{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T09:08:17Z","timestamp":1779527297233,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n Intracranial fungal granuloma (IFG) remains an uncommon entity. The authors report a single-institute study of 90 cases of IFG, which is the largest study until now.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n In this retrospective study, all cases of IFG surgically treated in the years 2001\u20132018 were included. Data were obtained from the medical records and the pathology, microbiology, and radiology departments. All relevant clinical data, imaging characteristics, surgical procedure performed, perioperative findings, and follow-up data were recorded from the case files. Telephonic follow-up was also performed for a few patients to find out their current status.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n A total of 90 cases consisting of 64 males (71.1%) and 26 (28.9%) females were evaluated. The mean patient age was 40.2 years (range 1\u201379 years). Headache (54 patients) was the most common presenting complaint, followed by visual symptoms (35 patients), fever (21 patients), and others such as limb weakness (13 patients) or seizure (9 patients). Cranial nerve involvement was the most common sign (47 patients), followed by motor deficit (22 patients) and papilledema (7 patients). The mean duration of symptoms before presentation was 6.4 months (range 0.06\u201348 months). Thirty patients (33.3%) had predisposing factors like diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, or other immunocompromised status. A pure intracranial location of the IFG was seen in 49 cases (54.4%), whereas rhinocerebral or paranasal sinus involvement was seen in 41 cases (45.6%). Open surgery, that is, craniotomy and decompression, was performed in 55 cases, endoscopic biopsy was done in 30 cases, and stereotactic biopsy was performed in 5 cases. Aspergilloma (43 patients) was the most common fungal mass, followed by zygomycosis (13 patients), chromomycosis (9 patients), cryptococcoma (7 patients), mucormycosis (5 patients), and candida infection (1 patient). In 12 cases, the exact fungal phenotype could not be identified. Follow-up was available for 69\/90 patients (76.7%). The mean duration of the follow-up was 37.97 months (range 3\u2013144 months). The mortality rate was 52.2% (36\/69 patients) among the patients with available follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n A high index of suspicion for IFG should exist for patients with an immunocompromised status and diabetic patients with rhinocerebral mass lesions. Early diagnosis, aggressive surgical decompression, and a course of promptly initiated antifungal therapy are associated with a better prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.5.focus19252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]],"date-time":"2019-08-02T19:18:24Z","timestamp":1564773504000},"page":"E14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Intracranial fungal granuloma: a single-institute study of 90 cases over 18 years"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Ajit","family":"Mishra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andiperumal Raj","family":"Prabhuraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhaval P.","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bevinahalli N.","family":"Nandeesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropathology,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagarathna","family":"Chandrashekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromicrobiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arvinda","family":"Ramalingaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arimappamagan","family":"Arivazhagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhananjaya Ishwar","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sampath","family":"Somanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhagavatula Indira","family":"Devi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Case report. J Neurosurg","first-page":"107","article-title":"Cerebral mycotic aneurysm of fungal origin","volume":"49","author":"Ahuja GK","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ahuja GK, Jain N, Vijayaraghavan M, Roy S: Cerebral mycotic aneurysm of fungal origin. Case report. J Neurosurg 49:107\u2013110, 1978"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-90-1-4","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in acute leukemia: correlation with nose cultures and antibiotic use","volume":"90","author":"Aisner J","year":"1979","unstructured":"Aisner J, Murillo J, Schimpff SC, Steere AC: Invasive aspergillosis in acute leukemia: correlation with nose cultures and antibiotic use. Ann Intern Med 90:4\u20139, 197910565710.7326\/0003-4819-90-1-4"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol","first-page":"91","article-title":"Cerebral aspergillosis report of 8 cases","volume":"20","author":"Banerjee AK","year":"1977","unstructured":"Banerjee AK, Singh MS, Kak VK, Talwar P, Rout D: Cerebral aspergillosis report of 8 cases. