{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T07:50:28Z","timestamp":1784965828413,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last two decades, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has gained popularity as a treatment of severe and medically refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), often using brain targets informed by historical lesional neurosurgical procedures. Paradoxically, the use of DBS in OCD has led some multidisciplinary teams to revisit the use of lesional procedures, especially anterior capsulotomy (AC), although significant aversion still exists toward the use of lesional neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders. This paper aims to review all literature on the use of AC for OCD to examine its effectiveness and safety profile.<\/jats:p><jats:p>All publications on AC for OCD were searched. In total 512 patients were identified in 25 publications spanning 1961\u20132018. In papers where a Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) score was available, 73% of patients had a clinical response (i.e., &gt; 35% improvement in Y-BOCS score) and 24% patients went into remission (Y-BOCS score &lt; 8). In the older publications, published when the Y-BOCS was not yet available, 90% of patients were deemed to have had a significant clinical response and 39% of patients were considered symptom free. The rate of serious complications was low.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In summary, AC is a safe, well-tolerated, and efficacious therapy. Its underuse is likely a result of historical prejudice rather than lack of clinical effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.4.jns19275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,12]],"date-time":"2019-10-12T00:11:58Z","timestamp":1570839118000},"page":"1595-1604","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Anterior capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of old and new literature"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Joshua","family":"Pepper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludvic","family":"Zrinzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwan","family":"Hariz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurgical Treatment in Psychiatry, Pain and Epilepsy","article-title":"Stereotactic anterior capsulotomy in anxiety and obsessive-compulsive states","author":"Bingley T","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bingley T, Leksell L, Meyerson B, Rylander G: Stereotactic anterior capsulotomy in anxiety and obsessive-compulsive states, in Sweet WH, Obrador S, Martin Rodriguez JG (eds): Neurosurgical Treatment in Psychiatry, Pain and Epilepsy. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1977"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Biological Psychiatry. Proceedings of the Third World Congress on Biological Psychiatry","article-title":"Stereotactic surgery in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis","author":"Burzaco J","year":"1981","unstructured":"Burzaco J: Stereotactic surgery in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis, in Perris C, Struwe G, Janssen B (eds): Biological Psychiatry. Proceedings of the Third World Congress on Biological Psychiatry. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1981"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1159\/000070837","article-title":"Anterior capsulotomy for treatment of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: results in a young and an old patient","volume":"79","author":"Christensen DD","year":"2002","unstructured":"Christensen DD, Laitinen LV, Schmidt LJ, Hariz MI: Anterior capsulotomy for treatment of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: results in a young and an old patient. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 79:234\u2013244, 200210.1159\/000070837"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"CNS Spectr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900007665","article-title":"Surgery for psychiatric disorders","volume":"5","author":"Cosgrove GR","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cosgrove GR: Surgery for psychiatric disorders. CNS Spectr 5:43\u201352, 200010.1017\/S109285290000766517632451"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Affect Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.02.127","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder treated by anterior capsulotomy: a neuropsychological study","volume":"126","author":"Csig\u00f3 K","year":"2010","unstructured":"Csig\u00f3 K, Hars\u00e1nyi A, Demeter G, Rajkai C, N\u00e9meth A, Racsm\u00e1ny M: Long-term follow-up of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder treated by anterior capsulotomy: a neuropsychological study. J Affect Disord 126:198\u2013205, 20102029910810.1016\/j.jad.2010.02.127"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303826","article-title":"Bilateral stereotactic anterior capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: long-term follow-up","volume":"84","author":"D\u2019Astous M","year":"2013","unstructured":"D\u2019Astous M, Cottin S, Roy M, Picard C, Cantin L: Bilateral stereotactic anterior capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: long-term follow-up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 84:1208\u20131213, 20132373392210.1136\/jnnp-2012-303826"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Indian J Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.111455","article-title":"Suicidal behaviour of Indian patients with obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"55","author":"Dhyani M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dhyani M, Trivedi JK, Nischal A, Sinha PK, Verma S, : Suicidal behaviour of Indian patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Indian J Psychiatry 55:161\u2013166, 20132382585110.4103\/0019-5545.111455"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Indian J Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.86823","article-title":"Anterior capsulotomy for refractory OCD: First case as per