{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T04:46:56Z","timestamp":1781239616811,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adjuvant radiotherapy has become a common addition to the management of high-grade meningiomas, as immediate treatment with radiation following resection has been associated with significantly improved outcomes. Recent investigations into particle therapy have expanded into the management of high-risk meningiomas. Here, the authors systematically review studies on the efficacy and utility of particle-based radiotherapy in the management of high-grade meningioma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature search was developed by first defining the population, intervention, comparison, outcomes, and study design (PICOS). A search strategy was designed for each of three electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. Data extraction was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Outcomes of interest included local disease control, overall survival, and toxicity, which were compared with historical data on photon-based therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eleven retrospective studies including 240 patients with atypical (WHO grade II) and anaplastic (WHO grade III) meningioma undergoing particle radiation therapy were identified. Five of the 11 studies included in this systematic review focused specifically on WHO grade II and III meningiomas; the others also included WHO grade I meningioma. Across all of the studies, the median follow-up ranged from 6 to 145 months. Local control rates for high-grade meningiomas ranged from 46.7% to 86% by the last follow-up or at 5 years. Overall survival rates ranged from 0% to 100% with better prognoses for atypical than for malignant meningiomas. Radiation necrosis was the most common adverse effect of treatment, occurring in 3.9% of specified cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the lack of randomized prospective trials, this review of existing retrospective studies suggests that particle therapy, whether an adjuvant or a stand-alone treatment, confers survival benefit with a relatively low risk for severe treatment-derived toxicity compared to standard photon-based therapy. However, additional controlled studies are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.3.focus1967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,7]],"date-time":"2019-06-07T19:08:55Z","timestamp":1559934535000},"page":"E12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Efficacy and toxicity of particle radiotherapy in WHO grade II and grade III meningiomas: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Adela","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Meola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-nei","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lane Medical Library, Stanford Medicine, Palo Alto, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven D.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Strahlenther Onkol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-016-1007-7","article-title":"Intensity-modulated proton therapy, volumetric-modulated arc therapy, and 3D conformal radiotherapy in anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma: a dosimetric comparison","volume":"192","author":"Adeberg S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adeberg S, Harrabi SB, Bougatf N, Bernhardt D, Rieber J, Koerber SA, : Intensity-modulated proton therapy, volumetric-modulated arc therapy, and 3D conformal radiotherapy in anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma: a dosimetric comparison. Strahlenther Onkol 192:770\u2013779, 20162733427610.1007\/s00066-016-1007-7"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Cancers (Basel)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10110401","article-title":"Dosimetric comparison of proton radiation therapy, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy based on intracranial tumor location","volume":"10","author":"Adeberg S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adeberg S, Harrabi SB, Bougatf N, Verma V, Windisch P, Bernhardt D, : Dosimetric comparison of proton radiation therapy, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy based on intracranial tumor location. Cancers (Basel) 10:10, 201810.3390\/cancers10110401"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000330399.55586.63","article-title":"Long-term recurrence rates of atypical meningiomas after gross total resection with or without postoperative adjuvant radiation","volume":"64","author":"Aghi MK","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aghi MK, Carter BS, Cosgrove GR, Ojemann RG, Amin-Hanjani S, Martuza RL, : Long-term recurrence rates of atypical meningiomas after gross total resection with or without postoperative adjuvant radiation. Neurosurgery 64:56\u201360, 200910.1227\/01.NEU.0000330399.55586.6319145156"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou098","article-title":"Adjuvant radiation therapy, local recurrence, and the need for salvage therapy in atypical meningioma","volume":"16","author":"Aizer AA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aizer AA, Arvold ND, Catalano P, Claus EB, Golby AJ, Johnson MD, : Adjuvant radiation therapy, local recurrence, and the need for salvage therapy in atypical meningioma. Neuro Oncol 16:1547\u20131553, 20142489145110.1093\/neuonc\/nou098"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.10.056","article-title":"Projected second tumor risk and dose to neurocognitive structures after proton versus photon radiotherapy for benign meningioma","volume":"83","author":"Arvold ND","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arvold ND, Niemierko A, Broussard GP, Adams J, Fullerton B, Loeffler JS, : Projected second tumor risk and dose to neurocognitive structures after proton versus photon radiotherapy for benign meningioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83:e495\u2013e500, 201210.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.10.056"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Radiother Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2010.11.003","article-title":"Comparison of second cancer risk due to out-of-field doses from 6-MV IMRT and proton therapy based on 6 pediatric patient treatment plans","volume":"98","author":"Athar BS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Athar BS, Paganetti H: Comparison of second cancer risk due to out-of-field doses from 6-MV IMRT and proton therapy based on 6 pediatric patient treatment plans. Radiother Oncol 98:87\u201392, 20112115939810.1016\/j.radonc.2010.11.003"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.03.056","article-title":"Proton stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: a single-institution analysis of 370 patients","volume":"101","author":"Atkins KM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Atkins KM, Pashtan IM, Bussi\u00e8re MR, Kang KH, Niemierko A, Daly JE, : Proton stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: a single-institution analysis of 370 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 101:820\u2013829, 201810.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.03.05629976494"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-012-0828-1","article-title":"Patterns of failure after treatment of atypical meningioma with gamma knife radiosurgery","volume":"108","author":"Attia A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Attia A, Chan MD, Mott RT, Russell GB, Seif D, Daniel Bourland J, : Patterns of failure after treatment of atypical meningioma with gamma knife radiosurgery. J Neurooncol 108:179\u2013185, 20122235923110.1007\/s11060-012-0828-1"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol","first-page":"231","article-title":"The histopathological spectrum of human meningiomas","volume":"5","author":"Backer-Gr\u00f8ndahl T","year":"2012","unstructured":"Backer-Gr\u00f8ndahl T, Moen BH, Torp SH: The histopathological spectrum of human meningiomas. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 5:231\u2013242, 201222558478"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.10.053","article-title":"Combined proton and photon conformal radiotherapy for intracranial atypical and malignant meningioma","volume":"75","author":"Boskos C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boskos C, Feuvret L, Noel G, Habrand JL, Pommier P, Alapetite C, : Combined proton and photon conformal radiotherapy for intracranial atypical and malignant meningioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 75:399\u2013406, 20091920384410.