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 20:91\u201399, 1977608764"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.32.5.473","article-title":"Aspergillosis of the nervous system","volume":"32","author":"Beal MF","year":"1982","unstructured":"Beal MF, O\u2019Carroll CP, Kleinman GM, Grossman RI: Aspergillosis of the nervous system. Neurology 32:473\u2013479, 1982720020410.1212\/WNL.32.5.473"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947007900107","article-title":"Rhinocerebral and otologic mucormycosis","volume":"79","author":"Bergstrom L","year":"1970","unstructured":"Bergstrom L, Hemenway WG, Barnhart RA: Rhinocerebral and otologic mucormycosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 79:70\u201381, 1970541560610.1177\/000348947007900107"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Neurol India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.35679","article-title":"Epidemiology of central nervous system mycoses","volume":"55","author":"Chakrabarti A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chakrabarti A: Epidemiology of central nervous system mycoses. Neurol India 55:191\u2013197, 20071792164710.4103\/0028-3886.35679"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Neurol India","first-page":"167","article-title":"Aspergillosis of the central nervous system. A clinical and mycopathological study of 9 cases","volume":"23","author":"Deshpande DH","year":"1975","unstructured":"Deshpande DH, Desai AP, Dastur HM: Aspergillosis of the central nervous system. A clinical and mycopathological study of 9 cases. Neurol India 23:167\u2013175, 19751219494"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Ophthalmic Surg","first-page":"240","article-title":"Orbital aspergillosis","volume":"14","author":"Dortzbach RK","year":"1983","unstructured":"Dortzbach RK, Segrest DR: Orbital aspergillosis. Ophthalmic Surg 14:240\u2013244, 19836343937"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2004.04.020","article-title":"Intracranial fungal granuloma: analysis of 40 patients and review of the literature","volume":"63","author":"Dubey A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dubey A, Patwardhan RV, Sampth S, Santosh V, Kolluri S, Nanda A: Intracranial fungal granuloma: analysis of 40 patients and review of the literature. Surg Neurol 63:254\u2013260, 200510.1016\/j.surneu.2004.04.02015734518"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Eur J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01755.x","article-title":"Relevant imaging findings of cerebral aspergillosis on MRI: a retrospective case-based study in immunocompromised patients","volume":"14","author":"Gabelmann A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gabelmann A, Klein S, Kern W, Kr\u00fcger S, Brambs HJ, Rieber-Brambs A, : Relevant imaging findings of cerebral aspergillosis on MRI: a retrospective case-based study in immunocompromised patients. Eur J Neurol 14:548\u2013555, 200710.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01755.x17437615"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Neurol India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.35690","article-title":"Central nervous system cladosporiosis: an account of ten culture-proven cases","volume":"55","author":"Garg N","year":"2007","unstructured":"Garg N, Devi IB, Vajramani GV, Nagarathna S, Sampath S, Chandramouli BA, : Central nervous system cladosporiosis: an account of ten culture-proven cases. Neurol India 55:282\u2013288, 20071792165810.4103\/0028-3886.35690"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant","first-page":"185","article-title":"Central nervous system complications after lung transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Goldstein LS","year":"1998","unstructured":"Goldstein LS, Haug MT III, Perl J II, Perl MK, Maurer JR, Arroliga AC, : Central nervous system complications after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 17:185\u2013191, 19989513857"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198110000-00007","article-title":"Computed tomography of intracranial aspergillosis","volume":"5","author":"Grossman RI","year":"1981","unstructured":"Grossman RI, Davis KR, Taveras JM, Beal MF, O\u2019Carroll CP: Computed tomography of intracranial aspergillosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5:646\u2013650, 198110.1097\/00004728-198110000-000077298940"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3109\/02688699309103492","article-title":"Intracranial aspergillus granuloma","volume":"7","author":"Haran RP","year":"1993","unstructured":"Haran RP, Chandy MJ: Intracranial aspergillus granuloma. Br J Neurosurg 7:383\u2013388, 1993821690810.3109\/02688699309103492"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02188786","article-title":"Intracranial mycotic infections in neurosurgical practice","volume":"137","author":"Jamjoom AB","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jamjoom AB, al-Hedaithy SAS, Jamjoom ZAB, al-Hedaithy M, el-Watidy SF, Rahman N, : Intracranial mycotic infections in neurosurgical practice. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 137:78\u201384, 199510.1007\/BF021887868748874"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E571","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000255338.18404.C1","article-title":"Cerebellar cryptococcoma in a patient with undiagnosed sarcoidosis: case report","volume":"60","author":"Kanaly CW","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kanaly CW, Selznick LA, Cummings TJ, Adamson DC: Cerebellar cryptococcoma in a patient with undiagnosed sarcoidosis: case report. Neurosurgery 60:E571, 200710.1227\/01.NEU.0000255338.18404.C1"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol","first-page":"199","article-title":"Conventional and diffusion-weighted MR imaging of cerebral aspergillosis","volume":"11","author":"Keyik B","year":"2005","unstructured":"Keyik B, Edg\u00fcer T, Hekimo\u011flu B: Conventional and diffusion-weighted MR imaging of cerebral aspergillosis. Diagn Interv Radiol 11:199\u2013201, 200516320224"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.62.4.0475","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): experience at UCSF and review of the literature","volume":"62","author":"Levy RM","year":"1985","unstructured":"Levy RM, Bredesen DE, Rosenblum ML: Neurological manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): experience at UCSF and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 62:475\u2013495, 1985298305110.3171\/jns.1985.62.4.0475"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.5.PEDS1112","article-title":"An unusual infection, an unusual outcome\u2014Fonsecaea pedrosoi cerebral granuloma","volume":"8","author":"Madhugiri VS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Madhugiri VS, Bhagavatula ID, Mahadevan A, Siddaiah N: An unusual infection, an unusual outcome\u2014Fonsecaea pedrosoi cerebral granuloma. J Neurosurg Pediatr 8:229\u2013232, 20112180636710.3171\/2011.5.PEDS1112"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"J Clin Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.1059","article-title":"Fungal brain abscesses in neonates: Sonographic appearances and corresponding histopathologic findings","volume":"29","author":"Marcinkowski M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marcinkowski M, Bauer K, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Versmold H: Fungal brain abscesses in neonates: Sonographic appearances and corresponding histopathologic findings. J Clin Ultrasound 29:417\u2013421, 20011157940610.1002\/jcu.1059"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Laryngoscope","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198005000-00003","article-title":"Fulminant aspergillosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses: a new clinical entity","volume":"90","author":"McGill TJ","year":"1980","unstructured":"McGill TJ, Simpson G, Healy GB: Fulminant aspergillosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses: a new clinical entity. Laryngoscope 90:748\u2013754, 1980737430410.1288\/00005537-198005000-00003"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(78)90069-2","article-title":"Aspergillosis of the central nervous system","volume":"38","author":"Mohandas S","year":"1978","unstructured":"Mohandas S, Ahuja GK, Sood VP, Virmani V: Aspergillosis of the central nervous system. J Neurol Sci 38:229\u2013233, 197810.1016\/0022-510X(78)90069-2712385"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"J Assoc Physicians India","first-page":"677","article-title":"Aspergillosis of central nervous system: a study of 21 patients seen in a university hospital in south India","volume":"48","author":"Murthy JM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Murthy JM, Sundaram C, Prasad VS, Purohit AK, Rammurti S, Laxmi V: Aspergillosis of central nervous system: a study of 21 patients seen in a university hospital in south India. J Assoc Physicians India 48:677\u2013681, 2000"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.01.053","article-title":"Intracranial fungal granulomas: a single institutional clinicopathologic study of 66 patients and review of the literature","volume":"83","author":"Naik V","year":"2015","unstructured":"Naik V, Ahmed FU, Gupta A, Garg A, Sarkar C, Sharma B, : Intracranial fungal granulomas: a single institutional clinicopathologic study of 66 patients and review of the literature. World Neurosurg 83:1166\u20131172, 201510.1016\/j.wneu.2015.01.05325700969"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Comput Med Imaging Graph","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-6111(03)00033-8","article-title":"CT and MR findings of brain aspergillosis","volume":"27","author":"Okafuji T","year":"2003","unstructured":"Okafuji T, Yabuuchi H, Nagatoshi Y, Hattanda Y, Fukuya T: CT and MR findings of brain aspergillosis. Comput Med Imaging Graph 27:489\u2013492, 200310.1016\/S0895-6111(03)00033-8"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Acta Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/02841850600580325","article-title":"Central nervous system