the core group guidelines","volume":"53","author":"Doshi PK","year":"2011","unstructured":"Doshi PK: Anterior capsulotomy for refractory OCD: First case as per the core group guidelines. Indian J Psychiatry 53:270\u2013273, 201110.4103\/0019-5545.86823"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145704004675","article-title":"Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"8","author":"Fineberg NA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fineberg NA, Gale TM: Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 8:107\u2013129, 20051545012610.1017\/S1461145704004675"},{"issue":"1\u201323","key":"b10","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01402207","article-title":"Treatment of chronic obsessive compulsive states with stereotactic anterior capsulotomy or cingulotomy","volume":"62","author":"Fodstad H","year":"1982","unstructured":"Fodstad H, Strandman E, Karlsson B, West KA: Treatment of chronic obsessive compulsive states with stereotactic anterior capsulotomy or cingulotomy. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 62:1\u201323, 198210.1007\/BF01402207"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.8.5.563","article-title":"An update on the pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"8","author":"Fontenelle LF","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fontenelle LF, Nascimento AL, Mendlowicz MV, Shavitt RG, Versiani M: An update on the pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother 8:563\u2013583, 20071737601310.1517\/14656566.8.5.563"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007","article-title":"The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability","volume":"46","author":"Goodman WK","year":"1989","unstructured":"Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Fleischmann RL, Hill CL, : The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:1006\u20131011, 198910.1001\/archpsyc.1989.018101100480072684084"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1159\/000313870","article-title":"Response to sham and active gamma ventral capsulotomy in otherwise intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"88","author":"Gouvea F","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gouvea F, Lopes A, Greenberg B, Canteras M, Taub A, Mathis M, : Response to sham and active gamma ventral capsulotomy in otherwise intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 88:177\u2013182, 201010.1159\/00031387020431329"},{"issue":"2","key":"b14","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.4.FOCUS10106","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation between 1947 and 1987: the untold story","volume":"29","author":"Hariz MI","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hariz MI, Blomstedt P, Zrinzo L: Deep brain stimulation between 1947 and 1987: the untold story. Neurosurg Focus 29(2):E1, 201010.3171\/2010.4.FOCUS1010620672911"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl","first-page":"941","article-title":"Treatment of mental disorders with frontal stereotactic thermal lesions. A follow up of 116 cases","volume":"36","author":"Herner T","year":"1961","unstructured":"Herner T: Treatment of mental disorders with frontal stereotactic thermal lesions. A follow up of 116 cases. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 36:941, 1961 (Abstract)"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.170188","article-title":"A study of novel bilateral thermal capsulotomy with focused ultrasound for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: 2-year follow-up","volume":"43","author":"Kim SJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim SJ, Roh D, Jung HH, Chang WS, Kim CH, Chang JW: A study of novel bilateral thermal capsulotomy with focused ultrasound for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: 2-year follow-up. J Psychiatry Neurosci 43:327\u2013337, 20183012524110.1503\/jpn.170188"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3181fc5c8b","article-title":"Results following gamma knife radiosurgical anterior capsulotomies for obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"68","author":"Kondziolka D","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kondziolka D, Flickinger JC, Hudak R: Results following gamma knife radiosurgical anterior capsulotomies for obsessive compulsive disorder. Neurosurgery 68:28\u201333, 20112115075210.1227\/NEU.0b013e3181fc5c8b"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Neurosurgical Treatment in Psychiatry, Pain and Epilepsy","first-page":"301","article-title":"Differences in effect of capsulotomy and cingulotomy","author":"Kullberg G","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kullberg G: Differences in effect of capsulotomy and cingulotomy, in Sweet WH, Obrador S, Martin-Rodriguez JG (eds): Neurosurgical Treatment in Psychiatry, Pain and Epilepsy. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1977, pp 301\u2013308"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Psychosurgery. New Techniques for Brain Disorders","first-page":"28","article-title":"A controversial past","author":"L\u00e9v\u00eaque M","year":"2014","unstructured":"L\u00e9v\u00eaque M: A controversial past, in Psychosurgery. New Techniques for Brain Disorders. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2014, pp 28\u201330"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Neurol India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.4103\/neuroindia.NI_510_16","article-title":"Bilateral anterior capsulotomy for patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a multicenter, long-term, follow-up study","volume":"65","author":"Liu HB","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu HB, Zhong Q, Wang W: Bilateral anterior capsulotomy for patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a multicenter, long-term, follow-up study. Neurol India 65:770\u2013776, 20172868174910.4103\/neuroindia.NI_510_16"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2007.07.086","article-title":"Stereotactic treatment of refractory obsessive compulsive disorder by bilateral capsulotomy with 3 years follow-up","volume":"15","author":"Liu K","year":"2008","unstructured":"Liu K, Zhang H, Liu C, Guan Y, Lang L, Cheng Y, : Stereotactic treatment of refractory obsessive compulsive disorder by bilateral capsulotomy with 3 years follow-up. J Clin Neurosci 15:622\u2013629, 200810.1016\/j.jocn.2007.07.08618406144"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"JAMA Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1193","article-title":"Gamma ventral capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"71","author":"Lopes AC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lopes AC, Greenberg BD, Canteras MM, Batistuzzo MC, Hoexter MQ, Gentil AF, : Gamma ventral capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 71:1066\u20131076, 201410.