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.10.053"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Radiat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3453.1","article-title":"Vascular damage after fractionated whole-brain irradiation in rats","volume":"164","author":"Brown WR","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brown WR, Thore CR, Moody DM, Robbins ME, Wheeler KT: Vascular damage after fractionated whole-brain irradiation in rats. Radiat Res 164:662\u2013668, 200510.1667\/RR3453.116238444"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.7785\/tcrt.2012.500267","article-title":"Dose escalation with proton radiation therapy for high-grade meningiomas","volume":"11","author":"Chan AW","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chan AW, Bernstein KD, Adams JA, Parambi RJ, Loeffler JS: Dose escalation with proton radiation therapy for high-grade meningiomas. Technol Cancer Res Treat 11:607\u2013614, 201210.7785\/tcrt.2012.50026722712601"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"443","article-title":"Histopathological features predictive of local control of atypical meningioma after surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy","volume":"130","author":"Chen WC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen WC, Magill ST, Wu A, Vasudevan HN, Morin O, Aghi MK, : Histopathological features predictive of local control of atypical meningioma after surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. J Neurosurg 130:443\u2013450, 201829624151"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2016.1111.009","article-title":"The role of adjuvant treatment in patients with high-grade meningioma","volume":"60","author":"Cho M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cho M, Joo JD, Kim IA, Han JH, Oh CW, Kim CY: The role of adjuvant treatment in patients with high-grade meningioma. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 60:527\u2013533, 201710.3340\/jkns.2016.1111.00928881115"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005981731739","article-title":"Atypical and malignant meningiomas: an outcome report of seventeen cases","volume":"39","author":"Coke CC","year":"1998","unstructured":"Coke CC, Corn BW, Werner-Wasik M, Xie Y, Curran WJ Jr: Atypical and malignant meningiomas: an outcome report of seventeen cases. J Neurooncol 39:65\u201370, 199810.1023\/A:10059817317399760071"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"BMC Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-10-615","article-title":"Treatment of patients with atypical meningiomas Simpson grade 4 and 5 with a carbon ion boost in combination with postoperative photon radiotherapy: the MARCIE trial","volume":"10","author":"Combs SE","year":"2010","unstructured":"Combs SE, Edler L, Burkholder I, Rieken S, Habermehl D, J\u00e4kel O, : Treatment of patients with atypical meningiomas Simpson grade 4 and 5 with a carbon ion boost in combination with postoperative photon radiotherapy: the MARCIE trial. BMC Cancer 10:615, 20102106242810.1186\/1471-2407-10-615"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Radiother Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2009.12.029","article-title":"Carbon ion radiation therapy for high-risk meningiomas","volume":"95","author":"Combs SE","year":"2010","unstructured":"Combs SE, Hartmann C, Nikoghosyan A, J\u00e4kel O, Karger CP, Haberer T, : Carbon ion radiation therapy for high-risk meningiomas. Radiother Oncol 95:54\u201359, 201010.1016\/j.radonc.2009.12.02920189258"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Acta Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2013.818255","article-title":"Proton and carbon ion radiotherapy for primary brain tumors and tumors of the skull base","volume":"52","author":"Combs SE","year":"2013","unstructured":"Combs SE, Kessel K, Habermehl D, Haberer T, J\u00e4kel O, Debus J: Proton and carbon ion radiotherapy for primary brain tumors and tumors of the skull base. Acta Oncol 52:1504\u20131509, 201310.3109\/0284186X.2013.81825523962241"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Acta Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2013.762996","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of early treatment outcome in patients with meningiomas treated with particle therapy based on target volume definition with MRI and 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET","volume":"52","author":"Combs SE","year":"2013","unstructured":"Combs SE, Welzel T, Habermehl D, Rieken S, Dittmar JO, Kessel K, : Prospective evaluation of early treatment outcome in patients with meningiomas treated with particle therapy based on target volume definition with MRI and 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET. Acta Oncol 52:514\u2013520, 201310.3109\/0284186X.2013.76299623402336"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Acta Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2018.1555374","article-title":"Improving dosimetric outcome for hippocampus and cochlea sparing whole brain radiotherapy using spot-scanning proton arc therapy","volume":"58","author":"Ding X","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ding X, Zhou J, Li X, Blas K, Liu G, Wang Y, : Improving dosimetric outcome for hippocampus and cochlea sparing whole brain radiotherapy using spot-scanning proton arc therapy. Acta Oncol 58:483\u2013490, 20193063285110.1080\/0284186X.2018.1555374"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-011-1073-7","article-title":"Stereotactic LINAC radiosurgery for incompletely resected or recurrent atypical and anaplastic meningiomas","volume":"153","author":"El-Khatib M","year":"2011","unstructured":"El-Khatib M, El Majdoub F, Hoevels M, Kocher M, M\u00fcller RP, Steiger HJ, : Stereotactic LINAC radiosurgery for incompletely resected or recurrent atypical and anaplastic meningiomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 153:1761\u20131767, 201110.1007\/s00701-011-1073-721706274"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Radiat Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-018-1002-5","article-title":"Clinical outcome after particle therapy for meningiomas of the skull base: toxicity and local control in patients treated with active rasterscanning","volume":"13","author":"El Shafie RA","year":"2018","unstructured":"El Shafie RA, Czech M, Kessel KA, Habermehl D, Weber D, Rieken S, : Clinical outcome after particle therapy for meningiomas of the skull base: toxicity and local control in patients treated with active rasterscanning. Radiat Oncol 13:54, 201810.1186\/s13014-018-1002-5"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Radiat Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-018-1026-x","article-title":"Evaluation of particle radiotherapy for the re-irradiation of recurrent intracranial meningioma","volume":"13","author":"El Shafie RA","year":"2018","unstructured":"El Shafie RA, Czech M, Kessel KA, Habermehl D, Weber D, Rieken S, : Evaluation of particle radiotherapy for the re-irradiation of recurrent intracranial meningioma. Radiat Oncol 13:86, 201810.1186\/s13014-018-1026-x"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2470-4","article-title":"Radiation necrosis with stereotactic radiosurgery combined with CTLA-4 blockade and PD-1 inhibition for treatment of intracranial disease in metastatic melanoma","volume":"133","author":"Fang P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fang P, Jiang W, Allen P, Glitza I, Guha N, Hwu P, : Radiation necrosis with stereotactic radiosurgery combined with CTLA-4 blockade and PD-1 inhibition for treatment of intracranial disease in metastatic melanoma. J Neurooncol 133:595\u2013602, 20172850056010.1007\/s11060-017-2470-4"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8293","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008293","article-title":"Survival and complications of stereotactic radiosurgery: A systematic review of stereotactic radiosurgery for newly diagnosed and recurrent high-grade gliomas","volume":"96","author":"Fetcko K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fetcko K, Lukas RV, Watson GA, Zhang L, Dey M: Survival and complications of stereotactic radiosurgery: A systematic review of stereotactic radiosurgery for newly diagnosed and recurrent high-grade gliomas. Medicine (Baltimore) 96:e8293, 20172906899810.1097\/MD.0000000000008293"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Am J Clin Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/00000421-198902000-00007","article-title":"Leukoencephalopathy in small cell lung cancer patients receiving prophylactic cranial irradiation","volume":"12","author":"Frytak S","year":"1989","unstructured":"Frytak S, Shaw JN, O\u2019Neill BP, Lee RE, Eagan RT, Shaw EG, : Leukoencephalopathy in small cell lung cancer patients receiving prophylactic cranial irradiation. Am J Clin Oncol 12:27\u201333, 1989253621410.1097\/00000421-198902000-00007"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"906","article-title":"The WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, 4th edition","volume":"132","author":"Fuller GN","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fuller GN: The WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, 4th edition. Arch Pathol Lab Med 132:906, 200818517270"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.11.031","article-title":"Hippocampal dosimetry predicts neurocognitive function impairment after fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for benign or low-grade adult brain tumors","volume":"85","author":"Gondi V","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gondi V, Hermann BP, Mehta MP, Tom\u00e9 WA: Hippocampal dosimetry predicts neurocognitive function impairment after fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for benign or low-grade adult brain tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 85:348\u2013354, 201310.