aspergillosis: magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy features","volume":"47","author":"Oner AY","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oner AY, Celik H, Akpek S, Tokgoz N: Central nervous system aspergillosis: magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy features. Acta Radiol 47:408\u2013412, 200610.1080\/0284185060058032516739702"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/70.1.31","article-title":"The emergence of candidosis. The dominant postmortem cerebral mycosis","volume":"70","author":"Parker JC Jr","year":"1978","unstructured":"Parker JC Jr, McCloskey JJ, Lee RS: The emergence of candidosis. The dominant postmortem cerebral mycosis. Am J Clin Pathol 70:31\u201336, 197856793910.1093\/ajcp\/70.1.31"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Neurol India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.35688","article-title":"Surgical management of intracranial fungal masses","volume":"55","author":"Rajshekhar V","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rajshekhar V: Surgical management of intracranial fungal masses. Neurol India 55:267\u2013273, 200710.4103\/0028-3886.3568817921656"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2010.06.017","article-title":"Imaging findings in intracranial aspergillus infection in immunocompetent patients","volume":"74","author":"Saini J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saini J, Gupta AK, Jolapara MB, Chatterjee S, Pendharkar HS, Kesavadas C, : Imaging findings in intracranial aspergillus infection in immunocompetent patients. World Neurosurg 74:661\u2013670, 20102149263710.1016\/j.wneu.2010.06.017"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198403000-00004","article-title":"Fungal and yeast infections of the central nervous system. A clinical review","volume":"63","author":"Salaki JS","year":"1984","unstructured":"Salaki JS, Louria DB, Chmel H: Fungal and yeast infections of the central nervous system. A clinical review. Medicine (Baltimore) 63:108\u2013132, 198410.1097\/00005792-198403000-000046366452"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Neurol India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.63805","article-title":"Invasive rhino-cerebral fungal granuloma","volume":"58","author":"Selvam M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Selvam M, Pande A, Chakravarthy VM, Ramamurthi R: Invasive rhino-cerebral fungal granuloma. Neurol India 58:270\u2013276, 201010.4103\/0028-3886.6380520508348"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(96)00209-1","article-title":"Intracranial fungal granuloma","volume":"47","author":"Sharma BS","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sharma BS, Khosla VK, Kak VK, Banerjee AK, Vasishtha RK, Prasad KS, : Intracranial fungal granuloma. Surg Neurol 47:489\u2013497, 1997913103610.1016\/S0090-3019(96)00209-1"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3109\/02688699208995040","article-title":"Cerebral infarction due to Aspergillus arteritis following glioma surgery","volume":"6","author":"Sharma RR","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sharma RR, Gurusinghe NT, Lynch PG: Cerebral infarction due to Aspergillus arteritis following glioma surgery. Br J Neurosurg 6:485\u2013490, 199210.3109\/026886992089950401449673"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-005-0659-3","article-title":"Diagnostic MR imaging features of craniocerebral Aspergillosis of sino-nasal origin in immunocompetent patients","volume":"148","author":"Siddiqui AA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Siddiqui AA, Bashir SH, Ali Shah A, Sajjad Z, Ahmed N, Jooma R, : Diagnostic MR imaging features of craniocerebral Aspergillosis of sino-nasal origin in immunocompetent patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 148:155\u2013166, 200610.1007\/s00701-005-0659-316283103"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000134597.94269.48","article-title":"Craniocerebral aspergillosis of sinonasal origin in immunocompetent patients: clinical spectrum and outcome in 25 cases","volume":"55","author":"Siddiqui AA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Siddiqui AA, Shah AA, Bashir SH: Craniocerebral aspergillosis of sinonasal origin in immunocompetent patients: clinical spectrum and outcome in 25 cases. Neurosurgery 55:602\u2013613, 20041533542710.1227\/01.NEU.0000134597.94269.48"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Histopathology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2006.02515.x","article-title":"Pathology of fungal infections of the central nervous system: 17 years\u2019 experience from Southern India","volume":"49","author":"Sundaram C","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sundaram C, Umabala P, Laxmi V, Purohit AK, Prasad VSSV, Panigrahi M, : Pathology of fungal infections of the central nervous system: 17 years\u2019 experience from Southern India. Histopathology 49:396\u2013405, 200610.1111\/j.1365-2559.2006.02515.x16978203"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.056","article-title":"Intracranial cryptococcoma\u2014clinicopathologic correlation and surgical outcome: a single-institution experience","volume":"115","author":"Uppar A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uppar A, Raj ARP, Konar S, Kandregula S, Shukla D, Somanna S, : Intracranial cryptococcoma\u2014clinicopathologic correlation and surgical outcome: a single-institution experience. World Neurosurg 115:e349\u2013e359, 201810.