas in childhood","volume":"19","author":"Chapman PH","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chapman PH, Davis KR: Surgical treatment of spinal lipomas in childhood. Pediatr Neurosurg 19:267\u2013275, 1993839885210.1159\/000120743"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b10","series-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1072406","article-title":"The patterns of late deterioration in patients with transitional lipomyelomeningocele","volume":"10","author":"Cochrane DD","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cochrane DD, Finley C, Kestle J, Steinbok P: The patterns of late deterioration in patients with transitional lipomyelomeningocele. Eur J Pediatr Surg 10 (Suppl 1):13\u201317, 200010.1055\/s-2008-107240611214824"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1159\/000028719","article-title":"Recurrent tethering: a common long-term problem after lipomyelomeningocele repair","volume":"29","author":"Colak A","year":"1998","unstructured":"Colak A, Pollack IF, Albright AL: Recurrent tethering: a common long-term problem after lipomyelomeningocele repair. Pediatr Neurosurg 29:184\u2013190, 1998987624710.1159\/000028719"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-3798(98)80017-2","article-title":"Closed spinal dysraphism: a review on diagnosis and treatment in infancy","volume":"2","author":"Cornette L","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cornette L, Verpoorten C, Lagae L, Plets C, Van Calenbergh F, Casaer P: Closed spinal dysraphism: a review on diagnosis and treatment in infancy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2:179\u2013185, 199810.1016\/S1090-3798(98)80017-210726589"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Bull Hosp Jt Dis","first-page":"11","article-title":"The inductive and formative influence of the spinal cord upon the vertebral column","volume":"15","author":"Detwiler SR","year":"1954","unstructured":"Detwiler SR, Holtzer H: The inductive and formative influence of the spinal cord upon the vertebral column. Bull Hosp Jt Dis 15:11\u2013123, 1954"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Disorders of the Pediatric Spine","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human neural embryogenesis: a description of neural morphogenesis and a review of embryonic mechanisms","author":"Dias M","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dias M, Pang D: Human neural embryogenesis: a description of neural morphogenesis and a review of embryonic mechanisms, in Pang D (ed): Disorders of the Pediatric Spine. New York: Raven Press, 1994, pp 1\u201326"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Eur Radiol","first-page":"552","article-title":"Ultrasound of the spinal cord in children: its role","volume":"13","author":"Dick EA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dick EA, de Bruyn R: Ultrasound of the spinal cord in children: its role. Eur Radiol 13:552\u2013562, 200312594559"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-002-0624-x","article-title":"Congenital lumbosacral lipomas: pitfalls in analysing the results of prophylactic surgery","volume":"18","author":"Dorward NL","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dorward NL, Scatliff JH, Hayward RD: Congenital lumbosacral lipomas: pitfalls in analysing the results of prophylactic surgery. Childs Nerv Syst 18:326\u2013332, 20021217294010.1007\/s00381-002-0624-x"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Human Embryology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-02796-5","author":"Hamilton HL","year":"1972","unstructured":"Hamilton HL, Boyd JD, Mossman HM: Human Embryology, ed 4. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 197210.1007\/978-1-349-02796-5"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Childs Brain","first-page":"145","article-title":"The tethered spinal cord: its protean manifestations, diagnosis and surgical correction","volume":"2","author":"Hoffman HJ","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hoffman HJ, Hendrick EB, Humphreys RP: The tethered spinal cord: its protean manifestations, diagnosis and surgical correction. Childs Brain 2:145\u2013155, 1976786565"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.62.1.0001","article-title":"Management of lipomyelomeningoceles. Experience at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto","volume":"62","author":"Hoffman HJ","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hoffman HJ, Taecholarn C, Hendrick EB, Humphreys RP: Management of lipomyelomeningoceles. Experience at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. J Neurosurg 62:1\u20138, 198510.3171\/jns.1985.62.1.00013964839"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(70)90019-5","article-title":"Diastematomyelia and the tight filum terminale","volume":"10","author":"James CCM","year":"1970","unstructured":"James CCM, Lassman LP: Diastematomyelia and the tight filum terminale. J Neurol Sci 10:193\u2013196, 197010.1016\/0022-510X(70)90019-54907992"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289503400516","article-title":"Human tails and associated spinal anomalies","volume":"34","author":"James HE","year":"1995","unstructured":"James HE, Canty TG: Human tails and associated spinal anomalies. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 34:286\u2013288, 1995762817510.1177\/000992289503400516"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198409000-00008","article-title":"Radical removal of lipomas of the conus and cauda equina with laser microneurosurgery","volume":"15","author":"James HE","year":"1984","unstructured":"James HE, Williams J, Brock W, Kaplan GW, U HS: Radical removal of lipomas of the conus and cauda equina with laser microneurosurgery. Neurosurgery 15:340\u2013343, 1984648314810.1227\/00006123-198409000-00008"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"AMA Arch Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1956.01280040010002","article-title":"Tight filum terminale","volume":"73","author":"Jones PH","year":"1956","unstructured":"Jones PH, Love JG: Tight filum terminale. AMA Arch Surg 73:556\u2013566, 195610.1001\/archsurg.1956.0128004001000213361707"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol","first-page":"16, 44","article-title":"Early embryogenesis of the central nervous system with special reference to closure defects","volume":"19","author":"K\u00e4ll\u00e9n B","year":"1968","unstructured":"K\u00e4ll\u00e9n B: Early embryogenesis of the central nervous system with special reference to closure defects. Dev Med Child Neurol 19:16, 44, 1968"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1990.73.1.0048","article-title":"Management and long-term follow-up review of children with lipomyelomeningocele, 1952\u20131987","volume":"73","author":"Kanev PM","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kanev PM, Lemire RJ, Loeser JD, Berger MS: Management and long-term follow-up review of children with lipomyelomeningocele, 1952\u20131987. J Neurosurg 73:48\u201352, 199010.3171\/jns.1990.73.1.00482352021"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810050081","article-title":"Surgical treatment supposed natural history of the tethered cord with occult spinal dysraphism","volume":"13","author":"Koyanagi I","year":"1997","unstructured":"Koyanagi I, Iwasaki Y, Hida K, Abe H, Isu T, Akino M: Surgical treatment supposed natural history of the tethered cord with occult spinal dysraphism. Childs Nerv Syst 13:268\u2013274, 1997922491610.1007\/s003810050081"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000114923.76542.81","article-title":"Conservative management of asymptomatic spinal lipomas of the conus","volume":"54","author":"Kulkarni AV","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kulkarni AV, Pierre-Kahn A, Zerah M: Conservative management of asymptomatic spinal lipomas of the conus. Neurosurgery 54:868\u2013875, 200410.1227\/01.NEU.0000114923.76542.8115046652"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Contrib Embryol","first-page":"161","article-title":"The development and reduction of the tail and of the caudal end of the spinal cord","volume":"8","author":"Kunitomo K","year":"1918","unstructured":"Kunitomo K: The development and reduction of the tail and of the caudal end of the spinal cord. Contrib Embryol 8:161\u2013198, 1918"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000121155","article-title":"Spinal lipomas in children: outcome of 270 procedures","volume":"26","author":"La Marca F","year":"1997","unstructured":"La Marca F, Grant JA, Tomita T, McLone DG: Spinal lipomas in children: outcome of 270 procedures. Pediatr Neurosurg 26:8\u201316, 199710.1159\/000121155"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology","first-page":"159","article-title":"Clinical and experimental rachischisis","volume":"32","author":"Marin-Padilla M","year":"1978","unstructured":"Marin-Padilla M: Clinical and experimental rachischisis, in Vinken PS, Bruyn GW (eds): Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1978, Vol 32, pp 159\u2013191"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"J Embryol Exp Morphol","first-page":"261","article-title":"Mesodermal alterations induced by hypervitaminosis A","volume":"15","author":"Marin-Padilla M","year":"1966","unstructured":"Marin-Padilla M: Mesodermal