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.11.03123312272"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Front Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2012.00073","article-title":"Radiation-induced brain injury: a review","volume":"2","author":"Greene-Schloesser D","year":"2012","unstructured":"Greene-Schloesser D, Robbins ME, Peiffer AM, Shaw EG, Wheeler KT, Chan MD: Radiation-induced brain injury: a review. Front Oncol 2:73, 201210.3389\/fonc.2012.0007322833841"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"b30","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii30","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox002","article-title":"The role of image-guided intensity modulated proton therapy in glioma","volume":"19","author":"Grosshans DR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grosshans DR, Mohan R, Gondi V, Shih HA, Mahajan A, Brown PD: The role of image-guided intensity modulated proton therapy in glioma. Neuro Oncol 19 (Suppl 2):ii30\u2013ii37, 201710.1093\/neuonc\/nox002"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2014.07.005","article-title":"Spot scanning proton therapy for malignancies of the base of skull: treatment planning, acute toxicities, and preliminary clinical outcomes","volume":"90","author":"Grosshans DR","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grosshans DR, Zhu XR, Melancon A, Allen PK, Poenisch F, Palmer M, : Spot scanning proton therapy for malignancies of the base of skull: treatment planning, acute toxicities, and preliminary clinical outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 90:540\u2013546, 201410.1016\/j.ijrobp.2014.07.00525304948"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006434124794","article-title":"Management of atypical and malignant meningiomas: role of high-dose, 3D-conformal radiation therapy","volume":"48","author":"Hug EB","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hug EB, Devries A, Thornton AF, Munzenride JE, Pardo FS, Hedley-Whyte ET, : Management of atypical and malignant meningiomas: role of high-dose, 3D-conformal radiation therapy. J Neurooncol 48:151\u2013160, 200010.1023\/A:100643412479411083080"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Acta Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2014.957414","article-title":"Incidence and dosimetric parameters of pediatric brainstem toxicity following proton therapy","volume":"53","author":"Indelicato DJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Indelicato DJ, Flampouri S, Rotondo RL, Bradley JA, Morris CG, Aldana PR, : Incidence and dosimetric parameters of pediatric brainstem toxicity following proton therapy. Acta Oncol 53:1298\u20131304, 20142527995710.3109\/0284186X.2014.957414"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Brain Tumor Res Treat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.14791\/btrt.2015.3.2.103","article-title":"Long-term results of Gamma Knife radiosurgery for intracranial meningioma","volume":"3","author":"Jang CK","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jang CK, Jung HH, Chang JH, Chang JW, Park YG, Chang WS: Long-term results of Gamma Knife radiosurgery for intracranial meningioma. Brain Tumor Res Treat 3:103\u2013107, 201510.14791\/btrt.2015.3.2.10326605265"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.83.1.0154","article-title":"Radiation-induced gliosarcoma. Case report and review of the literature","volume":"83","author":"Kaschten B","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kaschten B, Flandroy P, Reznik M, Hainaut H, Stevenaert A: Radiation-induced gliosarcoma. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 83:154\u2013162, 199510.3171\/jns.1995.83.1.01547782835"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.04.033","article-title":"Atypical meningiomas: recurrence, reoperation, and radiotherapy","volume":"84","author":"Klinger DR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Klinger DR, Flores BC, Lewis JJ, Hatanpaa K, Choe K, Mickey B, : Atypical meningiomas: recurrence, reoperation, and radiotherapy. World Neurosurg 84:839\u2013845, 201510.1016\/j.wneu.2015.04.03325916182"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.8.JNS17650","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for convexity meningiomas","volume":"111","author":"Kondziolka D","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kondziolka D, Madhok R, Lunsford LD, Mathieu D, Martin JJ, Niranjan A, : Stereotactic radiosurgery for convexity meningiomas. J Neurosurg 111:458\u2013463, 200910.3171\/2008.8.JNS1765019199473"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Cancer Treat Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2018.11.004","article-title":"Proton therapy for treatment of intracranial benign tumors in adults: A systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Lesueur P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lesueur P, Calugaru V, Nauraye C, Stefan D, Cao K, Emery E, : Proton therapy for treatment of intracranial benign tumors in adults: A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 72:56\u201364, 20193053000910.1016\/j.ctrv.2018.11.004"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Pract Radiat Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2013.12.001","article-title":"Dosimetric benefits of robust treatment planning for intensity modulated proton therapy for base-of-skull cancers","volume":"4","author":"Liu W","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu W, Mohan R, Park P, Liu Z, Li H, Li X, : Dosimetric benefits of robust treatment planning for intensity modulated proton therapy for base-of-skull cancers. Pract Radiat Oncol 4:384\u2013391, 20142540785910.1016\/j.prro.2013.12.001"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198509000-00007","article-title":"Radiation-associated gliomas: a report of four cases and analysis of postradiation tumors of the central nervous system","volume":"17","author":"Liwnicz BH","year":"1985","unstructured":"Liwnicz BH, Berger TS, Liwnicz RG, Aron BS: Radiation-associated gliomas: a report of four cases and analysis of postradiation tumors of the central nervous system. Neurosurgery 17:436\u2013445, 198510.1227\/00006123-198509000-000072995867"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Radiother Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(99)00036-5","article-title":"A treatment planning inter-comparison of proton and intensity modulated photon radiotherapy","volume":"51","author":"Lomax AJ","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lomax AJ, Bortfeld T, Goitein G, Debus J, Dykstra C, Tercier PA, : A treatment planning inter-comparison of proton and intensity modulated photon radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 51:257\u2013271, 19991043582110.1016\/S0167-8140(99)00036-5"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-015-1770-9","article-title":"Proton therapy for atypical meningiomas","volume":"123","author":"McDonald MW","year":"2015","unstructured":"McDonald MW, Plankenhorn DA, McMullen KP, Henderson MA, Dropcho EJ, Shah MV, : Proton therapy for atypical meningiomas. J Neurooncol 123:123\u2013128, 201510.1007\/s11060-015-1770-925859843"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.21.1920","article-title":"Second neoplasms in survivors of childhood cancer: findings from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort","volume":"27","author":"Meadows AT","year":"2009","unstructured":"Meadows AT, Friedman DL, Neglia JP, Mertens AC, Donaldson SS, Stovall M, : Second neoplasms in survivors of childhood cancer: findings from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort. J Clin Oncol 27:2356\u20132362, 20091925530710.1200\/JCO.2008.21.1920"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2017.08.005","article-title":"Long-term clinical outcomes of pencil beam scanning proton therapy for benign and non-benign intracranial meningiomas","volume":"99","author":"Murray FR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murray FR, Snider JW, Bolsi A, Lomax AJ, Walser M, Kliebsch U, : Long-term clinical outcomes of pencil beam scanning proton therapy for benign and non-benign intracranial meningiomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 99:1190\u20131198, 201710.1016\/j.ijrobp.2017.08.00528939227"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2017.0166","article-title":"NCCN Guidelines Insights: Central Nervous System Cancers, Version 1.2017","volume":"15","author":"Nabors LB","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nabors LB, Portnow J, Ammirati M, Baehring J, Brem H, Butowski N, : NCCN Guidelines Insights: Central Nervous System Cancers, Version 1.2017. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 15:1331\u20131345, 20172911822610.6004\/jnccn.2017.0166"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Phys Med Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R155","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/60\/8\/R155","article-title":"The physics of proton therapy","volume":"60","author":"Newhauser WD","year":"2015","unstructured":"Newhauser WD, Zhang R: The physics of proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 60:R155\u2013R209, 201510.1088\/0031-9155\/60\/8\/R155"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"Cancer Manag Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S47220","article-title":"Minimizing second cancer risk following radiotherapy: current perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Ng J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ng J, Shuryak I: Minimizing second cancer risk following radiotherapy: current perspectives. Cancer Manag Res 7:1\u201311, 201410.2147\/CMAR.S4722025565886"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.12.019","article-title":"The insurance approval process for proton radiation therapy: a significant barrier to patient care","author":"Ning MS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ning MS, Gomez DR, Shah AK, Kim CR, Palmer MB, Thaker NG, : The insurance approval process for proton radiation therapy: a significant barrier to patient care. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys [in press], 201810.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.12.01930557675"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"b49","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.supplement_3.0062","article-title":"Radiosurgery for malignant meningioma: results in 22 patients","volume":"93","author":"Ojemann SG","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ojemann SG, Sneed PK, Larson DA, Gutin PH, Berger MS, Verhey L, : Radiosurgery for malignant meningioma: results in 22 patients. J Neurosurg 93 (Suppl 3):62\u201367, 200010.3171\/jns.2000.93.supplement_3.006211143265"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(97)82497-2","article-title":"Large intracranial vessel occlusive vasculopathy after radiation therapy in children: clinical features and usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"38","author":"Omura M","year":"1997","unstructured":"Omura M, Aida N, Sekido K, Kakehi M, Matsubara S: Large intracranial vessel occlusive vasculopathy after radiation therapy in children: clinical features and usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 38:241\u2013249, 1997922630910.1016\/S0360-3016(97)82497-2"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199712000-00008","article-title":"Meningioma grading: an analysis of histologic parameters","volume":"21","author":"Perry A","year":"1997","unstructured":"Perry A, Stafford SL, Scheithauer BW, Suman VJ, Lohse CM: Meningioma grading: an analysis of histologic parameters. Am J Surg Pathol 21:1455\u20131465, 1997941418910.1097\/00000478-199712000-00008"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(90)90264-K","article-title":"Development of blood vessel-related radiation damage in the fimbria of the central nervous system","volume":"18","author":"Reinhold HS","year":"1990","unstructured":"Reinhold HS, Calvo W, Hopewell JW, van der Berg AP: Development of blood vessel-related radiation damage in the fimbria of the central nervous system. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 18:37\u201342, 199010.1016\/0360-3016(90)90264-K2298633"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.08.018","article-title":"Long-term experience with World Health Organization grade III (malignant) meningiomas at a single institution","volume":"74","author":"Rosenberg LA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rosenberg LA, Prayson RA, Lee J, Reddy C, Chao ST, Barnett GH, : Long-term experience with World Health Organization grade III (malignant) meningiomas at a single institution. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 74:427\u2013432, 200910.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.08.018"},{"key":"b54","series-title":"Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31088","article-title":"Gross total resection and adjuvant radiotherapy most significant predictors of improved survival in patients with atypical meningioma","volume":"124","author":"Rydzewski NR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rydzewski NR, Lesniak MS, Chandler JP, Kalapurakal JA, Pollom E, Tate MC, : Gross total resection and adjuvant radiotherapy most significant predictors of improved survival in patients with atypical meningioma. Cancer 124:734\u2013742, 20182913131210.1002\/cncr.31088"},{"key":"b55","series-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12397","article-title":"WHO 2016 classification: changes and advancements in the diagnosis of miscellaneous primary CNS tumours","volume":"44","author":"Sahm F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sahm F, Reuss DE, Giannini C: WHO 2016 classification: changes and advancements in the diagnosis of miscellaneous primary CNS tumours. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 44:163\u2013171, 201810.1111\/nan.12397"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199801000-00038","article-title":"Glioma occurrence after sellar irradiation: case report and review","volume":"42","author":"Simmons NE","year":"1998","unstructured":"Simmons NE, Laws ER Jr: Glioma occurrence after sellar irradiation: case report and review. Neurosurgery 42:172\u2013178, 1998944252010.1097\/00006123-199801000-00038"},{"key":"b57","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.077974","article-title":"Interinstitutional variance of postoperative radiotherapy and follow up for meningiomas in Germany: impact of changes of the WHO classification","volume":"77","author":"Simon M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Simon M, Bostr\u00f6m J, Koch P, Schramm J: Interinstitutional variance of postoperative radiotherapy and follow up for meningiomas in Germany: impact of changes of the WHO classification. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77:767\u2013773, 20061630615610.1136\/jnnp.2005.077974"},{"key":"b58","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e2037","article-title":"Radiation Necrosis\u2014a growing problem in a case of brain metastases following whole brain radiotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"10","author":"Song YP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Song YP, Colaco RJ: Radiation Necrosis\u2014a growing problem in a case of brain metastases following whole brain radiotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery. Cureus 10:e2037, 2018"},{"key":"b59","series-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2009.08.014","article-title":"Brain irradiation: effects on normal brain parenchyma and radiation injury","volume":"19","author":"Sundgren PC","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sundgren PC, Cao Y: Brain irradiation: effects on normal brain parenchyma and radiation injury. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 19:657\u2013668, 20091995901110.1016\/j.nic.2009.08.014"},{"key":"b60","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2018.08.003","article-title":"Proton therapy for low-grade gliomas in adults: A systematic review","volume":"174","author":"Thurin E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thurin E, Nystr\u00f6m PW, Smits A, Werlenius K, B\u00e4ck A, Liljegren A, : Proton therapy for low-grade gliomas in adults: A systematic review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 174:233\u2013238, 201810.1016\/j.clineuro.2018.08.00330292166"},{"key":"b61","series-title":"Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29882","article-title":"A systematic review of the cost and cost-effectiveness studies of proton radiotherapy","volume":"122","author":"Verma V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Verma V, Mishra MV, Mehta MP: A systematic review of the cost and cost-effectiveness studies of proton radiotherapy. Cancer 122:1483\u20131501, 201610.1002\/cncr.2988226828647"},{"key":"b62","series-title":"Semin Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.004","article-title":"Meningiomas: overview and new directions in therapy","volume":"38","author":"Wang N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang N, Osswald M: Meningiomas: overview and new directions in therapy. Semin Neurol 38:112\u2013120, 201810.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.00429548058"},{"key":"b63","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.10.021","article-title":"Gamma Knife radiosurgery for atypical and anaplastic meningiomas","volume":"87","author":"Wang WH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang WH, Lee CC, Yang HC, Liu KD, Wu HM, Shiau CY, : Gamma Knife radiosurgery for atypical and anaplastic meningiomas. World Neurosurg 87:557\u2013564, 201610.1016\/j.wneu.2015.10.02126485417"},{"key":"b64","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.08.027","article-title":"Spot scanning-based proton therapy for intracranial meningioma: long-term results from the Paul Scherrer Institute","volume":"83","author":"Weber DC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weber DC, Schneider R, Goitein G, Koch T, Ares C, Geismar JH, : Spot scanning-based proton therapy for intracranial meningioma: long-term results from the Paul Scherrer Institute. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83:865\u2013871, 20122213845710.