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.056"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.11.1654","article-title":"Fungal infections of the central nervous system: comparative analysis of risk factors and clinical signs in 57 patients","volume":"35","author":"Walsh TJ","year":"1985","unstructured":"Walsh TJ, Hier DB, Caplan LR: Fungal infections of the central nervous system: comparative analysis of risk factors and clinical signs in 57 patients. Neurology 35:1654\u20131657, 198510.1212\/WNL.35.11.16544058755"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(85)90010-2","article-title":"Intracranial granuloma caused by Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"23","author":"Yanai Y","year":"1985","unstructured":"Yanai Y, Wakao T, Fukamachi A, Kunimine H: Intracranial granuloma caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Surg Neurol 23:597\u2013604, 198510.1016\/0090-3019(85)90010-23887626"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.63.3.0371","article-title":"Surgical treatment for fungal infections in the central nervous system","volume":"63","author":"Young RF","year":"1985","unstructured":"Young RF, Gade G, Grinnell V: Surgical treatment for fungal infections in the central nervous system. J Neurosurg 63:371\u2013381, 198510.3171\/jns.1985.63.3.03714020464"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Case report. J Neurosurg","first-page":"107","article-title":"Cerebral mycotic aneurysm of fungal origin","volume":"49","author":"Ahuja GK","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ahuja GK, Jain N, Vijayaraghavan M, Roy S: Cerebral mycotic aneurysm of fungal origin. Case report. J Neurosurg 49:107\u2013110, 1978"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-90-1-4","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in acute leukemia: correlation with nose cultures and antibiotic use","volume":"90","author":"Aisner J","year":"1979","unstructured":"Aisner J, Murillo J, Schimpff SC, Steere AC: Invasive aspergillosis in acute leukemia: correlation with nose cultures and antibiotic use. Ann Intern Med 90:4\u20139, 197910565710.7326\/0003-4819-90-1-4"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol","first-page":"91","article-title":"Cerebral aspergillosis report of 8 cases","volume":"20","author":"Banerjee AK","year":"1977","unstructured":"Banerjee AK, Singh MS, Kak VK, Talwar P, Rout D: Cerebral aspergillosis report of 8 cases. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 20:91\u201399, 1977608764"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.32.5.473","article-title":"Aspergillosis of the nervous system","volume":"32","author":"Beal MF","year":"1982","unstructured":"Beal MF, O\u2019Carroll CP, Kleinman GM, Grossman RI: Aspergillosis of the nervous system. Neurology 32:473\u2013479, 1982720020410.1212\/WNL.32.5.473"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947007900107","article-title":"Rhinocerebral and otologic mucormycosis","volume":"79","author":"Bergstrom L","year":"1970","unstructured":"Bergstrom L, Hemenway WG, Barnhart RA: Rhinocerebral and otologic mucormycosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 79:70\u201381, 1970541560610.1177\/000348947007900107"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Neurol India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.35679","article-title":"Epidemiology of central nervous system mycoses","volume":"55","author":"Chakrabarti A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chakrabarti A: Epidemiology of central nervous system mycoses. Neurol India 55:191\u2013197, 20071792164710.4103\/0028-3886.35679"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Neurol India","first-page":"167","article-title":"Aspergillosis of the central nervous system. A clinical and mycopathological study of 9 cases","volume":"23","author":"Deshpande DH","year":"1975","unstructured":"Deshpande DH, Desai AP, Dastur HM: Aspergillosis of the central nervous system. A clinical and mycopathological study of 9 cases. Neurol India 23:167\u2013175, 19751219494"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Ophthalmic Surg","first-page":"240","article-title":"Orbital aspergillosis","volume":"14","author":"Dortzbach RK","year":"1983","unstructured":"Dortzbach RK, Segrest DR: Orbital aspergillosis. Ophthalmic Surg 14:240\u2013244, 19836343937"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2004.04.020","article-title":"Intracranial fungal granuloma: analysis of 40 patients and review of the literature","volume":"63","author":"Dubey A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dubey A, Patwardhan RV, Sampth S, Santosh V, Kolluri S, Nanda A: Intracranial fungal granuloma: analysis of 40 patients and review of the literature. Surg Neurol 63:254\u2013260, 200510.1016\/j.surneu.2004.04.02015734518"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Eur J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01755.x","article-title":"Relevant imaging findings of cerebral aspergillosis on MRI: a retrospective case-based study in immunocompromised patients","volume":"14","author":"Gabelmann A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gabelmann A, Klein S, Kern W, Kr\u00fcger S, Brambs HJ, Rieber-Brambs A, : Relevant imaging findings of cerebral aspergillosis on MRI: a retrospective case-based study in immunocompromised patients. Eur J Neurol 14:548\u2013555, 200710.