alterations induced by hypervitaminosis A. J Embryol Exp Morphol 15:261\u2013269, 19665964276"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Curr Top Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-99963-5_4","article-title":"Morphogenesis of anencephaly and related malformations","volume":"51","author":"Marin-Padilla M","year":"1970","unstructured":"Marin-Padilla M: Morphogenesis of anencephaly and related malformations. Curr Top Pathol 51:145\u2013174, 197010.1007\/978-3-642-99963-5_4"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(80)90045-3","article-title":"Morphogenesis of experimental encephalocele (Cranioschisis occulta)","volume":"46","author":"Marin-Padilla M","year":"1980","unstructured":"Marin-Padilla M: Morphogenesis of experimental encephalocele (Cranioschisis occulta). J Neurol Sci 46:83\u201399, 1980737334510.1016\/0022-510X(80)90045-3"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"J Embryol Exp Morphol","first-page":"15","article-title":"Notochordal-basichondrocranium relationships: abnormalities in experimental axial skeletal (dysraphic) disorders","volume":"53","author":"Marin-Padilla M","year":"1979","unstructured":"Marin-Padilla M: Notochordal-basichondrocranium relationships: abnormalities in experimental axial skeletal (dysraphic) disorders. J Embryol Exp Morphol 53:15\u201338, 1979536685"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"The Tethered Spinal Cord","first-page":"3","article-title":"The tethered cord syndrome: developmental considerations","author":"Marin-Padilla M","year":"1985","unstructured":"Marin-Padilla M: The tethered cord syndrome: developmental considerations, in Holtzmann RNN, Stein BM (eds): The Tethered Spinal Cord. New York: Thieme-Stratton, 1985, pp 3\u201313"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(81)90040-X","article-title":"Morphogenesis of experimentally induced Arnold-Chiari malformation","volume":"50","author":"Marin-Padilla M","year":"1981","unstructured":"Marin-Padilla M, Marin-Padilla TM: Morphogenesis of experimentally induced Arnold-Chiari malformation. J Neurol Sci 50:29\u201355, 1981722965810.1016\/0022-510X(81)90040-X"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.65.3.0278","article-title":"The innervation and function of the lower urinary tract","volume":"65","author":"McGuire EJ","year":"1986","unstructured":"McGuire EJ: The innervation and function of the lower urinary tract. J Neurosurg 65:278\u2013285, 1986348837610.3171\/jns.1986.65.3.0278"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"J Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)54449-3","article-title":"Prognostic value of urodynamic testing in myelodysplastic patients","volume":"126","author":"McGuire EJ","year":"1981","unstructured":"McGuire EJ, Woodside JR, Borden TA, Weiss RM: Prognostic value of urodynamic testing in myelodysplastic patients. J Urol 126:205\u2013209, 1981719646010.1016\/S0022-5347(17)54449-3"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1159\/000120211","article-title":"Role of complex carbohydrates and neurulation","volume":"12","author":"McLone DG","year":"1985\u20131986","unstructured":"McLone DG, Knepper PA: Role of complex carbohydrates and neurulation. Pediatr Neurosci 12:2\u20139, 1985\u2013198610.1159\/000120211"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Concepts in Pediatric Neurosurgery","first-page":"171","article-title":"Lipomeningoceles of the conus medullaris","author":"McLone DG","year":"1982","unstructured":"McLone DG, Mutluer S, Naidich TP: Lipomeningoceles of the conus medullaris, in Karger S (ed): Concepts in Pediatric Neurosurgery. Basel: Karger, 1982, pp 171\u2013177"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198605000-00016","article-title":"Laser resection of fifty spinal lipomas","volume":"18","author":"McLone DG","year":"1986","unstructured":"McLone DG, Naidich TP: Laser resection of fifty spinal lipomas. Neurosurgery 18:611\u2013615, 1986371400910.1227\/00006123-198605000-00016"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"The Tethered Spinal Cord","first-page":"14","article-title":"Spinal dysraphism: experimental and clinical","author":"McLone DG","year":"1985","unstructured":"McLone DG, Naidich TP: Spinal dysraphism: experimental and clinical, in Holtzman RN, Stein BM (eds): The Tethered Spinal Cord. New York: Thieme-Stratton, 1985, pp 14\u201328"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Concepts Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"15","article-title":"Neurulation: biochemical and morphological studies on primary and secondary neural tube defects","volume":"4","author":"McLone DG","year":"1983","unstructured":"McLone