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.08.027"},{"key":"b65","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-010-0386-3","article-title":"Epidemiology and etiology of meningioma","volume":"99","author":"Wiemels J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wiemels J, Wrensch M, Claus EB: Epidemiology and etiology of meningioma. J Neurooncol 99:307\u2013314, 201010.1007\/s11060-010-0386-320821343"},{"key":"b66","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.01.149","article-title":"World Health Organization grade III (nonanaplastic) meningioma: experience in a series of 23 cases","volume":"112","author":"Zhang GJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang GJ, Zhang GB, Zhang YS, Li H, Li CB, Zhang LW, : World Health Organization grade III (nonanaplastic) meningioma: experience in a series of 23 cases. World Neurosurg 112:e754\u2013e762, 201810.1016\/j.wneu.2018.01.149"},{"key":"b67","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.04.019","article-title":"CyberKnife stereotactic radiosurgery for atypical and malignant meningiomas","volume":"91","author":"Zhang M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang M, Ho AL, D\u2019Astous M, Pendharkar AV, Choi CY, Thompson PA, : CyberKnife stereotactic radiosurgery for atypical and malignant meningiomas. World Neurosurg 91:574\u2013581, 581.e1, 201610.1016\/j.wneu.2016.04.019"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Strahlenther Onkol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-016-1007-7","article-title":"Intensity-modulated proton therapy, volumetric-modulated arc therapy, and 3D conformal radiotherapy in anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma: a dosimetric comparison","volume":"192","author":"Adeberg S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adeberg S, Harrabi SB, Bougatf N, Bernhardt D, Rieber J, Koerber SA, : Intensity-modulated proton therapy, volumetric-modulated arc therapy, and 3D conformal radiotherapy in anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma: a dosimetric comparison. Strahlenther Onkol 192:770\u2013779, 20162733427610.1007\/s00066-016-1007-7"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Cancers (Basel)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10110401","article-title":"Dosimetric comparison of proton radiation therapy, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy based on intracranial tumor location","volume":"10","author":"Adeberg S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adeberg S, Harrabi SB, Bougatf N, Verma V, Windisch P, Bernhardt D, : Dosimetric comparison of proton radiation therapy, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy based on intracranial tumor location. Cancers (Basel) 10:10, 201810.3390\/cancers10110401"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000330399.55586.63","article-title":"Long-term recurrence rates of atypical meningiomas after gross total resection with or without postoperative adjuvant radiation","volume":"64","author":"Aghi MK","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aghi MK, Carter BS, Cosgrove GR, Ojemann RG, Amin-Hanjani S, Martuza RL, : Long-term recurrence rates of atypical meningiomas after gross total resection with or without postoperative adjuvant radiation. Neurosurgery 64:56\u201360, 200910.1227\/01.NEU.0000330399.55586.6319145156"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou098","article-title":"Adjuvant radiation therapy, local recurrence, and the need for salvage therapy in atypical meningioma","volume":"16","author":"Aizer AA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aizer AA, Arvold ND, Catalano P, Claus EB, Golby AJ, Johnson MD, : Adjuvant radiation therapy, local recurrence, and the need for salvage therapy in atypical meningioma. Neuro Oncol 16:1547\u20131553, 20142489145110.1093\/neuonc\/nou098"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.10.056","article-title":"Projected second tumor risk and dose to neurocognitive structures after proton versus photon radiotherapy for benign meningioma","volume":"83","author":"Arvold ND","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arvold ND, Niemierko A, Broussard GP, Adams J, Fullerton B, Loeffler JS, : Projected second tumor risk and dose to neurocognitive structures after proton versus photon radiotherapy for benign meningioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83:e495\u2013e500, 201210.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.10.056"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Radiother Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2010.11.003","article-title":"Comparison of second cancer risk due to out-of-field doses from 6-MV IMRT and proton therapy based on 6 pediatric patient treatment plans","volume":"98","author":"Athar BS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Athar BS, Paganetti H: Comparison of second cancer risk due to out-of-field doses from 6-MV IMRT and proton therapy based on 6 pediatric patient treatment plans. Radiother Oncol 98:87\u201392, 20112115939810.1016\/j.radonc.2010.11.003"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.03.056","article-title":"Proton stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: a single-institution analysis of 370 patients","volume":"101","author":"Atkins KM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Atkins KM, Pashtan IM, Bussi\u00e8re MR, Kang KH, Niemierko A, Daly JE, : Proton stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: a single-institution analysis of 370 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 101:820\u2013829, 201810.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.03.05629976494"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-012-0828-1","article-title":"Patterns of failure after treatment of atypical meningioma with gamma knife radiosurgery","volume":"108","author":"Attia A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Attia A, Chan MD, Mott RT, Russell GB, Seif D, Daniel Bourland J, : Patterns of failure after treatment of atypical meningioma with gamma knife radiosurgery. J Neurooncol 108:179\u2013185, 20122235923110.1007\/s11060-012-0828-1"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol","first-page":"231","article-title":"The histopathological spectrum of human meningiomas","volume":"5","author":"Backer-Gr\u00f8ndahl T","year":"2012","unstructured":"Backer-Gr\u00f8ndahl T, Moen BH, Torp SH: The histopathological spectrum of human meningiomas. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 5:231\u2013242, 201222558478"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.10.053","article-title":"Combined proton and photon conformal radiotherapy for intracranial atypical and malignant meningioma","volume":"75","author":"Boskos C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boskos C, Feuvret L, Noel G, Habrand JL, Pommier P, Alapetite C, : Combined proton and photon conformal radiotherapy for intracranial atypical and malignant meningioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 75:399\u2013406, 20091920384410.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.10.053"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Radiat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3453.1","article-title":"Vascular damage after fractionated whole-brain irradiation in rats","volume":"164","author":"Brown WR","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brown WR, Thore CR, Moody DM, Robbins ME, Wheeler KT: Vascular damage after fractionated whole-brain irradiation in rats. Radiat Res 164:662\u2013668, 200510.1667\/RR3453.116238444"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.7785\/tcrt.2012.500267","article-title":"Dose escalation with proton radiation therapy for high-grade meningiomas","volume":"11","author":"Chan AW","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chan AW, Bernstein KD, Adams JA, Parambi RJ, Loeffler JS: Dose escalation with proton radiation therapy for high-grade meningiomas. Technol Cancer Res Treat 11:607\u2013614, 201210.7785\/tcrt.2012.50026722712601"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"443","article-title":"Histopathological features predictive of local control of atypical meningioma after surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy","volume":"130","author":"Chen WC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen WC, Magill ST, Wu A, Vasudevan HN, Morin O, Aghi MK, : Histopathological features predictive of local control of atypical meningioma after surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. J Neurosurg 130:443\u2013450, 201829624151"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2016.1111.009","article-title":"The role of adjuvant treatment in patients with high-grade meningioma","volume":"60","author":"Cho M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cho M, Joo JD, Kim IA, Han JH, Oh CW, Kim CY: The role of adjuvant treatment in patients with high-grade meningioma. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 60:527\u2013533, 201710.3340\/jkns.2016.1111.00928881115"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005981731739","article-title":"Atypical and malignant meningiomas: an outcome report of seventeen cases","volume":"39","author":"Coke CC","year":"1998","unstructured":"Coke CC, Corn BW, Werner-Wasik M, Xie Y, Curran WJ Jr: Atypical and malignant meningiomas: an outcome report of seventeen cases. J Neurooncol 39:65\u201370, 199810.1023\/A:10059817317399760071"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"BMC Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-10-615","article-title":"Treatment of patients with atypical meningiomas Simpson grade 4 and 5 with a carbon ion boost in combination with postoperative photon radiotherapy: the MARCIE trial","volume":"10","author":"Combs SE","year":"2010","unstructured":"Combs SE, Edler L, Burkholder I, Rieken S, Habermehl D, J\u00e4kel O, : Treatment of patients with atypical meningiomas Simpson grade 4 and 5 with a carbon ion boost in combination with postoperative photon radiotherapy: the MARCIE trial. BMC Cancer 10:615, 20102106242810.1186\/1471-2407-10-615"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Radiother Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2009.12.029","article-title":"Carbon ion radiation therapy for high-risk meningiomas","volume":"95","author":"Combs SE","year":"2010","unstructured":"Combs SE, Hartmann C, Nikoghosyan A, J\u00e4kel O, Karger CP, Haberer T, : Carbon ion radiation therapy for high-risk meningiomas. Radiother Oncol 95:54\u201359, 201010.1016\/j.radonc.2009.12.02920189258"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Acta Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2013.818255","article-title":"Proton and carbon ion radiotherapy for primary brain tumors and tumors of the skull base","volume":"52","author":"Combs SE","year":"2013","unstructured":"Combs SE, Kessel K, Habermehl D, Haberer T, J\u00e4kel O, Debus J: Proton and carbon ion radiotherapy for primary brain tumors and tumors of the skull base. Acta Oncol 52:1504\u20131509, 201310.3109\/0284186X.2013.81825523962241"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Acta Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2013.762996","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of early treatment outcome in patients with meningiomas treated with particle therapy based on target volume definition with MRI and 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET","volume":"52","author":"Combs SE","year":"2013","unstructured":"Combs SE, Welzel T, Habermehl D, Rieken S, Dittmar JO, Kessel K, : Prospective evaluation of early treatment outcome in patients with meningiomas treated with particle therapy based on target volume definition with MRI and 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET. Acta Oncol 52:514\u2013520, 201310.3109\/0284186X.2013.76299623402336"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Acta Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2018.1555374","article-title":"Improving dosimetric outcome for hippocampus and cochlea sparing whole brain radiotherapy using spot-scanning proton arc therapy","volume":"58","author":"Ding X","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ding X, Zhou J, Li X, Blas K, Liu G, Wang Y, : Improving dosimetric outcome for hippocampus and cochlea sparing whole brain radiotherapy using spot-scanning proton arc therapy. Acta Oncol 58:483\u2013490, 20193063285110.1080\/0284186X.2018.1555374"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-011-1073-7","article-title":"Stereotactic LINAC radiosurgery for incompletely resected or recurrent atypical and anaplastic meningiomas","volume":"153","author":"El-Khatib M","year":"2011","unstructured":"El-Khatib M, El Majdoub F, Hoevels M, Kocher M, M\u00fcller RP, Steiger HJ, : Stereotactic LINAC radiosurgery for incompletely resected or recurrent atypical and anaplastic meningiomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 153:1761\u20131767, 201110.1007\/s00701-011-1073-721706274"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Radiat Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-018-1002-5","article-title":"Clinical outcome after particle therapy for meningiomas of the skull base: toxicity and local control in patients treated with active rasterscanning","volume":"13","author":"El Shafie RA","year":"2018","unstructured":"El Shafie RA, Czech M, Kessel KA, Habermehl D, Weber D, Rieken S, : Clinical outcome after particle therapy for meningiomas of the skull base: toxicity and local control in patients treated with active rasterscanning. Radiat Oncol 13:54, 201810.1186\/s13014-018-1002-5"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Radiat Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-018-1026-x","article-title":"Evaluation of particle radiotherapy for the re-irradiation of recurrent intracranial meningioma","volume":"13","author":"El Shafie RA","year":"2018","unstructured":"El Shafie RA, Czech M, Kessel KA, Habermehl D, Weber D, Rieken S, : Evaluation of particle radiotherapy for the re-irradiation of recurrent intracranial meningioma. Radiat Oncol 13:86, 201810.1186\/s13014-018-1026-x"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2470-4","article-title":"Radiation necrosis with stereotactic radiosurgery combined with CTLA-4 blockade and PD-1 inhibition for treatment of intracranial disease in metastatic melanoma","volume":"133","author":"Fang P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fang P, Jiang W, Allen P, Glitza I, Guha N, Hwu P, : Radiation necrosis with stereotactic radiosurgery combined with CTLA-4 blockade and PD-1 inhibition for treatment of intracranial disease in metastatic melanoma. J Neurooncol 133:595\u2013602, 20172850056010.1007\/s11060-017-2470-4"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8293","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008293","article-title":"Survival and complications of stereotactic radiosurgery: A systematic review of stereotactic radiosurgery for newly diagnosed and recurrent high-grade gliomas","volume":"96","author":"Fetcko K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fetcko K, Lukas RV, Watson GA, Zhang L, Dey M: Survival and complications of stereotactic radiosurgery: A systematic review of stereotactic radiosurgery for newly diagnosed and recurrent high-grade gliomas. Medicine (Baltimore) 96:e8293, 20172906899810.1097\/MD.0000000000008293"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Am J Clin Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/00000421-198902000-00007","article-title":"Leukoencephalopathy in small cell lung cancer patients receiving prophylactic cranial irradiation","volume":"12","author":"Frytak S","year":"1989","unstructured":"Frytak S, Shaw JN, O\u2019Neill BP, Lee RE, Eagan RT, Shaw EG, : Leukoencephalopathy in small cell lung cancer patients receiving prophylactic cranial irradiation. Am J Clin Oncol 12:27\u201333, 1989253621410.1097\/00000421-198902000-00007"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"906","article-title":"The WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, 4th edition","volume":"132","author":"Fuller GN","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fuller GN: The WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, 4th edition. Arch Pathol Lab Med 132:906, 200818517270"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.11.031","article-title":"Hippocampal dosimetry predicts neurocognitive function impairment after fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for benign or low-grade adult brain tumors","volume":"85","author":"Gondi V","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gondi V, Hermann BP, Mehta MP, Tom\u00e9 WA: Hippocampal dosimetry predicts neurocognitive function impairment after fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for benign or low-grade adult brain tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 85:348\u2013354, 201310.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.11.03123312272"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Front Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2012.00073","article-title":"Radiation-induced brain injury: a review","volume":"2","author":"Greene-Schloesser D","year":"2012","unstructured":"Greene-Schloesser D, Robbins ME, Peiffer AM, Shaw EG, Wheeler KT, Chan MD: Radiation-induced brain injury: a review. Front Oncol 2:73, 201210.3389\/fonc.2012.0007322833841"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"b30","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii30","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox002","article-title":"The role of image-guided intensity modulated proton therapy in glioma","volume":"19","author":"Grosshans DR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grosshans DR, Mohan R, Gondi V, Shih HA, Mahajan A, Brown PD: The role of image-guided intensity modulated proton therapy in glioma. Neuro Oncol 19 (Suppl 2):ii30\u2013ii37, 201710.1093\/neuonc\/nox002"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2014.07.005","article-title":"Spot scanning proton therapy for malignancies of the base of skull: treatment planning, acute toxicities, and preliminary clinical outcomes","volume":"90","author":"Grosshans DR","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grosshans DR, Zhu XR, Melancon A, Allen PK, Poenisch F, Palmer M, : Spot scanning proton therapy for malignancies of the base of skull: treatment planning, acute toxicities, and preliminary clinical outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 90:540\u2013546, 