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01755.x17437615"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Neurol India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.35690","article-title":"Central nervous system cladosporiosis: an account of ten culture-proven cases","volume":"55","author":"Garg N","year":"2007","unstructured":"Garg N, Devi IB, Vajramani GV, Nagarathna S, Sampath S, Chandramouli BA, : Central nervous system cladosporiosis: an account of ten culture-proven cases. Neurol India 55:282\u2013288, 20071792165810.4103\/0028-3886.35690"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant","first-page":"185","article-title":"Central nervous system complications after lung transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Goldstein LS","year":"1998","unstructured":"Goldstein LS, Haug MT III, Perl J II, Perl MK, Maurer JR, Arroliga AC, : Central nervous system complications after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 17:185\u2013191, 19989513857"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198110000-00007","article-title":"Computed tomography of intracranial aspergillosis","volume":"5","author":"Grossman RI","year":"1981","unstructured":"Grossman RI, Davis KR, Taveras JM, Beal MF, O\u2019Carroll CP: Computed tomography of intracranial aspergillosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5:646\u2013650, 198110.1097\/00004728-198110000-000077298940"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3109\/02688699309103492","article-title":"Intracranial aspergillus granuloma","volume":"7","author":"Haran RP","year":"1993","unstructured":"Haran RP, Chandy MJ: Intracranial aspergillus granuloma. Br J Neurosurg 7:383\u2013388, 1993821690810.3109\/02688699309103492"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02188786","article-title":"Intracranial mycotic infections in neurosurgical practice","volume":"137","author":"Jamjoom AB","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jamjoom AB, al-Hedaithy SAS, Jamjoom ZAB, al-Hedaithy M, el-Watidy SF, Rahman N, : Intracranial mycotic infections in neurosurgical practice. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 137:78\u201384, 199510.1007\/BF021887868748874"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E571","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000255338.18404.C1","article-title":"Cerebellar cryptococcoma in a patient with undiagnosed sarcoidosis: case report","volume":"60","author":"Kanaly CW","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kanaly CW, Selznick LA, Cummings TJ, Adamson DC: Cerebellar cryptococcoma in a patient with undiagnosed sarcoidosis: case report. Neurosurgery 60:E571, 200710.1227\/01.NEU.0000255338.18404.C1"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol","first-page":"199","article-title":"Conventional and diffusion-weighted MR imaging of cerebral aspergillosis","volume":"11","author":"Keyik B","year":"2005","unstructured":"Keyik B, Edg\u00fcer T, Hekimo\u011flu B: Conventional and diffusion-weighted MR imaging of cerebral aspergillosis. Diagn Interv Radiol 11:199\u2013201, 200516320224"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.62.4.0475","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): experience at UCSF and review of the literature","volume":"62","author":"Levy RM","year":"1985","unstructured":"Levy RM, Bredesen DE, Rosenblum ML: Neurological manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): experience at UCSF and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 62:475\u2013495, 1985298305110.3171\/jns.1985.62.4.0475"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.5.PEDS1112","article-title":"An unusual infection, an unusual outcome\u2014Fonsecaea pedrosoi cerebral granuloma","volume":"8","author":"Madhugiri VS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Madhugiri VS, Bhagavatula ID, Mahadevan A, Siddaiah N: An unusual infection, an unusual outcome\u2014Fonsecaea pedrosoi cerebral granuloma. J Neurosurg Pediatr 8:229\u2013232, 20112180636710.3171\/2011.5.PEDS1112"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"J Clin Ultrasound","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.1059","article-title":"Fungal brain abscesses in neonates: Sonographic appearances and corresponding histopathologic findings","volume":"29","author":"Marcinkowski