{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T02:12:56Z","timestamp":1782526376957,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous patient surveys have shown that patients with spinal cord or cauda equina injuries prioritize recovery of bladder function. The authors sought to determine if nerve transfer after long-term decentralization restores bladder and sphincter function in canines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-four female canines were included in this study. Transection of sacral roots and hypogastric nerves (S Dec) was performed in 6 animals, and 7 animals underwent this procedure with additional transection of the L7 dorsal roots (L7d+S Dec). Twelve months later, 3 L7d+S Dec animals underwent obturator-to-pelvic nerve and sciatic-to-pudendal nerve transfers (L7d+S Dec+Reinn). Eleven animals served as controls. Squat-and-void behaviors were tracked before and after decentralization, after reinnervation, and following awake bladder-filling procedures. Bladders were cystoscopically injected with Fluoro-Gold 3 weeks before euthanasia. Immediately before euthanasia, transferred nerves were stimulated to evaluate motor function. Dorsal root ganglia were assessed for retrogradely labeled neurons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transection of only sacral roots failed to reduce squat-and-void postures; L7 dorsal root transection was necessary for significant reduction. Three L7d+S Dec animals showing loss of squat-and-void postures post-decentralization were chosen for reinnervation and recovered these postures 4\u20136 months after reinnervation. Each showed obturator nerve stimulation\u2013induced bladder contractions and sciatic nerve stimulation\u2013induced anal sphincter contractions immediately prior to euthanasia. One showed sciatic nerve stimulation\u2013induced external urethral sphincter contractions and voluntarily voided twice following nonanesthetized bladder filling. Reinnervation was confirmed by increased labeled cells in L2 and the L4\u20136 dorsal root ganglia (source of obturator nerve in canines) of L7d+S Dec+Reinn animals, compared with controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>New neuronal pathways created by nerve transfer can restore bladder sensation and motor function in lower motor neuron\u2013lesioned canines even 12 months after decentralization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.8.spine19265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]],"date-time":"2019-11-08T22:57:13Z","timestamp":1573253833000},"page":"258-268","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Nerve transfer for restoration of lower motor neuron\u2013lesioned bladder and urethra function: establishment of a canine model and interim pilot study results"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Ekta","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Salvadeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan S.","family":"Braverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagat A.","family":"Frara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Hobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geneva","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Paralysis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Mazzei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel A.","family":"Pontari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda R.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary F.","family":"Barbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Ruggieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering,"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine,"},{"name":"The Shriners Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2004.21.1371","article-title":"Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population","volume":"21","author":"Anderson KD","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anderson KD: Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population. 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