201410.1016\/j.ijrobp.2014.07.00525304948"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006434124794","article-title":"Management of atypical and malignant meningiomas: role of high-dose, 3D-conformal radiation therapy","volume":"48","author":"Hug EB","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hug EB, Devries A, Thornton AF, Munzenride JE, Pardo FS, Hedley-Whyte ET, : Management of atypical and malignant meningiomas: role of high-dose, 3D-conformal radiation therapy. J Neurooncol 48:151\u2013160, 200010.1023\/A:100643412479411083080"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Acta Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2014.957414","article-title":"Incidence and dosimetric parameters of pediatric brainstem toxicity following proton therapy","volume":"53","author":"Indelicato DJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Indelicato DJ, Flampouri S, Rotondo RL, Bradley JA, Morris CG, Aldana PR, : Incidence and dosimetric parameters of pediatric brainstem toxicity following proton therapy. Acta Oncol 53:1298\u20131304, 20142527995710.3109\/0284186X.2014.957414"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Brain Tumor Res Treat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.14791\/btrt.2015.3.2.103","article-title":"Long-term results of Gamma Knife radiosurgery for intracranial meningioma","volume":"3","author":"Jang CK","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jang CK, Jung HH, Chang JH, Chang JW, Park YG, Chang WS: Long-term results of Gamma Knife radiosurgery for intracranial meningioma. Brain Tumor Res Treat 3:103\u2013107, 201510.14791\/btrt.2015.3.2.10326605265"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.83.1.0154","article-title":"Radiation-induced gliosarcoma. Case report and review of the literature","volume":"83","author":"Kaschten B","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kaschten B, Flandroy P, Reznik M, Hainaut H, Stevenaert A: Radiation-induced gliosarcoma. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 83:154\u2013162, 199510.3171\/jns.1995.83.1.01547782835"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.04.033","article-title":"Atypical meningiomas: recurrence, reoperation, and radiotherapy","volume":"84","author":"Klinger DR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Klinger DR, Flores BC, Lewis JJ, Hatanpaa K, Choe K, Mickey B, : Atypical meningiomas: recurrence, reoperation, and radiotherapy. World Neurosurg 84:839\u2013845, 201510.1016\/j.wneu.2015.04.03325916182"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.8.JNS17650","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for convexity meningiomas","volume":"111","author":"Kondziolka D","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kondziolka D, Madhok R, Lunsford LD, Mathieu D, Martin JJ, Niranjan A, : Stereotactic radiosurgery for convexity meningiomas. J Neurosurg 111:458\u2013463, 200910.3171\/2008.8.JNS1765019199473"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Cancer Treat Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2018.11.004","article-title":"Proton therapy for treatment of intracranial benign tumors in adults: A systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Lesueur P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lesueur P, Calugaru V, Nauraye C, Stefan D, Cao K, Emery E, : Proton therapy for treatment of intracranial benign tumors in adults: A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 72:56\u201364, 20193053000910.1016\/j.ctrv.2018.11.004"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Pract Radiat Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2013.12.001","article-title":"Dosimetric benefits of robust treatment planning for intensity modulated proton therapy for base-of-skull cancers","volume":"4","author":"Liu W","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu W, Mohan R, Park P, Liu Z, Li H, Li X, : Dosimetric benefits of robust treatment planning for intensity modulated proton therapy for base-of-skull cancers. Pract Radiat Oncol 4:384\u2013391, 20142540785910.1016\/j.prro.2013.12.001"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198509000-00007","article-title":"Radiation-associated gliomas: a report of four cases and analysis of postradiation tumors of the central nervous system","volume":"17","author":"Liwnicz BH","year":"1985","unstructured":"Liwnicz BH, Berger TS, Liwnicz RG, Aron BS: Radiation-associated gliomas: a report of four cases and analysis of postradiation tumors of the central nervous system. Neurosurgery 17:436\u2013445, 198510.1227\/00006123-198509000-000072995867"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Radiother Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(99)00036-5","article-title":"A treatment planning inter-comparison of proton and intensity modulated photon radiotherapy","volume":"51","author":"Lomax AJ","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lomax AJ, Bortfeld T, Goitein G, Debus J, Dykstra C, Tercier PA, : A treatment planning inter-comparison of proton and intensity modulated photon radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 51:257\u2013271, 19991043582110.1016\/S0167-8140(99)00036-5"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-015-1770-9","article-title":"Proton therapy for atypical meningiomas","volume":"123","author":"McDonald MW","year":"2015","unstructured":"McDonald MW, Plankenhorn DA, McMullen KP, Henderson MA, Dropcho EJ, Shah MV, : Proton therapy for atypical meningiomas. J Neurooncol 123:123\u2013128, 201510.1007\/s11060-015-1770-925859843"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.21.1920","article-title":"Second neoplasms in survivors of childhood cancer: findings from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort","volume":"27","author":"Meadows AT","year":"2009","unstructured":"Meadows AT, Friedman DL, Neglia JP, Mertens AC, Donaldson SS, Stovall M, : Second neoplasms in survivors of childhood cancer: findings from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort. J Clin Oncol 27:2356\u20132362, 20091925530710.1200\/JCO.2008.21.1920"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2017.08.005","article-title":"Long-term clinical outcomes of pencil beam scanning proton therapy for benign and non-benign intracranial meningiomas","volume":"99","author":"Murray FR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murray FR, Snider JW, Bolsi A, Lomax AJ, Walser M, Kliebsch U, : Long-term clinical outcomes of pencil beam scanning proton therapy for benign and non-benign intracranial meningiomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 99:1190\u20131198, 201710.1016\/j.ijrobp.2017.08.00528939227"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2017.0166","article-title":"NCCN Guidelines Insights: Central Nervous System Cancers, Version 1.2017","volume":"15","author":"Nabors LB","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nabors LB, Portnow J, Ammirati M, Baehring J, Brem H, Butowski N, : NCCN Guidelines Insights: Central Nervous System Cancers, Version 1.2017. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 15:1331\u20131345, 20172911822610.6004\/jnccn.2017.0166"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Phys Med Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R155","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/60\/8\/R155","article-title":"The physics of proton therapy","volume":"60","author":"Newhauser WD","year":"2015","unstructured":"Newhauser WD, Zhang R: The physics of proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 60:R155\u2013R209, 201510.1088\/0031-9155\/60\/8\/R155"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"Cancer Manag Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S47220","article-title":"Minimizing second cancer risk following radiotherapy: current perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Ng J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ng J, Shuryak I: Minimizing second cancer risk following radiotherapy: current perspectives. Cancer Manag Res 7:1\u201311, 201410.2147\/CMAR.S4722025565886"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.12.019","article-title":"The insurance approval process for proton radiation therapy: a significant barrier to patient care","author":"Ning MS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ning MS, Gomez DR, Shah AK, Kim CR, Palmer MB, Thaker NG, : The insurance approval process for proton radiation therapy: a significant barrier to patient care. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys [in press], 201810.