M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marcinkowski M, Bauer K, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Versmold H: Fungal brain abscesses in neonates: Sonographic appearances and corresponding histopathologic findings. J Clin Ultrasound 29:417\u2013421, 20011157940610.1002\/jcu.1059"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Laryngoscope","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198005000-00003","article-title":"Fulminant aspergillosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses: a new clinical entity","volume":"90","author":"McGill TJ","year":"1980","unstructured":"McGill TJ, Simpson G, Healy GB: Fulminant aspergillosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses: a new clinical entity. Laryngoscope 90:748\u2013754, 1980737430410.1288\/00005537-198005000-00003"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(78)90069-2","article-title":"Aspergillosis of the central nervous system","volume":"38","author":"Mohandas S","year":"1978","unstructured":"Mohandas S, Ahuja GK, Sood VP, Virmani V: Aspergillosis of the central nervous system. J Neurol Sci 38:229\u2013233, 197810.1016\/0022-510X(78)90069-2712385"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"J Assoc Physicians India","first-page":"677","article-title":"Aspergillosis of central nervous system: a study of 21 patients seen in a university hospital in south India","volume":"48","author":"Murthy JM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Murthy JM, Sundaram C, Prasad VS, Purohit AK, Rammurti S, Laxmi V: Aspergillosis of central nervous system: a study of 21 patients seen in a university hospital in south India. J Assoc Physicians India 48:677\u2013681, 2000"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.01.053","article-title":"Intracranial fungal granulomas: a single institutional clinicopathologic study of 66 patients and review of the literature","volume":"83","author":"Naik V","year":"2015","unstructured":"Naik V, Ahmed FU, Gupta A, Garg A, Sarkar C, Sharma B, : Intracranial fungal granulomas: a single institutional clinicopathologic study of 66 patients and review of the literature. World Neurosurg 83:1166\u20131172, 201510.1016\/j.wneu.2015.01.05325700969"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Comput Med Imaging Graph","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-6111(03)00033-8","article-title":"CT and MR findings of brain aspergillosis","volume":"27","author":"Okafuji T","year":"2003","unstructured":"Okafuji T, Yabuuchi H, Nagatoshi Y, Hattanda Y, Fukuya T: CT and MR findings of brain aspergillosis. Comput Med Imaging Graph 27:489\u2013492, 200310.1016\/S0895-6111(03)00033-8"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Acta Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/02841850600580325","article-title":"Central nervous system aspergillosis: magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy features","volume":"47","author":"Oner AY","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oner AY, Celik H, Akpek S, Tokgoz N: Central nervous system aspergillosis: magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy features. Acta Radiol 47:408\u2013412, 200610.1080\/0284185060058032516739702"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/70.1.31","article-title":"The emergence of candidosis. The dominant postmortem cerebral mycosis","volume":"70","author":"Parker JC Jr","year":"1978","unstructured":"Parker JC Jr, McCloskey JJ, Lee RS: The emergence of candidosis. The dominant postmortem cerebral mycosis. Am J Clin Pathol 70:31\u201336, 197856793910.1093\/ajcp\/70.1.31"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Neurol India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.35688","article-title":"Surgical management of intracranial fungal masses","volume":"55","author":"Rajshekhar V","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rajshekhar V: Surgical management of intracranial fungal masses. Neurol India 55:267\u2013273, 200710.4103\/0028-3886.3568817921656"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2010.06.017","article-title":"Imaging findings in intracranial aspergillus infection in immunocompetent patients","volume":"74","author":"Saini J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saini J, Gupta AK, Jolapara MB, Chatterjee S, Pendharkar HS, Kesavadas C, : Imaging findings in intracranial aspergillus infection in immunocompetent patients. World Neurosurg 74:661\u2013670, 20102149263710.1016\/j.wneu.2010.06.017"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198403000-00004","article-title":"Fungal and yeast infections of the central nervous system. A clinical review","volume":"63","author":"Salaki JS","year":"1984","unstructured":"Salaki JS, Louria DB, Chmel H: Fungal and yeast infections of the central nervous system. A clinical review. Medicine (Baltimore) 63:108\u2013132, 198410.1097\/00005792-198403000-000046366452"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Neurol India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.63805","article-title":"Invasive rhino-cerebral fungal