DG, Suwa J, Collins JA, Poznaski S, Knepper PA: Neurulation: biochemical and morphological studies on primary and secondary neural tube defects. Concepts Pediatr Neurosurg 4:15\u201329, 1983"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"J Anat","first-page":"491","article-title":"Culture of rat embryos with beta-D-xyloside: evidence of a role for proteoglycans in neurulation","volume":"134","author":"Morriss-Kay GM","year":"1982","unstructured":"Morriss-Kay GM, Crutch B: Culture of rat embryos with beta-D-xyloside: evidence of a role for proteoglycans in neurulation. J Anat 134:491\u2013506, 19826809722"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Anat Embryol (Berl)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00310083","article-title":"The development of the human brain, the closure of the caudal neuropore, and the beginning of secondary neurulation at stage 12","volume":"176","author":"M\u00fcller F","year":"1987","unstructured":"M\u00fcller F, O\u2019Rahilly R: The development of the human brain, the closure of the caudal neuropore, and the beginning of secondary neurulation at stage 12. Anat Embryol (Berl) 176:413\u2013430, 1987368845010.1007\/BF00310083"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Anat Embryol (Berl)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00305157","article-title":"The timing and sequence of events in the development of the human vertebral column during the embryonic period proper","volume":"157","author":"O\u2019Rahilly R","year":"1979","unstructured":"O\u2019Rahilly R, Meyer DB: The timing and sequence of events in the development of the human vertebral column during the embryonic period proper. Anat Embryol (Berl) 157:167\u2013176, 197910.1007\/BF00305157517765"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"Experientia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01976138","article-title":"Phospholipase C-induced neural tube defects in the mouse embryo","volume":"36","author":"O\u2019Shea KS","year":"1980","unstructured":"O\u2019Shea KS, Kaufman MH: Phospholipase C-induced neural tube defects in the mouse embryo. Experientia 36:1217\u20131219, 198010.1007\/BF019761387418810"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1808-7","article-title":"Commentary to the article: asymptomatic lumbosacral lipomas\u2014a natural history study, by Wykes V, Desai D, and Thompson DNP","volume":"28","author":"Pang D","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pang D: Commentary to the article: asymptomatic lumbosacral lipomas\u2014a natural history study, by Wykes V, Desai D, and Thompson DNP. Childs Nerv Syst 28:1741\u20131742, 201210.1007\/s00381-012-1808-7"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Tethered Cord Syndrome","first-page":"199","article-title":"Electrophysiological monitoring for tethered cord surgery","author":"Pang D","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pang D: Electrophysiological monitoring for tethered cord surgery, in Yamada S (ed): Tethered Cord Syndrome, ed 2. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, 2010, pp 199\u2013209"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-010-1112-3","article-title":"Intraoperative neurophysiology of the conus medullaris and cauda equina","volume":"26","author":"Pang D","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pang D: Intraoperative neurophysiology of the conus medullaris and cauda equina. Childs Nerv Syst 26:411\u2013412, 201010.1007\/s00381-010-1112-320191273"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Textbook of Neurological Surgery","first-page":"896","article-title":"Spinal cord lipoma","author":"Pang D","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pang D: Spinal cord lipoma, in Batjer H, Loftus C (eds): Textbook of Neurological Surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2002, pp 896\u2013915"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"Disorders of the Pediatric Spine","first-page":"175","article-title":"Spinal cord lipomas","author":"Pang D","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pang D: Spinal cord lipomas, in Pang D (ed): Disorders of the Pediatric Spine. New York: Raven Press, 1995, pp 175\u2013201"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"Advances in Pediatric Neurosurgery","first-page":"45","article-title":"Tethered cord syndrome","author":"Pang D","year":"1986","unstructured":"Pang D: Tethered cord syndrome, in Hoffman HJ (ed): Advances in Pediatric Neurosurgery. Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus, 1986, pp 45\u201379"},{"key":"b54","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.ra.2014-0442","article-title":"Total resection of complex spinal cord lipomas: how, why, and when to operate?","volume":"55","author":"Pang D","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pang D: Total resection of complex spinal cord lipomas: how, why, and when to operate? Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 55:695\u2013721, 201510.2176\/nmc.ra.2014-044226345666"},{"key":"b55","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198311000-00013","article-title":"Use of an anal sphincter pressure monitor during operations on the sacral spinal cord and nerve roots","volume":"13","author":"Pang D","year":"1983","unstructured":"Pang D, Casey K: Use of an anal sphincter pressure monitor during operations on the sacral spinal cord and nerve roots. Neurosurgery 13:562\u2013568, 198310.1227\/00006123-198311000-000136358936"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1982.57.1.0032","article-title":"Tethered cord syndrome in adults","volume":"57","author":"Pang D","year":"1982","unstructured":"Pang D, Wilberger JE Jr: Tethered cord syndrome in adults. J Neurosurg 57:32\u201347, 1982708649810.3171\/jns.1982.57.1.0032"},{"key":"b57","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31820ee282","article-title":"Retained medullary cord in humans: late arrest of secondary neurulation","volume":"68","author":"Pang D","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pang D, Zovickian J, Moes GS: Retained medullary cord in humans: late arrest of secondary neurulation. Neurosurgery 68:1500\u20131519, 20112133622210.1227\/NEU.0b013e31820ee282"},{"key":"b58","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000350879.02128.80","article-title":"Long-term outcome of total and near-total resection of spinal cord lipomas and radical reconstruction of the neural placode: part I\u2014surgical technique","volume":"65","author":"Pang D","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pang D, Zovickian J, Oviedo A: Long-term outcome of total and near-total resection of spinal cord lipomas and radical reconstruction of the neural placode: part I\u2014surgical technique. Neurosurgery 65:511\u2013529, 200910.1227\/01.NEU.0000350879.02128.8019687697"},{"key":"b59","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000363598.81101.7B","article-title":"Long-term outcome of total and near-total resection of spinal cord lipomas and radical reconstruction of the neural placode, part II: outcome analysis and preoperative profiling","volume":"66","author":"Pang D","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pang D, Zovickian J, Oviedo A: Long-term outcome of total and near-total resection of spinal cord lipomas and radical reconstruction of the neural placode, part II: outcome analysis and preoperative profiling. Neurosurgery 66:253\u2013273, 201010.1227\/01.NEU.0000363598.81101.7B20042988"},{"key":"b60","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-013-2187-4","article-title":"Surgical treatment of complex spinal cord lipomas","volume":"29","author":"Pang D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pang D, Zovickian J, Wong ST, Hou YJ, Moes GS: Surgical treatment of complex spinal cord lipomas. Childs Nerv Syst 29:1485\u20131513, 20132401332010.1007\/s00381-013-2187-4"},{"key":"b61","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.65.6.0756","article-title":"Intraspinal lipomas with spina bifida. Prognosis and treatment in 73 cases","volume":"65","author":"Pierre-Kahn A","year":"1986","unstructured":"Pierre-Kahn A, Lacombe J, Pichon J, Giudicelli Y, Renier D, Sainte-Rose C, : Intraspinal lipomas with spina bifida. Prognosis and treatment in 73 cases. J Neurosurg 65:756\u2013761, 1986353416110.3171\/jns.1986.65.6.0756"},{"key":"b62","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810050090","article-title":"Congenital lumbosacral lipomas","volume":"13","author":"Pierre-Kahn A","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pierre-Kahn A, Zerah M, Renier D, Cinalli G, Sainte-Rose C, Lellouch-Tubiana A, : Congenital lumbosacral lipomas. Childs Nerv Syst 13:298\u2013335, 199710.1007\/s0038100500909272285"},{"key":"b63","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1159\/000120741","article-title":"Effect of surgical repair on the neurologic function in infants with lipomeningocele","volume":"19","author":"Sathi S","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sathi S, Madsen JR, Bauer S, Scott RM: Effect of surgical repair on the neurologic function in infants with lipomeningocele. Pediatr Neurosurg 19:256\u2013259, 199310.1159\/0001207418398850"},{"key":"b64","series-title":"Anat Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091930108","article-title":"Histological and