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.12.01930557675"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"b49","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.supplement_3.0062","article-title":"Radiosurgery for malignant meningioma: results in 22 patients","volume":"93","author":"Ojemann SG","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ojemann SG, Sneed PK, Larson DA, Gutin PH, Berger MS, Verhey L, : Radiosurgery for malignant meningioma: results in 22 patients. J Neurosurg 93 (Suppl 3):62\u201367, 200010.3171\/jns.2000.93.supplement_3.006211143265"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(97)82497-2","article-title":"Large intracranial vessel occlusive vasculopathy after radiation therapy in children: clinical features and usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"38","author":"Omura M","year":"1997","unstructured":"Omura M, Aida N, Sekido K, Kakehi M, Matsubara S: Large intracranial vessel occlusive vasculopathy after radiation therapy in children: clinical features and usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 38:241\u2013249, 1997922630910.1016\/S0360-3016(97)82497-2"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199712000-00008","article-title":"Meningioma grading: an analysis of histologic parameters","volume":"21","author":"Perry A","year":"1997","unstructured":"Perry A, Stafford SL, Scheithauer BW, Suman VJ, Lohse CM: Meningioma grading: an analysis of histologic parameters. Am J Surg Pathol 21:1455\u20131465, 1997941418910.1097\/00000478-199712000-00008"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(90)90264-K","article-title":"Development of blood vessel-related radiation damage in the fimbria of the central nervous system","volume":"18","author":"Reinhold HS","year":"1990","unstructured":"Reinhold HS, Calvo W, Hopewell JW, van der Berg AP: Development of blood vessel-related radiation damage in the fimbria of the central nervous system. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 18:37\u201342, 199010.1016\/0360-3016(90)90264-K2298633"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.08.018","article-title":"Long-term experience with World Health Organization grade III (malignant) meningiomas at a single institution","volume":"74","author":"Rosenberg LA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rosenberg LA, Prayson RA, Lee J, Reddy C, Chao ST, Barnett GH, : Long-term experience with World Health Organization grade III (malignant) meningiomas at a single institution. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 74:427\u2013432, 200910.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.08.018"},{"key":"b54","series-title":"Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31088","article-title":"Gross total resection and adjuvant radiotherapy most significant predictors of improved survival in patients with atypical meningioma","volume":"124","author":"Rydzewski NR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rydzewski NR, Lesniak MS, Chandler JP, Kalapurakal JA, Pollom E, Tate MC, : Gross total resection and adjuvant radiotherapy most significant predictors of improved survival in patients with atypical meningioma. Cancer 124:734\u2013742, 20182913131210.1002\/cncr.31088"},{"key":"b55","series-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12397","article-title":"WHO 2016 classification: changes and advancements in the diagnosis of miscellaneous primary CNS tumours","volume":"44","author":"Sahm F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sahm F, Reuss DE, Giannini C: WHO 2016 classification: changes and advancements in the diagnosis of miscellaneous primary CNS tumours. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 44:163\u2013171, 201810.1111\/nan.12397"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199801000-00038","article-title":"Glioma occurrence after sellar irradiation: case report and review","volume":"42","author":"Simmons NE","year":"1998","unstructured":"Simmons NE, Laws ER Jr: Glioma occurrence after sellar irradiation: case report and review. Neurosurgery 42:172\u2013178, 1998944252010.1097\/00006123-199801000-00038"},{"key":"b57","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.077974","article-title":"Interinstitutional variance of postoperative radiotherapy and follow up for meningiomas in Germany: impact of changes of the WHO classification","volume":"77","author":"Simon M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Simon M, Bostr\u00f6m J, Koch P, Schramm J: Interinstitutional variance of postoperative radiotherapy and follow up for meningiomas in Germany: impact of changes of the WHO classification. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77:767\u2013773, 20061630615610.1136\/jnnp.2005.077974"},{"key":"b58","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e2037","article-title":"Radiation Necrosis\u2014a growing problem in a case of brain metastases following whole brain radiotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"10","author":"Song YP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Song YP, Colaco RJ: Radiation Necrosis\u2014a growing problem in a case of brain metastases following whole brain radiotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery. Cureus 10:e2037, 2018"},{"key":"b59","series-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2009.08.014","article-title":"Brain irradiation: effects on normal brain parenchyma and radiation injury","volume":"19","author":"Sundgren PC","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sundgren PC, Cao Y: Brain irradiation: effects on normal brain parenchyma and radiation injury. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 19:657\u2013668, 20091995901110.1016\/j.nic.2009.08.014"},{"key":"b60","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2018.08.003","article-title":"Proton therapy for low-grade gliomas in adults: A systematic review","volume":"174","author":"Thurin E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thurin E, Nystr\u00f6m PW, Smits A, Werlenius K, B\u00e4ck A, Liljegren A, : Proton therapy for low-grade gliomas in adults: A systematic review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 174:233\u2013238, 201810.1016\/j.clineuro.2018.08.00330292166"},{"key":"b61","series-title":"Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29882","article-title":"A systematic review of the cost and cost-effectiveness studies of proton radiotherapy","volume":"122","author":"Verma V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Verma V, Mishra MV, Mehta MP: A systematic review of the cost and cost-effectiveness studies of proton radiotherapy. Cancer 122:1483\u20131501, 201610.1002\/cncr.2988226828647"},{"key":"b62","series-title":"Semin Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.004","article-title":"Meningiomas: overview and new directions in therapy","volume":"38","author":"Wang N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang N, Osswald M: Meningiomas: overview and new directions in therapy. Semin Neurol 38:112\u2013120, 201810.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.00429548058"},{"key":"b63","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.10.021","article-title":"Gamma Knife radiosurgery for atypical and anaplastic meningiomas","volume":"87","author":"Wang WH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang WH, Lee CC, Yang HC, Liu KD, Wu HM, Shiau CY, : Gamma Knife radiosurgery for atypical and anaplastic meningiomas. World Neurosurg 87:557\u2013564, 201610.1016\/j.wneu.2015.10.02126485417"},{"key":"b64","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.08.027","article-title":"Spot scanning-based proton therapy for intracranial meningioma: long-term results from the Paul Scherrer Institute","volume":"83","author":"Weber DC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weber DC, Schneider R, Goitein G, Koch T, Ares C, Geismar JH, : Spot scanning-based proton therapy for intracranial meningioma: long-term results from the Paul Scherrer Institute. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83:865\u2013871, 20122213845710.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.08.027"},{"key":"b65","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-010-0386-3","article-title":"Epidemiology and etiology of meningioma","volume":"99","author":"Wiemels J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wiemels J, Wrensch M, Claus EB: Epidemiology and etiology of meningioma. J Neurooncol 99:307\u2013314, 201010.1007\/s11060-010-0386-320821343"},{"key":"b66","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.01.149","article-title":"World Health Organization grade III (nonanaplastic) meningioma: experience in a series of 23 cases","volume":"112","author":"Zhang GJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang GJ, Zhang GB, Zhang YS, Li H, Li CB, Zhang LW, : World Health Organization grade III (nonanaplastic) meningioma: experience in a series of 23 cases. World Neurosurg 112:e754\u2013e762, 201810.1016\/j.wneu.2018.01.149"},{"key":"b67","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.04.019","article-title":"CyberKnife stereotactic radiosurgery for atypical and malignant meningiomas","volume":"91","author":"Zhang M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang M, Ho AL, D\u2019Astous M, Pendharkar AV, Choi CY, Thompson PA, : CyberKnife stereotactic radiosurgery for atypical and malignant meningiomas. World Neurosurg 91:574\u2013581, 581.e1, 201610.1016\/j.wneu.2016.04.019"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/46\/6\/article-pE12.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/46\/6\/article-pE12.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/46\/6\/article-pE12.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:44:04Z","timestamp":1780130644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/46\/6\/article-pE12.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2019.3.focus1967","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}}}