granuloma","volume":"58","author":"Selvam M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Selvam M, Pande A, Chakravarthy VM, Ramamurthi R: Invasive rhino-cerebral fungal granuloma. Neurol India 58:270\u2013276, 201010.4103\/0028-3886.6380520508348"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(96)00209-1","article-title":"Intracranial fungal granuloma","volume":"47","author":"Sharma BS","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sharma BS, Khosla VK, Kak VK, Banerjee AK, Vasishtha RK, Prasad KS, : Intracranial fungal granuloma. Surg Neurol 47:489\u2013497, 1997913103610.1016\/S0090-3019(96)00209-1"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3109\/02688699208995040","article-title":"Cerebral infarction due to Aspergillus arteritis following glioma surgery","volume":"6","author":"Sharma RR","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sharma RR, Gurusinghe NT, Lynch PG: Cerebral infarction due to Aspergillus arteritis following glioma surgery. Br J Neurosurg 6:485\u2013490, 199210.3109\/026886992089950401449673"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-005-0659-3","article-title":"Diagnostic MR imaging features of craniocerebral Aspergillosis of sino-nasal origin in immunocompetent patients","volume":"148","author":"Siddiqui AA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Siddiqui AA, Bashir SH, Ali Shah A, Sajjad Z, Ahmed N, Jooma R, : Diagnostic MR imaging features of craniocerebral Aspergillosis of sino-nasal origin in immunocompetent patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 148:155\u2013166, 200610.1007\/s00701-005-0659-316283103"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000134597.94269.48","article-title":"Craniocerebral aspergillosis of sinonasal origin in immunocompetent patients: clinical spectrum and outcome in 25 cases","volume":"55","author":"Siddiqui AA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Siddiqui AA, Shah AA, Bashir SH: Craniocerebral aspergillosis of sinonasal origin in immunocompetent patients: clinical spectrum and outcome in 25 cases. Neurosurgery 55:602\u2013613, 20041533542710.1227\/01.NEU.0000134597.94269.48"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Histopathology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2006.02515.x","article-title":"Pathology of fungal infections of the central nervous system: 17 years\u2019 experience from Southern India","volume":"49","author":"Sundaram C","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sundaram C, Umabala P, Laxmi V, Purohit AK, Prasad VSSV, Panigrahi M, : Pathology of fungal infections of the central nervous system: 17 years\u2019 experience from Southern India. Histopathology 49:396\u2013405, 200610.1111\/j.1365-2559.2006.02515.x16978203"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.056","article-title":"Intracranial cryptococcoma\u2014clinicopathologic correlation and surgical outcome: a single-institution experience","volume":"115","author":"Uppar A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uppar A, Raj ARP, Konar S, Kandregula S, Shukla D, Somanna S, : Intracranial cryptococcoma\u2014clinicopathologic correlation and surgical outcome: a single-institution experience. World Neurosurg 115:e349\u2013e359, 201810.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.056"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.11.1654","article-title":"Fungal infections of the central nervous system: comparative analysis of risk factors and clinical signs in 57 patients","volume":"35","author":"Walsh TJ","year":"1985","unstructured":"Walsh TJ, Hier DB, Caplan LR: Fungal infections of the central nervous system: comparative analysis of risk factors and clinical signs in 57 patients. Neurology 35:1654\u20131657, 198510.1212\/WNL.35.11.16544058755"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(85)90010-2","article-title":"Intracranial granuloma caused by Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"23","author":"Yanai Y","year":"1985","unstructured":"Yanai Y, Wakao T, Fukamachi A, Kunimine H: Intracranial granuloma caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Surg Neurol 23:597\u2013604, 198510.1016\/0090-3019(85)90010-23887626"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.63.3.0371","article-title":"Surgical treatment for fungal infections in the central nervous system","volume":"63","author":"Young RF","year":"1985","unstructured":"Young RF, Gade G, Grinnell V: Surgical treatment for fungal infections in the central nervous system. J Neurosurg 63:371\u2013381, 198510.3171\/jns.1985.63.3.03714020464"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/47\/2\/article-pE14.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/47\/2\/article-pE14.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/47\/2\/article-pE14.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T08:34:13Z","timestamp":1779525253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/47\/2\/article-pE14.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2019.5.focus19252","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}}}