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.119325054836"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2009.21.4.381","article-title":"Treatment of resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder with ventral capsular\/ventral striatal gamma capsulotomy: a pilot prospective study","volume":"21","author":"Lopes AC","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lopes AC, Greenberg BD, Nor\u00e9n G, Canteras MM, Busatto GF, de Mathis ME, : Treatment of resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder with ventral capsular\/ventral striatal gamma capsulotomy: a pilot prospective study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 21:381\u2013392, 20091999624610.1176\/jnp.2009.21.4.381"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Mol Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.124","article-title":"Electrical stimulation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis alleviates severe obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"21","author":"Luyten L","year":"2016","unstructured":"Luyten L, Hendrickx S, Raymaekers S, Gabri\u00ebls L, Nuttin B: Electrical stimulation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis alleviates severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 21:1272\u20131280, 201610.1038\/mp.2015.12426303665"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Confin Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1159\/000102722","article-title":"Alteration of pain perception by stereotactic lesions of fronto-thalamic pathways","volume":"37","author":"Martinez SN","year":"1975","unstructured":"Martinez SN, Bertrand C, Negro PMM, Perez-Calvo JM: Alteration of pain perception by stereotactic lesions of fronto-thalamic pathways. Confin Neurol 37:113\u2013118, 1975109377410.1159\/000102722"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Mol Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0054-0","article-title":"Evolution of gamma knife capsulotomy for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"24","author":"Miguel EC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miguel EC, Lopes AC, McLaughlin NCR, Nor\u00e9n G, Gentil AF, Hamani C, : Evolution of gamma knife capsulotomy for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 24:218\u2013240, 201910.1038\/s41380-018-0054-029743581"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.10.1288","article-title":"Magnetic resonance images related to clinical outcome after psychosurgical intervention in severe anxiety disorder","volume":"50","author":"Mindus P","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mindus P, Bergstr\u00f6m K, Levander SE, Nor\u00e9n G, Hindmarsh T, Thuomas KA: Magnetic resonance images related to clinical outcome after psychosurgical intervention in severe anxiety disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50:1288\u20131293, 198710.1136\/jnnp.50.10.12883681307"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Operative Neurosurgical Techniques","first-page":"1443","article-title":"Anterior capsulotomy for intractable anxiety disorders","author":"Mindus P","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mindus P, Meyerson B: Anterior capsulotomy for intractable anxiety disorders, in Schmidek H, Sweet WH (eds): Operative Neurosurgical Techniques. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1995, pp 1443\u20131455"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)02376-4","article-title":"Electrical stimulation in anterior limbs of internal capsules in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"354","author":"Nuttin B","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nuttin B, Cosyns P, Demeulemeester H, Gybels J, Meyerson B: Electrical stimulation in anterior limbs of internal capsules in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet 354:1526, 199910.1016\/S0140-6736(99)02376-410551504"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1159\/000075110","article-title":"Bilateral anterior capsulotomy for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorders","volume":"81","author":"Oliver B","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oliver B, Gasc\u00f3n J, Aparicio A, Ayats E, Rodriguez R, Maestro De Le\u00f3n JL, : Bilateral anterior capsulotomy for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorders. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 81:90\u201395, 200310.1159\/00007511014742970"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.11.JNS132618","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation versus anterior capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of the literature","volume":"122","author":"Pepper J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pepper J, Hariz M, Zrinzo L: Deep brain stimulation versus anterior capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of the literature. J Neurosurg 122:1028\u20131037, 201510.3171\/2014.11.JNS13261825635480"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.862258","article-title":"Adverse effects associated with high-dose olanzapine therapy in patients admitted to inpatient psychiatric care","volume":"52","author":"Petersen AB","year":"2014","unstructured":"Petersen AB, Andersen SE, Christensen M, Larsen HL: Adverse effects associated with high-dose olanzapine therapy in patients admitted to inpatient psychiatric care. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 52:39\u201343, 201410.3109\/15563650.2013.862258"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Modern Concepts in Psychiatric Surgery","first-page":"337","article-title":"A paradox of psychosurgical evaluation","author":"Price JS","year":"1979","unstructured":"Price JS: A paradox of psychosurgical evaluation, in Hitchcock ER, Ballantine HT, Meyerson B (eds): Modern Concepts in Psychiatric Surgery. Amsterdam: Elsevier\/North-Holland Biomedical Press, 1979, pp 337\u2013338"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Biol Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.11.034","article-title":"Gamma ventral capsulotomy in intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"84","author":"Rasmussen SA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rasmussen SA, Noren G, Greenberg BD, Marsland R, McLaughlin NC, Malloy PJ, : Gamma ventral capsulotomy in intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 84:355\u2013364, 20182936126810.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.11.034"},{"issue":"S2\u2013S26","key":"b35","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.08.002","article-title":"Surgery of the mind, mood, and conscious state: an idea in evolution","volume":"80","author":"Robison RA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Robison RA, Taghva A, Liu CY, Apuzzo ML: Surgery of the mind, mood, and conscious state: an idea in evolution. World Neurosurg 80:S2\u2013S26, 201310.1016\/j.wneu.2013.08.00223916496"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Modern Concepts in Psychiatric Surgery","first-page":"235","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery in anxiety and obsessive compulsive states: psychiatric aspects","author":"Rylander G","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rylander G: Stereotactic radiosurgery in anxiety and obsessive compulsive states: psychiatric aspects, in Hitchcock ER, Ballantine HT, Meyerson B (eds): Modern Concepts in Psychiatric Surgery. Amsterdam: Elsevier\/North Holland Biomedical Press, 1979, pp 235\u2013240"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.8.914","article-title":"Capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: long-term follow-up of 25 patients","volume":"65","author":"R\u00fcck C","year":"2008","unstructured":"R\u00fcck C, Karlsson A, Steele JD, Edman G, Meyerson BA, Ericson K, : Capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: long-term follow-up of 25 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65:914\u2013921, 200810.1001\/archpsyc.65.8.91418678796"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.5.JNS13201","article-title":"Gamma Knife surgery anterior capsulotomy for severe and refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"119","author":"Sheehan JP","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sheehan JP, Patterson G, Schlesinger D, Xu Z: Gamma Knife surgery anterior capsulotomy for severe and refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neurosurg 119:1112\u20131118, 201310.3171\/2013.5.JNS1320123829816"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"J Nucl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.113.126409","article-title":"Differences in metabolic network modulation between capsulotomy and deep-brain stimulation for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"55","author":"Suetens K","year":"2014","unstructured":"Suetens K, Nuttin B, Gabri\u00ebls L, Van Laere K: Differences in metabolic network modulation between capsulotomy and deep-brain stimulation for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Nucl Med 55:951\u2013959, 20142472253110.2967\/jnumed.113.126409"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"427","article-title":"The burden of mental disorders: a comparison of methods between the Australian burden of disease studies and the Global Burden of Disease study","volume":"78","author":"Vos T","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vos T, Mathers CD: The burden of mental disorders: a comparison of methods between the Australian burden of disease studies and the Global Burden of Disease study. Bull World Health Organ 78:427\u2013438, 200010885161"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.5.10.2059","article-title":"Pharmacological augmentation strategies for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"5","author":"Walsh KH","year":"2004","unstructured":"Walsh KH, McDougle CJ: Pharmacological augmentation strategies for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother 5:2059\u20132067, 20041546154110.1517\/14656566.5.10.2059"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-006-0769-6","article-title":"Frameless stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"148","author":"Woerdeman PA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Woerdeman PA, Willems PWA, Noordmans HJ, Berkelbach van der Sprenkel JW, van Rijen PC: Frameless stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 148:633\u2013637, 200610.1007\/s00701-006-0769-6"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2014.01.009","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of bilateral anterior capsulotomy in patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"119","author":"Zhan S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhan S, Liu W, Li D, Pan S, Pan Y, Li Y, : Long-term follow-up of bilateral anterior capsulotomy in patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 119:91\u201395, 201410.1016\/j.clineuro.2014.01.00924635934"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/133\/5\/article-p1595.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/133\/5\/article-p1595.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/133\/5\/article-p1595.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T19:44:15Z","timestamp":1679859855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/133\/5\/article-p1595.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2019.4.jns19275","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}}}