ultrastructural observations of tail bud formation in the chick embryo","volume":"193","author":"Schoenwolf GC","year":"1979","unstructured":"Schoenwolf GC: Histological and ultrastructural observations of tail bud formation in the chick embryo. Anat Rec 193:131\u2013147, 197910.1002\/ar.1091930108760594"},{"key":"b65","series-title":"Am J Anat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001690402","article-title":"Histological and ultrastructural studies of secondary neurulation in mouse embryos","volume":"169","author":"Schoenwolf GC","year":"1984","unstructured":"Schoenwolf GC: Histological and ultrastructural studies of secondary neurulation in mouse embryos. Am J Anat 169:361\u2013376, 198410.1002\/aja.10016904026731331"},{"key":"b66","series-title":"Clin Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1093\/neurosurgery\/30.CN_suppl_1.464","article-title":"The management of the child with a lipomyelomeningocele","volume":"30","author":"Schut L","year":"1983","unstructured":"Schut L, Bruce DA, Sutton LN: The management of the child with a lipomyelomeningocele. Clin Neurosurg 30:464\u2013476, 198310.1093\/neurosurgery\/30.CN_suppl_1.464"},{"key":"b67","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01795696","article-title":"Intraspinal lipomas in infancy and childhood causing a tethered cord syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Stolke D","year":"1988","unstructured":"Stolke D, Zumkeller M, Seifert V: Intraspinal lipomas in infancy and childhood causing a tethered cord syndrome. Neurosurg Rev 11:59\u201365, 1988306399610.1007\/BF01795696"},{"key":"b68","series-title":"Am J Anat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000220102","article-title":"Factors involved in the formation of the filum terminale","volume":"22","author":"Streeter GL","year":"1919","unstructured":"Streeter GL: Factors involved in the formation of the filum terminale. Am J Anat 22:1\u201312, 191910.1002\/aja.1000220102"},{"key":"b69","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30466-2","article-title":"Lipomyelomeningocele","volume":"6","author":"Sutton LN","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sutton LN: Lipomyelomeningocele. Neurosurg Clin N Am 6:325\u2013338, 199510.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30466-27620357"},{"issue":"Suppl 32","key":"b70","series-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol","first-page":"159","article-title":"Ectopic spinal cord myelomeningocele with tethering: a clinicopathological entity","volume":"16","author":"Talwalker VC","year":"1974","unstructured":"Talwalker VC, Datsur DK: Ectopic spinal cord myelomeningocele with tethering: a clinicopathological entity. Dev Med Child Neurol 16 (Suppl 32):159\u2013160, 1974 (Abstract)"},{"key":"b71","series-title":"Cell Biology of Extracellular Matrix","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0881-2_10","article-title":"Glycosaminoglycans in morphogenesis","author":"Toole BP","year":"1981","unstructured":"Toole BP: Glycosaminoglycans in morphogenesis, in Hay E (ed): Cell Biology of Extracellular Matrix. New York: Plenum Press, 1981, pp 229\u201329410.1007\/978-1-4613-0881-2_10"},{"key":"b72","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1775-z","article-title":"Asymptomatic lumbosacral lipomas\u2014a natural history study","volume":"28","author":"Wykes V","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wykes V, Desai D, Thompson DNP: Asymptomatic lumbosacral lipomas\u2014a natural history study. Childs Nerv Syst 28:1731\u20131739, 201210.1007\/s00381-012-1775-z22562193"},{"key":"b73","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1159\/000028958","article-title":"Spinal lipomas in children","volume":"32","author":"Xenos C","year":"2000","unstructured":"Xenos C, Sgouros S, Walsh R, Hockley A: Spinal lipomas in children. Pediatr Neurosurg 32:295\u2013307, 200010.1159\/00002895810971191"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/23\/5\/article-p537.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/23\/5\/article-p537.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/23\/5\/article-p537.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T13:30:28Z","timestamp":1681565428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/23\/5\/article-p537.xml"}},"subtitle":["JNSPG 75th Anniversary Invited Review Article"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2019.2.peds18390","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-0707","1933-0715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-0707","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0715","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}}}